T-Cells in Alzheimer's Disease
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementing illness and is pathologically characterized by deposition of the 40-42 amino acid peptide, amyloid-beta (Abeta), as senile plaques. It is well documented that brain inflammatory mechanisms mediated by reactive glia are activated in response to Abeta plaques. A number of reports further suggest that T-cells are activated in AD patients, and that these cells exist both in the periphery and as infiltrates in the brain. We explore the potential role of T-cells in the AD process, a controversial area, by reviewing reports that show disturbed activation profiles and/or altered numbers of various subsets of T-cells in the circulation as well as in the AD brain parenchyma and in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. We also discuss the recent Abeta immunotherapy approach vis-à-vis the activated, autoaggressive T-cell infiltrates that contributed to aseptic meningoencephalitis in a small percentage of patients, and present possible alternative approaches that may be both efficacious and safe. Finally, we explore the use of mouse models of AD as a system within which to definitively test the possible contribution of T-cells to AD pathogenesis.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Systemic immune response, including T-cell immune response, may be involved in the inflammation process of AD.
“increased studies suggest that systemic immune response, including T-cell immune response, may be involved in the inflammation process of AD [152, 153].”
From PKR, the double stranded RNA‐dependent protein kinase as a critical target in Alzheimer's disease (2009) · cites this paper as [153]
Neuroinflammation is a key factor in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease.
“Neuroinflammation is a key factor in the development and progression of AD [144, 145].”
From Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation (2019) · cites this paper as [144]
Cites
Immunization with amyloid-β attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse
Schenk, D., Barbour, R., Dunn, W., Gordon, G., Grajeda, H., Guido, T., Hu, K., Huang, J., Johnson-Wood, K., Khan, K., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22124 · Cited by 3,160 · see citing works
Aβ peptide vaccination prevents memory loss in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease
Morgan, D., Diamond, D. M., Gottschall, P. E., Ugen, K. E., Dickey, C. A., Hardy, J., Duff, K., Jantzen, P. T., DiCarlo, G., Wilcock, D. M., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35050116 · Cited by 1,488 · see citing works
Aβ peptide immunization reduces behavioural impairment and plaques in a model of Alzheimer's disease
Janus, C., Pearson, J., McLaurin, J., Mathews, P. M., Jiang, Y., Schmidt, S. D., Chishti, M. A., Horne, P., Heslin, D., French, J., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35050110 · Cited by 1,431 · see citing works
Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid-β peptide: a case report
Nicoll, J. A. R., Wilkinson, D., Holmes, C., Steart, P., Markham, H., & Weller, R. O. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm840 · Cited by 1,397 · see citing works
Autoimmune T cells protect neurons from secondary degeneration after central nervous system axotomy
Moalem‐Taylor, G., Leibowitz‐Amit, R., Yoles, E., Mor, F., Cohen, I. R., & Schwartz, M. (1999) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/4734 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Dutton, R. W., Bradley, L. M., & Swain, S. L. (1998) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.201 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
T-cell subsets (Th1 versus Th2)
Romagnani, S. (2000) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62426-x · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Rogers, J., Luber-Narod, J., Styren, S. D., & Civin, W. H. (1988) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(88)80079-4 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
TGF-β1 promotes microglial amyloid-β clearance and reduces plaque burden in transgenic mice
Wyss-Coray, T., Lin, C., Yan, F., Yu, G.-Q., Rohde, M., McConlogue, L., Masliah, E., & Mucke, L. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/87945 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Ellis, R. J., Olichney, J. M., Thal, L. J., Mirra, S. S., Morris, J. C., Beekly, D., & Heyman, A. (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.46.6.1592 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Cerebral Hemorrhage After Passive Anti-Aβ Immunotherapy
Pfeifer, M., Boncristiano, S., Bondolfi, L., Stalder, A., Deller, T., Staufenbiel, M., Mathews, P. M., & Jucker, M. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1078259 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Occurrence of T cells in the brain of Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases
Togo, T., Akiyama, H., Iseki, E., Kondo, H., Ikeda, K., Kato, M., Oda, T., Tsuchiya, K., & Kosaka, K. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00496-9 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Basic principles of immunological surveillance of the normal central nervous system
