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Cited by 457Wildlife Ecology and ConservationConservation, Biodiversity, and Resource ManagementWildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses

Empty forests, empty stomachs? Bushmeat and livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins

Open access
Nasi, R., Taber, A., Van Vliet, N.·2011·International Forestry Review
DOI 10.1505/146554811798293872
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Abstract

Protein from forest wildlife is crucial to rural food security and livelihoods across the tropics. The harvest of animals such as tapir, duikers, deer, pigs, peccaries, primates and larger rodents, birds and reptiles provides benefits to local people worth millions of US$ annually and represents around 6 million tonnes of animals extracted yearly. Vulnerability to hunting varies, with some species sustaining populations in heavily hunted secondary habitats, while others require intact forests with minimal harvesting to maintain healthy populations. Some species or groups have been characterized as ecosystem engineers and ecological keystone species. They affect plant distribution and structure ecosystems, through seed dispersal and predation, grazing, browsing, rooting and other mechanisms. Global attention has been drawn to their loss through debates regarding bushmeat, the "empty forest" syndrome and their ecological importance. However, information on the harvest remains fragmentary, along with understanding of ecological, socioeconomic and cultural dimensions. Here we assess the consequences, both for ecosystems and local livelihoods, of the loss of these species in the Amazon and Congo basins.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This synthesis reviews bushmeat harvest in the Congo and Amazon Basins, estimating roughly 6 million tonnes of wildlife extracted annually and contrasting ecological impacts with rural and urban livelihood dependence. It argues that sustainable harvest, rather than outright bans, is needed, with different policy contexts in the two basins.

Key findings

  • Updated 2010 estimates put annual extraction at 1,299,000 tonnes in the Amazon and 4,569,000 tonnes in the Congo Basin; consumption was 909,000 tonnes/year in the Amazon and 3,198,000 tonnes/year in the Congo Basin, including 289,000 tonnes/year urban in the Congo.
  • Hunting lowers wildlife densities in hunted versus un-hunted forests: Table 2 reports declines of 80.8% across 23 Amazonian sites in Brazil, 43.0–100% at Makokou, Gabon, 42.1% and 12.9% in Ituri, DRC, and 43.9% in Mossapoula, CAR. Large-bodied, slow-reproducing species such as apes, large primates, carnivores, tapirs, buffaloes and elephants are most vulnerable; hunting is cited as a major cause of a reported 50% decline in apes in Gabon within two decades.
  • Some resilient species persist or increase under hunting, and hunted taxa include keystone species and ecosystem engineers whose loss can disrupt seed dispersal, predation, plant regeneration and forest structure, creating “empty forests.”
  • Bushmeat remains central to livelihoods: rural Amazonian consumption averaged 63 ± 25 kg/capita/year (range 10–190, n = 14), while Congo Basin urban consumption is significant (e.g., 4.7 kg/person/year average across Gabon, DRC and CAR; 7.2 in Libreville; 14.6 in Bangui). Reported trade volumes include 840–1,080 tonnes/year in Yaoundé markets, about 9,500 tonnes/year in Bangui, and an estimated 270 tonnes/year passing through a single European airport.

Methods

  • Synthesis/review drawing on published and unpublished studies, market data and tables to compare ecological and livelihood dimensions of bushmeat use in the Amazon and Congo Basins.
  • Updated 2010 consumption and extraction estimates were calculated using consumption data gathered in the work (Table 3) and updated population figures, assuming a 0.7 meat/live animal ratio.
  • No new primary field sampling is reported; the analysis is descriptive and comparative across sites and basins.

Limitations

  • Stated: information on the bushmeat harvest remains fragmentary; studies are often limited to single sites with multiple research approaches, limiting comparisons, and results are frequently disseminated in unpublished or inaccessible reports.
  • Stated: urban bushmeat consumption data are especially scarce for the Amazon; Congo Basin population data are “notoriously unreliable” and consumption patterns very variable, so the authors caution against concluding that consumption has increased in the Amazon or stabilized in the Congo from their updated estimates.
  • Evident: the synthesis relies on secondary sources and tables with missing or inconsistent data, and the paper notes that very little is known for most Central African hunted species and that four of about 30 commonly hunted Amazonian species are IUCN data deficient.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1505/146554811798293872

Cites

91 of 91 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

9 of 132 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Where overhunting has occurred over long periods, larger and more vulnerable species (often endangered) have already disappeared with smaller, generally nonthreatened species becoming prevalent in the harvest.

    “This should however be qualified by the fact that where overhunting has occurred over long periods, larger and more vulnerable species (often endangered) have already disappeared with smaller, generally nonthreatened species, becoming prevalent in the harvest (Altrichter 2006, Bennett and Robinson 2000, Cowlishaw et al. 2005, Stearman 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Altrichter 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bennett and Robinson 2000 source
    • cites Cowlishaw et al. 2005 source

      The Abstract and Discussion report that historical overhunting depleted vulnerable species in the Takoradi market, leaving robust taxa such as rodents and small antelope in the harvest. The Policy Implications section cautions that the authors could not establish whether species absent from the market were locally extinct. The paper also does not establish that the depleted species were often endangered or that the remaining species were generally nonthreatened. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    Increasing certification and forcing logging companies to halt hunting and export of bushmeat from their concessions would substantially reduce urban consumption of commercial bushmeat in the Congo Basin.

