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Cited by 422Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental ImpactLand Use and Ecosystem ServicesClimate change impacts on agriculture

Which practices co‐deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?

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Smith, Pete, Calvin, Katherine, Nkem, Johnson, Campbell, Donovan, Cherubini, Francesco, Grassi, Giacomo, Korotkov, Vladimir, Le Hoang, Anh +15 more·2020·Global Change Biology
DOI 10.1111/gcb.14878PMC PMC7079138
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Abstract

There is a clear need for transformative change in the land management and food production sectors to address the global land challenges of climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, combatting land degradation and desertification, and delivering food security (referred to hereafter as “land challenges”). We assess the potential for 40 practices to address these land challenges and find that: Nine options deliver medium to large benefits for all four land challenges. A further two options have no global estimates for adaptation, but have medium to large benefits for all other land challenges. Five options have large mitigation potential (>3 Gt CO 2 eq/year) without adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Five options have moderate mitigation potential, with no adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Sixteen practices have large adaptation potential (>25 million people benefit), without adverse side effects on other land challenges. Most practices can be applied without competing for available land. However, seven options could result in competition for land. A large number of practices do not require dedicated land, including several land management options, all value chain options, and all risk management options. Four options could greatly increase competition for land if applied at a large scale, though the impact is scale and context specific, highlighting the need for safeguards to ensure that expansion of land for mitigation does not impact natural systems and food security. A number of practices, such as increased food productivity, dietary change and reduced food loss and waste, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing‐up land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other practices, making them important components of portfolios of practices to address the combined land challenges.

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  • Positive changes in areas totaling globally greater than 10 Mkm2 have been achieved with these practices.

    “As a co-benefit, these practices also enhance ecosystem carbon sinks and food security as well as deliver multiple other co-benefits (63), with positive changes in areas totaling globally greater than 10 Mkm 2 (63).”

    From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [63]

    Table 11 in the Results section estimates that several practices have the potential to benefit areas exceeding 10 Mkm². The paper presents these as potential impacts, not positive changes already achieved across that area globally. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • These SLM practices enhance ecosystem carbon sinks and food security as well as deliver multiple other co-benefits.

    “As a co-benefit, these practices also enhance ecosystem carbon sinks and food security as well as deliver multiple other co-benefits (63), with positive changes in areas totaling globally greater than 10 Mkm 2 (63).”

    From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [63]

    The Discussion (Co-delivery across the land challenges; page unavailable) says most agricultural land-management practices have benefits across the four land challenges, while noting exceptions for food security. The Results (Potential of practices for addressing land degradation and desertification; page unavailable) say more than 10 million km² could benefit from improved management—not that positive changes have already occurred across that area. The citing sentence presents these potential benefits as established outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Mitigating climate change by utilizing vast land areas globally for the production of bioenergy or reforestation and afforestation is unsustainable.

    “Mitigating climate change by utilizing vast land areas globally for the production of bioenergy (Section 3.3) or reforestation and afforestation (Section 4.2), which is at present still integral to many climate change scenarios, is unsustainable (1, 63, 96; also see the IPCC Annex-I Glossary's definition of reforestation and afforestation: https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/glossary/).”

    From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [63]

    The Discussion (Co-delivery across the land challenges; page unavailable) identifies potential adverse effects when bioenergy, afforestation, and reforestation are deployed at very large scales. But it says those effects depend on scale and context and may be ameliorated through sustainable landscape management; the Conclusions likewise describe possible harms rather than declaring these approaches categorically unsustainable. The claim overstates that qualified finding, particularly for reforestation. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Restoration of grasslands, drylands, coastal ecosystems (e.g., mangroves), and wetlands has large scope to contribute to climate change mitigation and biodiversity, if climate change risks to carbon uptake are minimized.

    “large scope for the restoration of grasslands, drylands, coastal ecosystems (e.g., mangroves), and wetlands to contribute to climate change mitigation and biodiversity, if the climate change risks to carbon uptake (Section 3) are minimized (63).”

    From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [63]

    The Results (Potential of the practices for delivering mitigation; page unavailable) say coastal wetland restoration could provide high levels of mitigation and peatland restoration moderate levels. Materials and Methods (page unavailable) also identifies biodiversity protection as a benefit of peatland restoration. The grassland finding concerns preventing conversion to cropland, not restoration; the cited passages do not establish large mitigation and biodiversity benefits across all the listed ecosystems or the stated condition about minimizing climate risks to carbon uptake. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Indirect climate change-related drivers, such as large-scale mitigation efforts on land, have raised concerns with respect to increasing degradation.

    “Moreover, indirect climate change-related drivers, such as large-scale mitigation efforts on land, have also raised concerns with respect to increasing degradation (1, 63).”

    From Restoring Degraded Lands (2021) · cites this paper as [63]

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Authors
Smith, P., Calvin, K., Nkem, J., Campbell, D., Cherubini, F., Grassi, G., Korotkov, V., Le Hoang, A., Lwasa, S., McElwee, P., Nkonya, E., Saigusa, N., Soussana, J., Taboada, M. A., Manning, F. C., Nampanzira, D., Arias‐Navarro, C., Vizzarri, M., House, J., Roe, S., Cowie, A., Rounsevell, M., & Arneth, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Aberdeen (GB)
  • Joint Global Change Research Institute (US)
  • United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ET)
  • University of the West Indies (JM)
  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
  • European Commission (BE)
  • Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology Moscow Russia
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) Hanoi Vietnam
  • Makerere University (UG)
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
  • International Food Policy Research Institute (US)
  • National Institute for Environmental Studies (JP)
  • French National Institute for Agricultural, Environment and Food Research (INRA) Paris France
  • National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA) Natural Resources Research Center (CIRN) Institute of Soils Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
  • Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR)
  • School of Geographical Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
  • University of Virginia (US)
  • New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (AU)
  • Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
Corresponding author
Smith, Pete
ORCID
Venue
Global Change Biology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2019-12-14
Volume
26
Issue
3
Pages
1532-1575
ISSN
  • 1354-1013 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2486
DOI
10.1111/gcb.14878
PMC
PMC7079138
OpenAlex
W2981648895
Cited by
422
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 79 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 1
FWCI
21.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Global Change Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Repository KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
  • OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • IFPRI E-brary (International Food Policy Research Institute) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • International Food Policy Research Institute (International Food Policy Research Institute) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • KITopen (cc-by)
Funders
  • Seventh Framework Programme (774378, 773901, 774124, 776810)
  • Wellcome Trust
  • Norges Forskningsråd (286773, 257622, 281113, 294534)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Climate change impacts on agriculture
Keywords
land management practices, food security, climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, land use competition, land conversion, food productivity, dietary change, food loss and waste, value chain, risk management, transformative change
MeSH terms
Acclimatization, Agriculture, Conservation of Natural Resources, Food Supply, Climate Change

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