Hickey, W. F. (2001) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.1101 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis
Rogers, J., Webster, S. D., Lue, L., Brachova, L., CIVIN, W. H., Emmerling, M. R., Shivers, B. D., Walker, D. G., & McGeer, P. L. (1996) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(96)00115-7 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Clinical manifestations of cerebral amyloid angiopathy–related inflammation
Eng, J. A., Frosch, M. P., Choi, K., Rebeck, G. W., & Greenberg, S. M. (2004) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10810 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Human TH1 and TH2 Subsets: Regulation of Differentiation and Role in Protection and Immunopathology
Romagnani, S. (2009) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000236199 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Scolding, N. J. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh379 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Increased T cell reactivity to amyloid β protein in older humans and patients with Alzheimer disease
Monsonego, A., Zota, V., Karni, A., Krieger, J. I., Bar-Or, A., Bitan, G., Budson, A. E., Sperling, R., Selkoe, D. J., & Weiner, H. L. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200318104 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Microglial Activation Resulting from CD40-CD40L Interaction After β-Amyloid Stimulation
Tan, J., Town, T., Paris, D., Mori, T., Suo, Z., Crawford, F., Mattson, M. P., Flavell, R. A., & MULLAN, M. J. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5448.2352 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Self-citationWeiner, H. L., Lemere, C. A., Maron, R., Spooner, E. T., Grenfell, T. J., Mori, C., Issazadeh‐Navikas, S., Hancock, W. W., & Selkoe, D. J. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Adjuvant-dependent modulation of Th1 and Th2 responses to immunization with beta-amyloid
Cribbs, D. H. (2003) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxg049 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Antigen-independent changes in naive CD4 T cells with aging.
Linton, P. J., Haynes, L., Klinman, N. R., & Swain, S. L. (1996) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.184.5.1891 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Inflammation of the brain in Alzheimer's disease: implications for therapy
McGeer, P. L., & McGeer, E. G. (1999) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.65.4.409 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Role of CD40 ligand in amyloidosis in transgenic Alzheimer's mice
Tan, J., Town, T., Crawford, F., Mori, T., DelleDonne, A., Crescentini, R., Obregon, D., Flavell, R. A., & Mullan, M. J. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn968 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationDong, C., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/00062752-200101000-00009 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain Inflammation in Alzheimer Disease and the Therapeutic Implications
McGeer, E. G., & McGeer, P. L. (1999) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612805666230111212056 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Jones, T. B., Basso, D. M., Sodhi, A., Pan, J. Z., Hart, R. P., MacCallum, R. C., Lee, S., Whitacre, C. C., & Popovich, P. G. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-07-02690.2002 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Lombardi, V., Garcı́a, M., Rey, L., & Cacabelos, R. (1999) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00046-6 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Monsonego, A., Maron, R., Zota, V. E., Selkoe, D. J., & Weiner, H. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.191118298 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The Role of Helper T Cell Subsets in Autoimmune Diseases
Lafaille, J. J. (1998) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1359-6101(98)00009-4 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Becker, K. J., McCarron, R. M., Ruetzler, C. A., Laban, O., Sternberg, E. M., Flanders, K. C., & Hallenbeck, J. M. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.20.10873 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Das, P., Murphy, M. P., Younkin, L. H., Younkin, S. G., & Golde, T. E. (2001) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00245-7 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Autoantibodies to amyloid-? and Alzheimer's disease
Hyman, B. T., Smith, C. R., Buldyrev, I., Whelan, C. M., Brown, H., Tang, M., & Mayeux, R. P. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1061 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Immune Reactions Associated With Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Yamada, M., Itoh, Y., Shintaku, M., Kawamura, J., Jensson, Ó., Thorsteinsson, L., Suematsu, N., Matsushita, M., & Otomo, E. (1996) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.27.7.1155 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Townsend, K. P., Town, T., Mori, T., Lue, L., Shytle, D., Sanberg, P. R., Morgan, D., Fernandez, F., Flavell, R. A., & Tan, J. (2005) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200425585 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationVaccination with amyloid-beta peptide induces autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57/BL6 mice