    “increasing certification and forcing logging companies to halt hunting and export of bushmeat from their concessions would do much to reduce urban consumption”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nasi et al. 2011 source

      The available overview (passage 3, no page number) says the paper examines wildlife management in logging concessions and the role of certification. It does not address whether halting hunting and bushmeat exports would substantially reduce urban consumption; searches for that claim and for bushmeat and urban consumption found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.70)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    In Yaoundé, Edderai and Dame (2006) identified 15 markets and 145 restaurants and cafeterias selling bushmeat.

    “In Yaoundé, Edderai and Dame (2006) identified 15 markets and 145 restaurants and cafeterias selling bushmeat and providing an occupation for 249 people, of whom 84.3% are women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Edderai and Dame (2006) source
  • Premisecitation

    In Yaoundé, the bushmeat markets and restaurants identified by Edderai and Dame (2006) provided an occupation for 249 people, of whom 84.3% are women.

    “In Yaoundé, Edderai and Dame (2006) identified 15 markets and 145 restaurants and cafeterias selling bushmeat and providing an occupation for 249 people, of whom 84.3% are women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Edderai and Dame (2006) source
  • Findingnone given

    We have been unable to find evidence that taboos play a significant role in regulating harvests.

    “We have been unable however to find evidence that these taboos play a significant role in regulating harvests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 54
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Brush-tailed porcupine, pouched rat, blue and red duikers represent the majority of the catch in the Congo Basin, with blue duikers alone accounting often for about a third of the harvest.

    “Brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus), pouched rat (Cricetomys eminii), blue (Cephalophus monticola) and red duikers (other Cephalophus spp.), represent the majority of the catch in the Congo Basin with blue duikers alone accounting often for about a third of the harvest (Kümpel 2006a, van Vliet 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kümpel 2006a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites van Vliet 2008 source

      In “Assessing hunting impact” (page unavailable), blue duiker accounts for 37.5% of recorded offtakes in Ntsieté, supporting the approximate one-third figure for that village. The paper does not establish that this proportion is common across the Congo Basin, or that the four named animals together make up most catches there; it instead identifies small diurnal monkeys and red river hog among Ntsieté’s other most-hunted species. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Gabon, the small Blue duiker is significantly less abundant in remote forests within the boundaries of the Ivindo National Park than in hunted areas with similar vegetation cover close to the town of Makokou, while the larger Peter's and Bay duiker are less abundant or even depleted.

    “For example, in Gabon, the small Blue duiker is significantly less abundant in remote forests within the boundaries of the Ivindo National Park than in hunted areas with similar vegetation cover close to the town of Makokou, while the larger Peter's (Cephalophus callipygus) and Bay duiker (C.dorsalis) are less abundant or even depleted (van Vliet 2008, van Vliet et al. 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites van Vliet 2008 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites van Vliet et al. 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Rifles and shotguns are typically used for larger animals and arboreal species.

    “Rifles and shotguns are typically used for larger animals and arboreal species (Coad 2007, Kümpel 2006a, van Vliet 2008)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Coad 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kümpel 2006a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites van Vliet 2008 source

      The Discussion says gun hunting increased opportunities to hunt larger animals and arboreal animals, including small diurnal monkeys. It does not identify rifles or shotguns specifically, so that detail is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Steel leg hold traps have been used extensively to hunt furbearers such as ocelots and jaguars.

    “Steel leg hold traps have been used extensively to hunt furbearers such as ocelots and jaguars (Swank and Teer 1989).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Swank and Teer 1989 source

      The 'Causes of population decline' section says trapping jaguars was common in ranching country and that traps were supplied for the jaguar-pelt trade. It does not identify those traps as steel leg-hold traps or say they were used to hunt ocelots. It also says commercial trapping of jaguars had declined dramatically since the 1970s. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Much of the commercial bushmeat consumed in urban households in the Congo Basin comes from logging concessions, which represent the single largest land use in the Congo Basin.

    “as much of the commercial bushmeat that is consumed in urban households comes from logging concessions that represent the single largest landuse in the Congo Basin”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nasi et al. 2011 source

      The paper description (no section or page given) calls industrial logging concessions the Congo Basin’s “most extant production system,” supporting their prominence but not explicitly establishing them as the single largest land use. The available passages do not say that much of the commercial bushmeat consumed by urban households comes from those concessions; searches for bushmeat, urban households, and the land-use claim found no further passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Our figures are of the right order of magnitude and annually 6 million tonnes of wildlife in the two basins.

    “We can reasonably estimate that our figures are of the right order of magnitude and that annually 6 million tonnes of wildlife in the two basins.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Mammals make up the bulk of the catches both in number and biomass terms, with ungulates and rodents representing more than two thirds of the carcasses sold in urban markets or recorded from hunter off takes in both Congo and Amazon Basin.

