The human microbiome and bile acid metabolism: Dysbiosis, dysmetabolism, disease and intervention

Jones, Mitchell L; Martoni, Christopher J; Ganopolsky, Jorge G; Labbé, Alain; Prakash, Satya

doi:10.1517/14712598.2014.880420

Cited by 150Gut microbiota and healthDrug Transport and Resistance MechanismsGastrointestinal motility and disorders

The human microbiome and bile acid metabolism: Dysbiosis, dysmetabolism, disease and intervention

Jones, Mitchell L, Martoni, Christopher J, Ganopolsky, Jorge G, Labbé, Alain, Prakash, Satya·2014·Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

DOI 10.1517/14712598.2014.880420

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence indicates that the human gut microbiome plays a significant role in health and disease. Dysbiosis, defined as a pathological imbalance in a microbial community, is becoming increasingly appreciated as a 'central environmental factor' that is both associated with complex phenotypes and affected by host genetics, diet and antibiotic use. More recently, a link has been established between the dysmetabolism of bile acids (BAs) in the gut to dysbiosis. AREAS COVERED: BAs, which are transformed by the gut microbiota, have been shown to regulate intestinal homeostasis and are recognized as signaling molecules in a wide range of metabolic processes. This review will examine the connection between BA metabolism as it relates to the gut microbiome and its implication in health and disease. EXPERT OPINION: A disrupted gut microbiome, including a reduction of bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-active bacteria, can significantly impair the metabolism of BAs and may result in an inability to maintain glucose homeostasis as well as normal cholesterol breakdown and excretion. To better understand the link between dysbiosis, BA dysmetabolism and chronic degenerative disease, large-scale metagenomic sequencing studies, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics should continue to catalog functional diversity in the gastrointestinal tract of both healthy and diseased populations. Further, BSH-active probiotics should continue to be explored as treatment options to help restore metabolic levels.

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Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is the major activator of FXR, followed by deoxycholic acid (DCA), colic acid (LCA), and cholic acid (CA).
“Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is the major activator of FXR, followed by deoxycholic acid (DCA), colic acid (LCA), and cholic acid (CA) (Jones et al., 2014).”
From Bacteroides dorei BDX-01 alleviates DSS-induced experimental colitis in mice by regulating intestinal bile salt hydrolase activity and the FXR-NLRP3 signaling pathway (2023) · cites this paper as Jones et al., 2014