Furlan, R. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg031 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Mruthinti, S., Buccafusco, J. J., Hill, W., Waller, J. L., Jackson, T. W., ZAMRINI, E. Y., & Schade, R. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.11.001 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Nath, A., Hall, E., Tuzova, M., Dobbs, M., Jones, M., Anderson, C., Woodward, J. G., Guo, Z., Fu, W., Kryscio, R. J., et al. (2003) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1385/nmm:3:1:29 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Wu, X., Qin, C., Jin, Q., Ma, S., Zhang, H., Kong, Q., Chen, D., Ba, D., & He, W. (2003) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2003.07.005 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Lemere, C. A., Maron, R., SPOONER, E. T., Grenfell, T. J., Mori, C., Desai, R. V., Hancock, W. W., Weiner, H. L., & Selkoe, D. J. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06943.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Quantitative Analysis of the T Cell Repertoire that Escapes Negative Selection
Peterson, D. A., DiPaolo, R. J., Kanagawa, O., & Unanue, E. R. (1999) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80120-x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Local and systemic GM-CSF increase in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
Tarkowski, E., Wallin, A., Regland, B., Blennow, K., & Tarkowski, A. (2001) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.103003166.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Monsonego, A., Imitola, J., Zota, V., Oida, T., & Weiner, H. L. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.5.2216 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Nasal Vaccination with β -Amyloid Peptide for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Lemere, C. A., Maron, R., Selkoe, D. J., & Weiner, H. L. (2001) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/10445490152717569 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Anders, K. H., Wang, Z. Z., Kornfeld, M., Gray, F., Soontornniyomkij, V., Reed, L. A., Hart, M. N., Menchine, M. D., Secor, D. L., & Vinters, H. V. (1997) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(97)90196-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Gene Vaccination to Bias the Immune Response to Amyloid-β Peptide as Therapy for Alzheimer Disease
Qu, B. (2004) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.61.12.1859 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Innate Immunity, Local Inflammation, and Degenerative Disease
McGeer, P. L., & McGeer, E. G. (2002) · Science of Aging Knowledge Environment · doi:10.1126/sageke.2002.29.re3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Reduced Th1 and enhanced Th2 immunity after immunization with Alzheimer's β-amyloid1–42
Town, T., Vendrame, M., Patel, A., Poetter, D., DelleDonne, A., Mori, T., Smeed, R., Crawford, F., Klein, T., Tan, J., et al. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00307-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationArchambault, A. S., Sim, J. E., Gimenez, M. A. T., & Russell, J. H. (2005) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200425864 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Алексеевна, Г. М., Davudova, T. B., Mališauskas, M., Zamotin, V., Sewell, R. D. E., Voskresenskaya, N. I., Kostanyan, I. A., Sherstnev, V. V., & Morozova‐Roche, L. A. (2004) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000079197 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Characterization of murine immunoglobulin G antibodies against human amyloid-β1–42
Town, T., Tan, J., Sansone, N., Obregon, D. F., Klein, T., & MULLAN, M. J. (2001) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01951-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationIL-2 and IL-6 secretion in dementia: correlation with type and severity of disease
Huberman, M., Sredni, B., Stern, L., Kott, E., & Shalit, F. (1995) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(95)00016-u · Cited by 62 · see citing works
CD40 signaling and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis
Town, T., Tan, J., & MULLAN, M. J. (2001) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(01)00044-4 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationCD40–CD40L interaction in Alzheimer's disease
Tan, J. (2002) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4892(02)00180-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationElevated interleukin-6 secretion levels by mononuclear cells of Alzheimer's patients
Shalit, F., Sredni, B., Stern, L., Kott, E., & Huberman, M. (1994) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90003-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
CD45 isoform alteration in CD4+ T cells as a potential diagnostic marker of Alzheimer's disease.