    “Mammals make up the bulk of the catches both in number and biomass terms, with ungulates and rodents representing more than two thirds of the carcasses sold in urban markets or recorded from hunter off takes in both Congo and Amazon Basin (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Empirical studies in both basins show that population densities are lower in hunted versus un-hunted areas, implying a potential decline in stocks.

    “Empirical studies in both basins show that population densities are lower in hunted versus un-hunted areas, implying a potential decline in stocks (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Our estimates for the Amazon Basin are ten times higher than Fa et al. 2002 and similar for the Congo Basin.

    “Our estimates for the Amazon Basin are ten times higher than Fa et al. 2002 and similar for the Congo Basin.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fa et al. 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In 2010, estimated bushmeat consumption in the Congo Basin was 2,909,000 tonnes/year rural and 289,000 tonnes/year urban, totaling 3,198,000 tonnes/year, with 4,569,000 tonnes/year extracted.

    “Congo 2 | 1 612 000 | 57 046 | 41 199 | 2 909 000 | 289 000 | 3 198 000 | 4 569 000”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In 2010, estimated bushmeat consumption in the Amazon Basin was 909,000 tonnes/year (rural) and negligible urban, totaling 909,000 tonnes/year, with 1,299,000 tonnes/year extracted.

    “Amazon 1 | 3 938 000 | 14 425 | 24 352 | 909 000 | Negligible | 909 000 | 1 299 000”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    In hunted areas, the abundance and composition of mammal assemblages differ from un-hunted areas.

    “As it is expected in hunted areas, the abundance and composition of mammal assemblages differ from un-hunted areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the Amazon Basin, large rodents and medium-sized ungulates such as brocket deer and peccaries typically make up the bulk of the harvest, although the hunting of a few tapir can be very important in biomass terms.

    “Similarly, in the Amazon Basin, large rodents (Dasyprocta spp.and Cunniculus paca) and medium-sized ungulates such as brocket deer (Mazama spp.) and peccaries (Tayassu pecari and Pecari tajacu.12-45 kg) typically make up the bulk of the harvest, although the hunting of a few tapir (ca.200 kg) can be very important in biomass terms (Bodmer and Lozano 2001, Bodmer et al. 2004, Ojasti 2000, Peres 200”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bodmer and Lozano 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bodmer et al. 2004 source
    • cites Ojasti 2000

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Many rural people depend on wildlife resources as a buffer to see them through times of hardship (unemployment, illness of relatives, crop failure), or to gain additional income for special needs (school fees, festivals, funerals).

    “Many depend on wildlife resources as a buffer to see them through times of hardship (e.g.unemployment, illness of relatives, crop failure), or to gain additional income for special needs (e.g.school fees, festivals, funerals) (Fa and Brown 2009)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fa and Brown 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Analysis of taste choices in Gabon indicated that consumers differentiate amongst bushmeat species and that wildlife cannot be treated as a generic food source.

    “Analysis of taste choices in Gabon indicated that consumers differentiate amongst bushmeat species and that wildlife cannot be treated as a generic food source (Knights 2008, Schenck et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Knights 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Schenck et al. 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    Fa et al. (2002) estimates for the Amazon were very low, equating to a consumption of 35 g/capita/day, largely below any published data (even contradicting their own data).

    “Fa et al. (2002) estimates for the Amazon were very low, equating to a consumption of 35 g/capita/day, largely below any published data (even contradicting their own data).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fa et al. 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The contribution of urban areas to overall bushmeat consumption is high and likely to become higher as the population of Central African countries becomes more urbanised.

    “the contribution of urban areas to the overall bushmeat consumption is high and likely to become higher as the population of Central African countries becomes more urbanised.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A relatively low percentage of the population in South America consumes bushmeat, mostly indigenous and smaller rural communities.

    “A relatively low percentage of the population consumes bushmeat (mostly indigenous and the smaller rural communities).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rushton et al. (2005)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Vulnerability to hunting varies, with some species sustaining populations in heavily hunted secondary habitats, while others require intact forests with minimal harvesting to maintain healthy populations.

    “Vulnerability to hunting varies, with some species sustaining populations in heavily hunted secondary habitats, while others require intact forests with minimal harvesting to maintain healthy populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Top predators impact biodiversity by providing resources that would otherwise be scarcely available to other species or by initiating trophic cascades.

    “Top predators (e.g.large cats, raptors, crocodiles) impact biodiversity by providing resources that would otherwise be scarcely available to other species (e.g.carrion) or by initiating trophic cascades (Sergio et al. 2008, Terborgh 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sergio et al. 2008 source
    • cites Terborgh 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hunting in high forest with snares and traps appears more frequent in the Congo Basin, but in both basins garden hunting is common using traps for relatively small game (mainly rodents) to protect farming plots.

    “Hunting in high forest with snares and traps appears more frequent in the Congo Basin, but in both basins “garden hunting” is common using traps for relatively small game (mainly rodents) to protect farming plots (Naughton-Treves et al. 2003, Smith 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Naughton-Treves et al. 2003 source
    • cites Smith 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Over 5 million tons of meat feed millions in Neotropical (0.15 million tons) forests and Afrotropical (4.9 million tons) forests annually.

    “In two seminal pieces using data from the end of the 1990's, Fa and Peres (2001) and Fa et al. 2002, concluded that “over 5 million tons of meat feed millions in Neotropical (0.15 million tons) forests and Afrotropical (4.9 million tons) forests annually”.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fa and Peres (2001)
    • cites Fa et al. 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The loss of wildlife from forest ecosystems can lead to disruption of ecological and evolutionary processes, changes in species composition, and probably a general reduction in biological diversity.

    “The loss of wildlife from forest ecosystems can lead to the disruption of ecological and evolutionary processes, changes in species composition within ecosystems and probably a general reduction in biological diversity (Emmons 1989, Redford 1992) creating”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Emmons 1989 source
    • cites Redford 1992 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Local extirpation of hunted species is widespread, with West and Central Africa particularly hard hit.

    “Local extirpation of hunted species is widespread, with West and Central Africa particularly hard hit (Milner-Gulland et al. 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Milner-Gulland et al. 2003 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Gabon, bushmeat is associated with the village, with rituals and with ceremonies, such as men's circumcision ceremonies.

    “In Gabon, bushmeat is associated with the village, with rituals and with ceremonies, such as men's circumcision ceremonies (Angoué et al. 2000, van Vliet andNasi 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Angoué et al. 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites van Vliet andNasi 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Source-sink effects, spatial heterogeneity or high dispersal can also help maintain populations in hunted areas, masking or compensating for hunting driven population decline.

    “Source-sink effects (Novaro et al. 2000, Salas andKim 2002), spatial heterogeneity (Kümpel et al. 2010a, van Vliet et al. 2010a) or high dispersal (Hart 2000a) can also help maintain populations in hunted areas, masking or compensating for hunting driven population decline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Novaro et al. 2000 source
    • cites Salas andKim 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kümpel et al. 2010a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hunting can and does trigger numerous indirect effects, which in turn alter both the hunted populations and the functioning, structure and composition of the ecosystem.

    “It can and does trigger numerous indirect effects, which in turn alter both (i) the hunted populations and (ii) the functioning, structure and composition of the ecosystem (Nasi et al. 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nasi et al. 2010

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tapirs, peccaries, wild pigs, deer, duikers and larger rodents are among the most active seed dispersers or predators; a significant change in their population densities will have a major effect on seedling survival and forest regeneration.

    “Tapirs, peccaries, wild pigs, deer, duikers and the larger rodents are among the most active seed dispersers or predators; thus a significant change in their population densities will have a major effect on seedling survival and forest regeneration (Beck 2005, Bodmer 1991, Fragoso 1997).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Beck 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bodmer 1991 source
    • cites Fragoso 1997 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Different Native American groups in the Amazon believe that shamans may reincarnate as peccaries, and these species may even be worshipped as deities in traditional belief systems.

    “For instance different Native American groups in the Amazon believe that shamans may reincarnate as peccaries, and these species may even be worshipped as deities in traditional belief systems (Donkin 1985).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Donkin 1985 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Netting and trapping were traditionally carried out using a variety of specialized techniques; but the use of steel wire snares is now prominent in Africa, although often illegal, as the material is inexpensive, durable and strong enough to capture large animals.

    “Netting and trapping were traditionally carried out using a variety of specialized techniques (Dounias 1999, Smith 2010); but the use of steel wire snares is now prominent in Africa, although often “illegal”, as the material is inexpensive, durable and strong enough to capture large animals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Dounias 1999

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Smith 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Results are frequently disseminated in unpublished reports or peer-reviewed articles that are not easily accessible to key audiences.

    “Further, results are frequently disseminated in unpublished reports or peer-reviewed articles that are not easily accessible to key audiences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In the Amazon Basin, 19 of 30 commonly hunted prey species are not listed in any of the threatened categories of the IUCN Red List (Vulnerable or Endangered), while a further four are data deficient.

    “The situation in the Amazon Basin is similar with 19 of 30 commonly hunted prey species not being listed in any of the threatened categories of the IUCN Red List (Vulnerable or Endangered), while a further four are data deficient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Central place foragers typically deplete large bodied species close to their base camps.

    “This is especially the case because central place foragers typically deplete large bodied species close to their base camps.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the Amazon, declining White-lipped peccary populations are accompanied by increasing density and larger group sizes for Collared peccaries.

    “Similar patterns have been recorded in the Amazon with declining White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) populations being accompanied by increasing density and larger group sizes for Collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) (Fragoso 1994).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fragoso 1994

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In South America, only a small percentage of people consume bushmeat, and they are typically the poorest and most marginalized.