Tan, J., Town, T., Abdullah, L., Wu, Y., Placzek, A., Small, B., Kroeger, J., Crawford, F., Richards, D., & Mullan, M. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00309-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationInduction of CD40 on human endothelial cells by Alzheimer’s β-amyloid peptides
Tan, J., Town, T., Suo, Z., Wu, Y., Song, S., Kundtz, A., Kroeger, J. L., Humphrey, J., Crawford, F., & MULLAN, M. J. (1999) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00122-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationBaril, L., Nicolàs, L. S. D. S., Croisile, B., Crozier, P., Hessler, C., Sassolas, A., McCormick, J. B., & Trannoy, E. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.10.071 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Role of Th1 and Th2 cells in autoimmune demyelinating disease
Nagelkerken, L. M. (1998) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x1998000100007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kim, H., Cao, Y., Kong, F.-K., Kampen, K. R. V., Lewis, T. L., Ma, Z., Tang, D.-C. C., & Fukuchi, K.-I. (2005) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.12.015 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lombardi, V., Fernández‐Novoa, L., Etcheverrı́a, I., Seoane, S., & Cacabelos, R. (2004) · Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1358/mf.2004.26.7.863735 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Serum auto-antibodies in Alzheimer's disease
López, O. L., Rabin, B. S., & Huff, F. J. (1991) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1991.tb04985.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Jianmin, Zhang, X., Xiaobing, Wu, chuan, C., Qin, Q., Jin, Qi, Shibin, -, M., et al. (2006) · 中国生物学文摘 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
T-Cell Interferon Gamma Binding in Patients With Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Bongioanni, P., Boccardi, B., Borgna, M., Castagna, M., & Mondino, C. (1997) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550160085021 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Myagkova, M. А., Si, G., Lermontova, N. N., Kalyn, Y. B., Селезнева, Н. Д., Zharikov, G. A., Колыхалов, И. В., Абраменко, Т. В., Serkova, T. P., & Бачурин, С. О. (2003) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1026036829237 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer’s disease
Zenaro, E., Piacentino, G., & Constantin, G. (2017) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.007 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation
Lima Giacobbo, B., Doorduin, J., Klein, H. C., Dierckx, R. A. J. O., Bromberg, E., & de Vries, E. F. J. (2019) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1283-6 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
The Blood-Brain Barrier in Brain Homeostasis and Neurological Diseases
Weiss, N., Miller, F., Cazaubon, S., & Couraud, P.-O. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.022 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
The impact of microglial activation on blood-brain barrier in brain diseases
da Fonseca, A. C. C., Matias, D., Garcia, C., Amaral, R., Geraldo, L. H., Freitas, C., & Lima, F. R. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00362 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases—An update
Amor, S., Peferoen, L. A. N., Vogel, D. Y. S., Breur, M., van der Valk, P., Baker, D., & van Noort, J. M. (2014) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12233 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Single-cell analysis reveals T cell infiltration in old neurogenic niches
Dulken, B. W., Buckley, M. T., Navarro Negredo, P., Saligrama, N., Cayrol, R., Leeman, D. S., George, B. M., Boutet, S. C., Hebestreit, K., Pluvinage, J. V., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1362-5 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Inflammation, microglia, and alzheimer's disease
Cameron, B., & Landreth, G. E. (2009) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.006 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Inhibition of IL-12/IL-23 signaling reduces Alzheimer's disease–like pathology and cognitive decline
vom Berg, J., Prokop, S., Miller, K. R., Obst, J., Kälin, R. E., Lopategui-Cabezas, I., Wegner, A., Mair, F., Schipke, C. G., Peters, O., et al. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2965 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Blood–Brain Barrier Pathology in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Implications for Drug Therapy
Desai, B. S., Monahan, A. J., Carvey, P. M., & Hendey, B. (2007) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.3727/000000007783464731 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Browne, T. C., McQuillan, K., McManus, R. M., O’Reilly, J.-A., Mills, K. H. G., & Lynch, M. A. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1200947 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
In vitro Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Slanzi, A., Iannoto, G., Rossi, B., Zenaro, E., & Constantin, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00328 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Harris, S. A., & Harris, E. A. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-142853 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Ke, K., Liu, Z., Qiu, Y., & Peng, Y.-P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075786 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Cao, L., & DeLeo, J. A. (2008) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200737485 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Merlini, M., Kirabali, T., Kulic, L., Nitsch, R. M., & Ferretti, M. T. (2018) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000486200 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
High-Throughput Screening Platforms in the Discovery of Novel Drugs for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Aldewachi, H. S., Al-Zidan, R. N., Conner, M. T., & Salman, M. M. (2021) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering8020030 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
CNS Infiltration of Peripheral Immune Cells: D-Day for Neurodegenerative Disease?
Rezai-Zadeh, K. P., Gate, D., & Town, T. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-009-9166-2 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationSaresella, M., Calabrese, E., Marventano, I., Piancone, F., Gatti, A. V., Alberoni, M., Nemni, R., & Clerici, M. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.004 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Transcriptomic profiling of microglia and astrocytes throughout aging
Pan, J., Ma, N., Yu, B., Zhang, W., & Wan, J. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01774-9 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Exploiting microglial and peripheral immune cell crosstalk to treat Alzheimer’s disease
Dionisio-Santos, D. A., Olschowka, J. A., & O’Banion, M. K. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1453-0 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Landel, V., Baranger, K., Virard, I., Loriod, B., Khrestchatisky, M., Rivera, S., Benech, P., & Féron, F. (2014) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-9-33 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Rossi, B., Angiari, S., Zenaro, E., Budui, S. L., & Constantin, G. (2010) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0710432 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
PU.1 regulates Alzheimer’s disease-associated genes in primary human microglia
Rustenhoven, J., Smith, A. M., Smyth, L. C., Jansson, D., Scotter, E. L., Swanson, M. E. V., Aalderink, M., Coppieters, N., Narayan, P., Handley, R., et al. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0277-1 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Immune profiling of Alzheimer patients
Pellicanò, M., Larbi, A., Goldeck, D., Colonna‐Romano, G., Buffa, S., Bulati, M., Rubino, G., Iemolo, F., Candore, G., Caruso, C., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.11.005 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Immune Activation are Detectable in Early Alzheimer's Disease Blood
Lunnon, K., Ibrahim, Z. M., Proitsi, P., Lourdusamy, A., Newhouse, S., Sattlecker, M., Furney, S. J., Saleem, M., Soininen, H. S., Kłoszewska, I., et al. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-111592 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Glial Contribution to Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapse Loss in Neurodegeneration
Henstridge, C. M., Tzioras, M., & Paolicelli, R. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00063 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
IL-4-Induced Selective Clearance of Oligomeric β-Amyloid Peptide1–42 by Rat Primary Type 2 Microglia
Shimizu, E., Kawahara, K., Kajizono, M., Sawada, M., & Nakayama, H. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6503 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Systemic immune aberrations in Alzheimer's disease patients
Bonotis, K. S., Krikki, E., Holeva, V., Aggouridaki, C., Costa, V., & Balogiannis, S. (2007) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.10.020 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Respiratory infection promotes T cell infiltration and amyloid-β deposition in APP/PS1 mice
McManus, R. M., Higgins, S. C., Mills, K. H. G., & Lynch, M. A. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.025 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Th17 and Cognitive Impairment: Possible Mechanisms of Action
Cipollini, V., Anrather, J., Orzi, F., & Iadecola, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2019.00095 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Blood-brain barrier integrity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Huang, Z., Wong, L., Su, Y., Huang, X., Wang, N., Chen, H., & Yi, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100857 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Maezawa, I., Nguyen, H. M., Di Lucente, J., Jenkins, D. P., Singh, V., Hilt, S., Kim, K., Rangaraju, S., Levey, A. I., Wulff, H., et al. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx346 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
CNS: Not an immunoprivilaged site anymore but a virtual secondary lymphoid organ
Negi, N., & Das, B. K. (2018) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.1080/08830185.2017.1357719 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Insights into T‐cell dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
Dai, L., & Shen, Y. (2021) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13511 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Li, M., Shang, D., Zhao, W., Li, T. X., Li, B., Fang, W., Zhu, L., Man, S., & Chen, Y. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0803013 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Kawahara, K., Suenobu, M., Yoshida, A., Koga, K., Hyodo, A., Ohtsuka, H., Kuniyasu, A., Tamamaki, N., Sugimoto, Y., & Nakayama, H. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.049 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Nikolic, W. V., Hou, H., Town, T., Zhu, Y., Giunta, B. N., Sanberg, C. D., Zeng, J., Luo, D., Ehrhart, J. C., Mori, T., et al. (2008) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2008.0018 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of neutrophil granule proteins in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Stock, A. J., Kasus‐Jacobi, A., & Pereira, H. A. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1284-4 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Systemic and CNS Inflammation Crosstalk: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease
Paouri, E., & Georgopoulos, S. (2019) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205016666190321154618 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Th17 cells and inflammation in neurological disorders: Possible mechanisms of action
Shi, Y., Wei, B., Li, L., Wang, B., & Sun, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.932152 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Macrophages in Alzheimer’s disease: the blood-borne identity
Gate, D., Rezai-Zadeh, K., Jodry, D., Rentsendorj, A., & Town, T. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0422-7 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of the immune system in neurodegenerative disorders: Adaptive or maladaptive?