    “Note also that Rushton et al. (2005) emphasize that though only a small percentage of people in South America consume bushmeat -they are typically the poorest and most marginalized.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rushton et al. (2005)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Equatorial Guinea, some bushmeat species are considered to have magical or medicinal properties that increase their value and others are taboo.

    “The traditional role of bushmeat has also been shown in Equatorial Guinea, where some species are considered to have magical or medicinal properties that increase their value and others are taboo (Kümpel 2006a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kümpel 2006a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Primates and large carnivores appear extremely vulnerable and their populations plummet with intense hunting.

    “Primates and large carnivores appear extremely vulnerable and their populations plummet with intense hunting (Henschel 2009, Oates 1996).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Henschel 2009 source
    • cites Oates 1996 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Some native people still use blow pipes and or bows and arrows where constrained by the availability of fire arms and the cost of ammunition.

    “although some native people still use blow pipes and or bows and arrows where constrained by the availability of fire arms and the cost of ammunition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some taxa appear highly vulnerable while others seem unaffected, and populations of a few taxa may even be enhanced by hunting, typically as a function of their ecological adaptability and population biology.

    “Some taxa appear highly vulnerable while others seem unaffected, and populations of a few taxa may even be enhanced by hunting (Bodmer et al. 1997, Cullen et al. 2000, Hurtado-Gonzales and Bodmer 2004, Isaac and Cowlishaw 2004, Salas and Kim 2002) -typically as a function of their ecological adaptability and population biology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bodmer et al. 1997 source
    • cites Cullen et al. 2000 source
    • cites Hurtado-Gonzales and Bodmer 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In several African cities, bushmeat is still the cheapest source of protein and represents a crucial source of meat for the poorest urban households.

    “In several African cities, bushmeat is still the cheapest source of protein and represents a crucial source of meat for the poorest urban households.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Fargeot 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites van Vliet et al. in press

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kümpel 2006a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Dogs are frequently used to find and corner prey.

    “Dogs are frequently used to find and corner prey (Noss et al. 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Noss et al. 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hunted populations of Black colobus in the Congo Basin, spider and Woolly monkeys in the Amazon basin have declined precipitously.

    “Hunted populations of Black colobus (Colobus satanas) in the Congo Basin, spider (Ateles sp.) and Woolly monkeys (Lagothrix sp.) in the Amazon basin have declined precipitously (Bodmer et al. 1994, Kümpel et al. 2010a, Robinson and Redford 1994).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bodmer et al. 1994 source
    • cites Kümpel et al. 2010a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Robinson and Redford 1994

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Studies are frequently limited to single sites, using a multiplicity of research approaches, limiting prospects for comparisons.

    “Studies are frequently limited to single sites, using a multiplicity of research approaches, limiting prospects for comparisons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Latin America over 200 species of mammals, ca.750 bird species (including over 530 species for the pet trade), more than 60 species of reptiles and a minimum of 5 species of amphibians have been registered as harvested for household consumption and for markets.

    “In Latin America over 200 species of mammals, ca.750 bird species (including over 530 species for the pet trade), more than 60 species of reptiles and a minimum of 5 species of amphibians have been registered as harvested for household consumption and for markets (Ojasti 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ojasti 2000

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    More than ten years later information on the bushmeat harvest and trade is still fragmentary and understanding of the complex interactions between ecological, socio-economic and cultural dimensions of the issue remains limited.

    “Despite this evidence and increased international attention, more than ten years later information on the bushmeat harvest and trade is still fragmentary and our understanding of the complex interactions between ecological, socio-economic and cultural dimensions of the issue remains limited.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Monkeys are hunted in large numbers in some areas but usually represent a small part of the harvested biomass because of their generally small body size.

    “Monkeys are hunted in large numbers in some areas but because of their generally small body size they usually represent a small part of the harvested biomass.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Information on the harvest remains fragmentary, along with understanding of ecological, socioeconomic and cultural dimensions.

    “However, information on the harvest remains fragmentary, along with understanding of ecological, socioeconomic and cultural dimensions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    21% of all mammal species are considered threatened globally.

    “This contrasts with the 21% of all mammal species which are considered threatened globally (IUCN 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites IUCN 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Gabon, 23 of the partially protected species and 24 of the totally protected species were found to be used as bushmeat, but rare and vulnerable species such as great apes and elephants usually represent a small proportion (often less than 5%) of the total catch.

    “In Gabon, 23 of the partially protected species and 24 of the totally protected species were found to be used as bushmeat, but rare and vulnerable species such as great apes and elephants usually represent a small proportion (often less than 5%) of the total catch (Abernethy andNdong Obiang 2010, van Vliet andMbazza 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Abernethy andNdong Obiang 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites van Vliet andMbazza 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Invertebrates represent an important traditional habit and a substantial contribution to the human diet, but they are generally seasonal and cannot fully substitute for meat and fish.

    “The other possible wild substitute invertebrates, represents an important traditional habit and also, considering their nutritional composition, a substantial contribution to the human diet (Marconi et al. 2002, Vantomme et al. 2004) but they are generally seasonal and cannot fully substitute for meat and fish.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Marconi et al. 2002 source
    • cites Vantomme et al. 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Sarawak, a strictly enforced law bans trade in wild animals and their parts, ensures strict control of shotgun cartridge availability and of hunting in logging concessions, and provides for broad education programs and involvement of local communities in the management of protected areas.