Doty, K. R., Guillot-Sestier, M.-V., & Town, T. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.008 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationMelzer, N., Meuth, S. G., & Wiendl, H. (2009) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.09-136200 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Increased Serum Levels of Interleukin-18, -23 and -17 in Chinese Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Chen, J., Jiang, G., Li, Q., Zhou, Z., & Cheng, Q. H. (2014) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000360606 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Alterations in the Peripheral Immune System in Dementia
Busse, M., Michler, E., von Hoff, F., Dobrowolny, H., Hartig, R., Frodl, T., & Busse, S. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-161304 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Is Alzheimer’s disease an inflammasomopathy?
Pereira, C., Santos, A. E., Moreira, P. I., Pereira, A. C., Sousa, F. J., Cardoso, S. M., & Cruz, M. T. (2019) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100966 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Liu, Y.-J., Guo, D.-W., Tian, L., Shang, D.-S., Zhao, W.-D., Li, B., Fang, W.-G., Zhu, L., & Chen, Y.-H. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.03.024 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
miR-155 is involved in Alzheimer’s disease by regulating T lymphocyte function
Song, J., & Lee, J. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00061 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hwang, J.-M., Kim, J.-H., Park, J.-S., Chang, M. C., & Park, D. (2020) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04541-z · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Späni, C., Suter, T., Derungs, R., Ferretti, M. T., Welt, T., Wirth, F., Gericke, C., Nitsch, R. M., & Kulic, L. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0251-x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Ye, M., Chung, H., Lee, C., Yoon, M. S., Yu, A., Kim, J. S., Hwang, D., Shim, I., & Bae, H. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0476-z · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Could Alzheimer’s Disease Originate in the Periphery and If So How So?
Morris, G., Berk, M., Maes, M. H. J., & Puri, B. K. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1092-y · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Dual destructive and protective roles of adaptive immunity in neurodegenerative disorders
Anderson, K. M., Olson, K. E., Estes, K. A., Flanagan, K., Gendelman, H. E., & Mosley, R. L. (2014) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/2047-9158-3-25 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Pietronigro, E. C., Zenaro, E., Bianca, V. D., Dusi, S., Terrabuio, E., Iannoto, G., Slanzi, A., Ghasemi, S., Nagarajan, R., Piacentino, G., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48538-x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Trojan horse - neuroinflammatory impact of T cells in neurodegenerative diseases
Sommer, A., Winner, B., & Prots, I. (2017) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0222-8 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Migration of blood cells to β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease
Hohsfield, L. A., & Humpel, C. (2015) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2015.03.002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Cattepoel, S., Hanenberg, M., Kulic, L., & Nitsch, R. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018296 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Bulati, M., Buffa, S., Martorana, A., Gervasi, F., Camarda, C., Azzarello, D. M., Monastero, R., Caruso, C., & Colonna-Romano, G. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-142412 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Anti-Selectin Therapy for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases
Rossi, B., & Constantin, G. (2008) · Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152808785107633 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Elevated Osteopontin Levels in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease
Sun, Y., Yin, X.-S., Guo, H., Han, R.-K., He, R.-D., & Chi, L. (2013) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2013/615745 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
How to Get from Here to There: Macrophage Recruitment in Alzheimers Disease
Rezai-Zadeh, K. P., Gate, D., Gowing, G., & Town, T. (2011) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720511795256017 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationNikolic, W. V., Bai, Y., Obregon, D. F., Hou, H., Mori, T., Zeng, J., Ehrhart, J. C., Shytle, R. D., Giunta, B. N., Morgan, D., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0609377104 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationLynch, M. A. (2014) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12156 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Women’s Pregnancy Life History and Alzheimer’s Risk: Can Immunoregulation Explain the Link?
Fox, M. M., Berzuini, C., Knapp, L. A., & Glynn, L. M. (2018) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317518786447 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The emerging role of neutrophils in neurodegeneration
Rossi, B., Constantin, G., & Zenaro, E. (2019) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2019.10.014 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Enhanced Chemokine Receptor Expression on Leukocytes of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Goldeck, D., Larbi, A., Pellicanò, M., Alam, I., Zerr, I., Schmidt, C., Fülöp, T., & Pawelec, G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066664 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Yang, Y.-M., Shang, D.-S., Zhao, W.-D., Fang, W.-G., & Chen, Y.-H. (2013) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-013-1138-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
A potential role for the PD1/PD-L1 pathway in the neuroinflammation of Alzheimer's disease
Saresella, M., Calabrese, E., Marventano, I., Piancone, F., Gatti, A. V., Farina, E., Alberoni, M., & Clerici, M. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Schindowski, K., Eckert, A., Peters, J., Gorriz, C., Schramm, U., Weinandi, T., Maurer, K., Frölich, L., & Müller, W. E. (2007) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-007-8015-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Imaging of Leukocyte Trafficking in Alzheimer’s Disease
Pietronigro, E. C., Zenaro, E., & Constantin, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00033 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Blood-Based Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Central Role for Periphery?
Angiulli, F., Conti, E., Zoia, C., Re, F. D., Appollonio, I. M., Ferrarese, C., & Tremolizzo, L. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11091525 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hygiene and the world distribution of Alzheimer’s disease
Fox, M. M., Knapp, L. A., Andrews, P. W., & Fincher, C. L. (2013) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eot015 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kim, H. W., Lee, H., Kang, J. M., Bae, S., Kim, C., Lee, S., Schwarz, J., Kim, G. J., Kim, J.-S., Cha, D. H., et al. (2018) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/0963689718766324 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
T Cells—Protective or Pathogenic in Alzheimer’s Disease?
McManus, R. M., Mills, K. H. G., & Lynch, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-015-9612-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Microglial MHC-I induction with aging and Alzheimer’s is conserved in mouse models and humans
Kellogg, C. M., Pham, K. D., Machalinski, A. H., Porter, H. L., Blankenship, H. E., Tooley, K. B., Stout, M. B., Rice, H. C., Sharpe, A. L., Beckstead, M. J., et al. (2023) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-023-00859-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
PKR, the double stranded RNA‐dependent protein kinase as a critical target in Alzheimer's disease
Morel, M., Couturier, J., Lafay‐Chebassier, C., Paccalin, M., & Page, G. (2009) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00849.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Darlington, D., Deng, J., Giunta, B. N., Hou, H., Sanberg, C. D., Kuzmin‐Nichols, N., Zhou, H., Mori, T., Ehrhart, J. C., Sanberg, P. R., et al. (2012) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2012.0345 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationFu, Q., Shi, D., Zhou, Y., Zheng, H., Xiang, H., Tian, X., Gao, F., Manyande, A., Cao, F., Tian, Y., et al. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.09.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wang, L., Xiaokaiti, Y., Wang, G., Xu, X., Chen, L., Huang, X., Liu, L., Pan, J., Hu, S., Chen, Z., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08070-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Disease: From Immune Homeostasis to Neuroinflammatory Condition
Cariddi, L. P., Mauri, M. F., Cosentino, M., Versino, M., & Marino, F. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232113008 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
T cell infiltration mediates neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease
Zeng, J., Liao, Z., Yang, H., Wang, Q., Wu, Z., Hua, F., & Zhou, Z. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106461 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Yang, M., Peyret, C., Shi, X., Siron, N., Jang, J. H., Wu, S., Fournier, S., & Zhang, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00532 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Davtyan, H., Mkrtichyan, M., Movsesyan, N., Petrushina, I., Mamikonyan, G., Cribbs, D. H., Agadjanyan, M. G., & Ghochikyan, A. (2009) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/gt.2009.140 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Foster, V. S., Rash, L. D., King, G. F., & Rank, M. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.738043 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Alternative Aβ Immunotherapy Approaches for Alzheimers Disease