    “In Sarawak a strictly enforced law bans trade in wild animals and their parts, ensures strict control of shotgun cartridge availability and of hunting in logging concessions, and provides for broad education programs and involvement of local communities in the management of protected areas.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bennett et al. 2000 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Starkey (2004) estimated that a total of 161 tonnes of bushmeat was sold per year in five markets in Gabon.

    “Starkey (2004) estimated that a total of 161 tonnes of bushmeat was sold per year in five markets in Gabon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Starkey (2004)

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The best known and largest wild game market is in Iquitos Peru where in the 1990s bushmeat prices could reach $4 per kg and the meat from an individual large peccary could be worth as much as US$60 with the hide bringing in an additional $10 to the hunter.

    “The best known and largest wild game market is in Iquitos Peru where for instance in the 1990s bush meat prices could reach $4 per kg (e.g., for meat from the highly prized paca Cunniculus paca) and the meat from an individual large peccary could be worth as much as US$60 with the hide bringing in an additional $10 to the hunter (Bodmer andLozano 2001, Claggett 1998).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bodmer andLozano 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Claggett 1998

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Bushmeat plays a crucial role in the diets and livelihoods of people.

    “As a result, and because bushmeat plays a crucial role in the diets and livelihoods of people, options for sustainable harvest need to be investigated.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    As household wealth has increased in some rural communities in South America, wild game consumption has increased, in part due to greater availability of firearms.

    “Another factor in South America is that as household wealth has increased in some rural communities wild game consumption has increased, in part due to greater availability of firearms (Espinosa 2008, Godoy et al. 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Espinosa 2008 source
    • cites Godoy et al. 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Cash benefits from commercial Capybara harvest in Venezuela tend to accrue to large ranch owners rather than benefit poor rural livelihoods because the remaining land available for capybaras tends to be on extensive land holdings as opposed to small farms.

    “Another special example of such use is the commercial harvest of Capybara meat for lent in Venezuela (Hoogesteijn andChapman 1997, Ojeda 1997) although cash benefits from this tend to accrue to large ranch owners rather than benefit poor rural livelihoods because the remaining land available for capybaras tends to be on extensive land holdings as opposed to small farms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hoogesteijn andChapman 1997

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ojeda 1997

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Combined and incorporated into solid national and regional bushmeat strategies, multidisciplinary approaches have the potential to achieve a more sustainable use of wildlife for food in the Congo Basin.

    “but combined and incorporated into solid national and regional bushmeat strategies, there is potential to achieve a more sustainable use of wildlife for food in the Congo Basin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Elsewhere, bush meat may be sold in cities and on road side stands across the region, but typically not commanding higher prices than for domestic livestock such as cattle.

    “Elsewhere, bush meat may be sold in cities and on road side stands across the region, but typically not commanding higher prices than for domestic livestock such as cattle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Knowledge on the ecology of major bushmeat species in the Amazon is better than for Central African hunted species, but four of some 30 such species are in the data deficient category of the IUCN Red List.

    “Knowledge on the ecology of major bushmeat species in the Amazon is better but four of some 30 such species are in the data deficient category of the IUCN Red List.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Rural and urban people in Central Africa and indigenous people and part of the rural poor in the Amazon use bushmeat as a major source of protein and income or to serve multiple social roles.

    “Indeed, rural and urban people in Central Africa and indigenous people and part of the rural poor in the Amazon, use bushmeat as a major source of protein and income or to serve multiple social roles.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Fa et al. (1995) suggested that the volume of bushmeat traded annually in Equatorial Guinea's two main markets is of the order of 178 tons.

    “Similarly, Fa et al. (1995) suggested that the volume of bushmeat traded annually in Equatorial Guinea's two main markets is of the order of 178 tons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fa et al. (1995)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Bushmeat can further subsidize large ranch owners economically because they often resist providing livestock meat for their workmen, who are encouraged to hunt instead.

    “In a similar way, bushmeat can further subsidize large ranch owners economically since they often resist providing livestock meat for their workmen, who are encouraged to hunt instead.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Increased hunting pressure has tangible effects on wildlife and is likely to have long term impacts on forest ecosystems.

    “Increased hunting pressure has tangible effects on wildlife and is likely to have long term impacts on forest ecosystems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Urban trade in bushmeat in the Amazon is limited in size and location and is not a major driver.

    “Urban trade in bushmeat is limited in size and location -though not very well known -and is not a major driver.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The situation in Sarawak has some similarities to prevailing circumstances in most urban areas in the Amazon Basin, and might be a useful model to adapt or replicate.

    “This situation has some similarities to prevailing circumstances in most urban areas in the Amazon Basin, and might be a useful model to adapt or replicate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Iquitos wild game market arose due to the lack of cattle ranching in this part of the lowland Amazon.

    “This market arose due to the lack of cattle ranching in this part of the lowland Amazon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    In the Amazon Basin, a relatively small number of indigenous people depend on bushmeat for their everyday life and hunt at sustainable levels for most species.

    “In the Amazon Basin, a relatively small number of indigenous people depend on bushmeat for their everyday life and hunt at sustainable levels for most species.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Another special example of such use is the commercial harvest of Capybara meat for lent in Venezuela.

    “Another special example of such use is the commercial harvest of Capybara meat for lent in Venezuela (Hoogesteijn andChapman 1997, Ojeda 1997) although cash benefits from this tend to accrue to large ranch owners rather than benefit poor rural livelihoods because the remaining land available for capybaras tends to be on extensive land holdings as opposed to small farms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hoogesteijn andChapman 1997

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ojeda 1997

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The urban population in the Amazon has access to one of the most active livestock sectors of the world and therefore does not depend on bushmeat for protein intake.

    “The urban population has access to one of the most active livestock sector of the world and therefore does not depend on bushmeat for protein intake.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
69 of 69

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Protein from forest wildlife is crucial to rural food security and livelihoods across the tropics.

    “Protein from forest wildlife is crucial to rural food security and livelihoods across the tropics.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The harvest of animals provides benefits to local people worth millions of US$ annually.

    “The harvest of animals such as tapir, duikers, deer, pigs, peccaries, primates and larger rodents, birds and reptiles provides benefits to local people worth millions of US$ annually and represents around 6 million tonnes of animals extracted yearly.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Hunters preferentially target large animals whenever they are available and these are often keystone species.

    “Hunters preferentially target large animals whenever they are available and these are often keystone species.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    When non-indigenous people become richer, they generally turn to alternative sources of protein.

    “When they become”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In remote forest areas of Central Africa and the Amazon basin, bushmeat is often the main source of animal protein available and plays an essential role in people's diets, especially where livestock husbandry is not feasible and wild fish not available.

    “In remote forest areas of Central Africa and the Amazon basin bushmeat is often the main source of animal protein available and plays an essential role in people's diets especially where livestock husbandry is not a feasible option and wild fish not available.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Unlike rural or forest dwellers, urban consumers usually have a choice of several sources of protein but may opt for bushmeat for a variety of reasons that vary between regions.

    “Unlike rural or forest dwellers, urban consumers usually have a choice of several sources of protein but may opt for bushmeat for a variety of reasons (e.g.cost, taste or preference) that vary between regions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In Latin America, fruit eating species are preferred over folivores, the meat of which is frequently described as

    “In Latin America, fruit eating species are preferred over folivores, the meat of which is frequently described as”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are prohibitions or taboos on hunting some species, for instance brocket deer by the Ayoreo People of Bolivia and Paraguay.

    “There are also prohibitions or taboos on hunting some of the species as well, for instance for brocket deer by the Ayoreo People of Bolivia and Paraguay.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Data on bushmeat consumption by urban dwellers is especially scarce for the Amazon Basin.

    “Data on bushmeat consumption by urban dwellers is especially scarce for the Amazon Basin (see however the case of Iquitos in the following section).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The volume and impact of sports hunting and tourist consumption of bushmeat are essentially unstudied.

    “However, the volume and impact of these latter uses are essentially unstudied.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Data on population in the Congo Basin are notoriously unreliable and consumption patterns very variable.

    “As for the Congo Basin, data (e.g.population) are notoriously unreliable and consumption patterns very variable.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Pigs and chickens have much higher feed conversion rates than cattle and both can thrive on kitchen scraps and crop residues.

    “Pigs and chickens have much higher feed conversion rates than do cattle and both can thrive on kitchen scraps and crop residues.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bushmeat trade across borders is frequent in the Congo Basin, especially in forest blocks located close to national borders where civil unrest and war have increased the availability of ammunitions and the demand for bushmeat.

    “Bushmeat trade across borders is frequent in the Congo Basin, especially in forest blocks located close to national borders where civil unrest and war have increased the availability of ammunitions and the demand for bushmeat.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bushmeat trade to Western countries exists.

    “Bushmeat trade to Western countries also exists.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Even where urban consumers in the Congo Basin have access to domesticated sources of meat, they are imported and/or expensive and bushmeat remains an important part of their diet.

    “Even where urban consumers have access to domesticated sources of meat they are imported and/or expensive and bushmeat remains an important part of their diet.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The production of the main alternative source of protein (cattle) is also the main driver of deforestation in the Amazon basin, with well known negative effects on wildlife and ecosystems.

    “The flip side of the coin is that the production of the main alternative source of protein (e.g.cattle) is also the main driver of deforestation in the Amazon basin, with well known negative effects on wildlife and ecosystems.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sustainable harvest of bushmeat is achievable.