Town, T. (2009) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152709787847306 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, L., Ju, T., Wang, T., Zhang, L., Ding, F., Zhang, Y., An, R., Sun, Y., Li, Y., Lu, Y., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00124 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Aβ1–42 stimulated T cells express P-PKC-δ and P-PKC-ζ in Alzheimer disease
Miscia, S., Ciccocioppo, F., Lanuti, P., Velluto, L., Bascelli, A., Pierdomenico, L., Genovesi, D., Di Siena, A., Santavenere, E., Gambi, F., et al. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The intricate role of CCL5/CCR5 axis in Alzheimer disease
Ma, W., Liu, A., Wu, X., Gao, L., Chen, J., Wu, H., Liu, M., Fan, Y., Li, P., Yang, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlad071 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Menon, R., & Farina, C. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018660 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Zhu, X., Tan, L., Jiang, T., Tan, M., Zhang, W., & Yu, J. (2014) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Enhanced soluble CD40 ligand and Alzheimer's disease: Evidence of a possible pathogenetic role
Desideri, G., Cipollone, F., Necozione, S., Marini, C., Lechiara, M. C., Taglieri, G., Zuliani, G., Fellin, R., Mezzetti, A., di Orio, F., et al. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.10.019 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dementia-associated changes of immune cell composition within the cerebrospinal fluid
Busse, S., Hoffmann, J., Michler, E., Hartig, R., Frodl, T., & Busse, M. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100218 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Can peripheral leukocytes be used as Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers?
Rezai-Zadeh, K. P., Gate, D., Szekely, C. A., & Town, T. (2009) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.09.118 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationPeripheral and Central Glutamate Dyshomeostasis in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Onaolapo, A. Y., & Onaolapo, O. J. (2020) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x18666201015161919 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Linking T cells to Alzheimer's disease: from neurodegeneration to neurorepair
Bryson, K. J., & Lynch, M. A. (2015) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2015.10.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
In VivoMRI of Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Brain Inflammation
Tang, T., Valenzuela, A. E., Petit, F., Chow, S. S. L., Leung, K. H., Gorin, F. A., Louie, A. Y., & Dhénain, M. (2018) · Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1155/2018/3476476 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Wheeler, C. J. (2014) · Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology · doi:10.4172/2155-9562.1000209 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bahado-Singh, R. O., Vishweswaraiah, S., Aydas, B., Yılmaz, A., Metpally, R. P. R., Carey, D. J., Crist, R. C., Berrettini, W. H., Wilson, G. D., Imam, K., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248375 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Liang, N., Nho, K. T., Newman, J. W. I., Arnold, M., Huynh, K., Meikle, P. J., Borkowski, K., Kaddurah‐Daouk, R., Kueider‐Paisley, A., Doraiswamy, P. M., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67177-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hommet, C., Mondon, K., Camus, V., Ribeiro, M. J., Beaufils, É., Arlicot, N., Corcia, P., Paccalin, M., Minier, F., Gosselin, T., et al. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000354363 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Town, T., Tan, J., Flavell, R. A., & Mullan, M.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of South Florida (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Roskamp Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mullan, Mike
- Venue
- NeuroMolecular Medicine
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 255-264
- ISSN
- 1535-1084 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1992860518
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroMolecular Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, T cells, amyloid-beta, amyloid plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, neuroinflammation, reactive glia, T cell activation, aseptic meningoencephalitis, amyloid-beta immunotherapy, mouse models of Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Immunotherapy, Lymphocyte Activation, T-Lymphocytes, Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Microglia, Plaque, Amyloid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review