    “Achieving sustainable harvest of bushmeat is therefore a necessity and by far, the best available option compatible with biodiversity conservation, local livelihoods, food security and food self sufficiency.”
17 of 17

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Reported Amazon consumption range excludes a listed value

    Minor

    The stated minimum of 10 kg/person/year conflicts with the Transamazon highway entry, whose reported range starts at 2.1 kg/person/year.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 15

  1. ANGOUÉ, C., ASSOKO NDONG, A., BINOT, A., CARETTE, S., DE MARET, P. and TREFON, T. 2000. Gabon. In: BAHUCHET, S. and MARET, P.D. (eds.) Les peuples des forêts tropicales aujhourd'hui: Volume III Région Afrique Central. Programme Avenir des Peuples des Forêts Tropicales (APFT), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
  2. AUZEL, P. and WILKIE, D.S. 2000. Wildlife use in Northern Congo: hunting in a commercial logging concession. 413-454 p. In: ROBINSON, J.G. and BENNET, E.L. (eds.) Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York.
  3. BAILEY, R.C. and PEACOCK, N.R. 1988. Efe pygmies of northeast Zaire: subsistence strategies in the Ituri forest. In: DE GARINE, I. And HARRISON, G.A. (eds.) Uncer- tainty in the food supply. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 88-117 p.
  4. BENNETT, E.L., NYAOI, A.J. and SOMPUD, J. 2000. Saving Borneo's bacon: the sustainability of hunting in Sarawak and Sabah. In: ROBINSON, J.G. and BENNETT, E.L. (eds.) Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York. 305-324 p.
  5. DELVINGT, W., DETHIER, M., AUZEL, P. and JEANMART, P. 2001. La chasse villageoise Badjoué, gestion coutumière durable ou pillage de la ressource gibier ? 65-92 p. In: DELVINGT, W. (ed.) La forêt des hommes : Terroirs villageois en forêt tropicale africaine. Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux.
  6. In: BAHUCHET, S., BLEY, D., PAGEZY, H. and VERNAZZA-LICHT, N. (eds.) L'homme et la forêt tropicale. Travaux Société Ecologie Humaine, Paris.
  7. In: ROBINSON, J.G. and BENNETT, E.L. (eds.) Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York.
  8. KÜMPEL, N.F., EAST, T., KEYLOCK, N., ROWCLIFFE, J.M., COWLISHAW, G. and MILNER-GULLAND, E.J. 2007. Determinants of bushmeat consumption and trade in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea: an urban-rural compar- ison. 73-91 p. In: DAVIES, G. and BROWN, D. (eds.) Bushmeat and livelihoods: wildlife management and poverty reduction. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
  9. NOSS, A. 1999. La sostenibilidad de la caceria de subsisten- cia Izoceña. 535-543 p. In: CABRERA, E., MERCOLLI, C. and RESQUIN, R. (eds.) Manejo de fauna silvestre en Amazonıa y Latinoamerica. CITES Paraguay, Fundacion Moises Bertoni, University of Florida, Asuncion, Paraguay.
  10. NOSS, A.J. 2000. Cable snares and nets in the Central African Republic. 282-304 p. In: ROBINSON, J.G. and BENNETT, E.L. (eds.) Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press., New York.
  11. ROBINSON, J. and REDFORD, K. 1994. Community-based approaches to wildlife conservation in neotropical forests. In: WESTERN, D. and WRIGHT, R. (eds.) Natural Connections. Island Press.
  12. STEARMAN, A.M. 2000. A pound of flesh: Social changes and modernization as factors in hunting sustainability. 233-250 p. In: ROBINSON, J. and BENNETTE, E. (eds.) Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests. Columbia University Press, New York.
  13. TERBORGH, J. 2010. Trophic Cascades. Duke University Press.
  14. TREFON, T. and DE MARET, P. 1999. Snack nature dans les villes d'Afrique Centrale. In: BAHUCHET, S., BLEY, D., PAGEZY, H. and VERNAZZA-LICHT, N. (eds.) L'homme et la forêt tropicale. Editions de Bergier. TRINCA, C.T. and FERRARI, S.F. 2007. Game populations and hunting pressure on a rural frontier in Southern Brazilian Amazonia. Biologia Geral e Experimental, Universidade Federal de Sergipe 7: 5-16.
  15. VAN VLIET, N. and MBAZZA, P. 2011. Recognizing the multiple reasons for Bushmeat consumption in urban areas: a necessary step towards the sustainable use of wildlife for food in Central Africa. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 16(1): 45-54.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Nasi, R., Taber, A., & Van Vliet, N.
Affiliations
CGIAR (FR)
ORCID
Nasi, R.
Venue
International Forestry Review
Publisher
Commonwealth Forestry Association
Published
2011-09-01
Volume
13
Issue
3
Pages
355-368
ISSN
1465-5489 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1505/146554811798293872
OpenAlex
W2135735879
Semantic Scholar
a68d7e2716a607267164ab03d360e30edb3fa3e4
Cited by
457
References
89
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
FWCI
10.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • The International Forestry Review (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
  • CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses
Keywords
bushmeat, wildlife harvesting, livelihoods, food security, forest fauna, ecosystem engineers, keystone species, species extinction, Amazon basin, Congo Basin

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-03.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-03.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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