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Crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the endocannabinoid system: impact on the gut barrier function and the adipose tissue
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In VitroStudy of Bile Salt Hydrolase (BSH) Activity of BSH IsogenicLactobacillus plantarum80 Strains and Estimation of Cholesterol Lowering through Enhanced BSH Activity
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Administration of Ampicillin Elevates Hepatic Primary Bile Acid Synthesis through Suppression of Ileal Fibroblast Growth Factor 15 Expression
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The association of bile acid excretion and atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
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Enterobacteria-mediated deconjugation of taurocholic acid enhances ileal farnesoid X receptor signaling
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Probiotics, Nuclear Receptor Signaling, and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways
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ProbioticLactobacillus rhamnosusGR-1 andLactobacillus reuteriRC-14 May Help Downregulate TNF-Alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 (p70) in the Neurogenic Bladder of Spinal Cord Injured Patient with Urinary Tract Infections: A Two-Case Study
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Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 hydrolyses bile salts in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs
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Association between bile acid turnover and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
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Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098 soluble factors modulate tumor necrosis factor alpha production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Involvement of lipid rafts
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ComPPARtmentalizing NF-κB in the gut
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Effect of bile acid deconjugation on the fecal excretion of steroids
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Improvement of gastrointestinal health status in subjects consumingLactobacillus reuteriNCIMB 30242 capsules: apost-hocanalysis of a randomized controlled trial
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Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy
Li, T., & Chiang, J. Y. L. (2014) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.113.008201 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
“Dysbiosis is the major environmental factor that affects bile acid metabolism and contributes to diseases not only in the gastrointestinal system but also in chronic diseases, such as NAFLD, diabetes, and obesity (Jones et al., 2014).”
Background
Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile acids
Dawson, P. A., & Karpen, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r054114 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
The Human Microbiome and Obesity: Moving beyond Associations
Maruvada, P., Leone, V., Kaplan, L. M., & Chang, E. B. (2017) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.10.005 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Molecular cartography of the human skin surface in 3D
Bouslimani, A., Porto, C., Rath, C. M. B., Wang, M., Guo, Y., González, A., Berg-Lyons, D., Ackermann, G. L., Christensen, G. J. M., Nakatsuji, T., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1424409112 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
“Cholic acids, commonly described as bile acids, are important players of the lipid metabolism in the gut and help maintain a healthy gut microbial community, thus representing a viable therapeutic intervention against pathogens (29).”
Background
Effects of Gut Microbiota Manipulation by Antibiotics on Host Metabolism in Obese Humans: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
Reijnders, D., Goossens, G. H., Hermes, G. D. A., Neis, E. P. J. G., van der Beek, C. M., Most, J., Holst, J. J., Lenaerts, K., Kootte, R. S., Nieuwdorp, M., et al. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.016 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“Although BAs and SCFAs may control incretin release (Brighton et al., 2015; Canfora et al., 2015) and affect energy metabolism in rodents (Gao et al., 2009), no effects on postprandial energy and substrate metabolism and fasting and postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations were found in the present…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The gut microbiota and gastrointestinal surgery
Guyton, K. L., & Alverdy, J. C. (2016) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.139 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Role of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Human Blood Platelet Function: A Review
Duttaroy, A. K. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010144 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“Recently, the bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism [87] in CVD has been reviewed [48].”
Background
The Role of Gut Microbiota in Atherosclerosis and Hypertension
Ma, J., & Li, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01082 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Bile Acid Profiling and Quantification in Biofluids Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Sarafian, M. H., Lewis, M. R., Pechlivanis, A., Ralphs, S., McPhail, M. J. W., Patel, V., Dumas, M., Holmes, E. C., & Nicholson, J. K. (2015) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01556 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Bridging the Gap between Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
Lau, K., Srivatsav, V., Rizwan, A., Nashed, A., Liu, R., Shen, R. D., & Akhtar, M. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080859 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“Primary BAs are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, and are excreted into the small intestine to aid lipid emulsification [54].”
BackgroundInfluential
The gastrointestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer
Keku, T. O., Dulal, S., Deveaux, A. E., Jovov, B., & Han, X. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00360.2012 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“The intestinal bacteria are essential in digestion and absorption of indigestible carbohydrates (fibers), production of vitamins B and K, metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds, immune potentiation, are actively involved in innate and cell-mediated immunity, help to maintain intestinal barrier function, and…”
Background
The Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Oats and Oat Beta Glucan: Modes of Action and Potential Role of Bile Acids and the Microbiome
Joyce, S. A., Kamil, A., Fleige, L. E., & Gahan, C. G. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00171 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Berberine treats atherosclerosis via a vitamine-like effect down-regulating Choline-TMA-TMAO production pathway in gut microbiota
Ma, S., Tong, Q., Lin, Y., Pan, L., Fu, J., Peng, R., Zhang, X., Zhao, Z., Li, Y., Yu, J., et al. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01027-6 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Metabolomic insights into the intricate gut microbial–host interaction in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes
Palau‐Rodriguez, M., Tulipani, S., Queipo‐Ortuño, M. I., Urpí-Sardà, M., Tinahones, F. J., & Andrés‐Lacueva, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01151 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Furthermore, according to Jones et al. (2014) Actinobacteria and Firmicutes clones would be the only ones able to degrade all conjugated BA, with Bacteroidetes species being limited to tauro- conjugation activities.”
Background
Metabolomic Profiling of Bile Acids in Clinical and Experimental Samples of Alzheimer’s Disease
Pan, X., Elliott, C. T., McGuinness, B., Passmore, P., Kehoe, P. G., Hölscher, C., McClean, P. L., Graham, S. F., & Green, B. D. (2017) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo7020028 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“Conditions such as dysbiosis (pathological imbalance in a microbial community) can significantly impair the metabolism of bile acids and may result in an inability to maintain glucose homeostasis as well as normal cholesterol breakdown and excretion [27].”
Background
Effects of underfeeding and oral vancomycin on gut microbiome and nutrient absorption in humans
Basolo, A., Hohenadel, M. G., Ang, Q. Y., Piaggi, P., Heinitz, S., Walter, M. F., Walter, P. J., Parrington, S., Trinidad, D., von Schwartzenberg, R. J., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0801-z · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 modulates intestinal microbiota and inflammation in presence of Farnesoid X Receptor
Gadaleta, R. M., García‐Irigoyen, O., Cariello, M., Scialpi, N., Peres, C., Vetrano, S., Fiorino, G., Danese, S., Ko, B., Luo, J., et al. (2020) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102719 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The gut microbiota, bile acids and their correlation in primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease
Torres, J., Palmela, C., Brito, H., Bao, X., Ruiqi, H., Moura-Santos, P., da Silva, J. P., Oliveira, A. A. S., Vieira, C. L., Pérez, K., et al. (2017) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1177/2050640617708953 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Revisiting Human Cholesterol Synthesis and Absorption: The Reciprocity Paradigm and its Key Regulators
Alphonse, P. A. S., & Jones, P. J. H. (2015) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4096-7 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Alters absorption and synthesis [110, 111, 211]”
Background
The Skin-Mucus Microbial Community of Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Minniti, G., Hagen, L. H., Porcellato, D., Jørgensen, S. M., Pope, P. B., & Vaaje‐Kolstad, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02043 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“These practices could potentially affect the balance of the fish-skin microbiome and reduce the bacterial biodiversity, promoting proliferation of opportunistic bacteria, a process well documented in mammals (Myers, 2004; Jones et al., 2014; Tomasello et al., 2016).”
Background
Probiotics ameliorate intestinal pathophysiology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Kaur, H., Nagamoto‐Combs, K., Golovko, S. A., Golovko, M. Y., Klug, M. G., & Combs, C. K. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.04.009 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Gut microbiota composition can modify the bile acid profile through a broad range of reactions including conjugation and deconjugation resulting in formation of secondary bile acids (Duboc et al., 2013; Jones et al., 2014; Musso et al., 2011; Ridlon et al., 2014; Theriot et al., 2014).”
Background
The Biofilm Community: Rebels with a Cause
Aruni, W., Dou, Y., Mishra, A., & Fletcher, H. M. (2015) · Current Oral Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40496-014-0044-5 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Factors Determining Colorectal Cancer: The Role of the Intestinal Microbiota
Nistal, E., Fernández-Fernández, N., Vivas, S., & Olcoz, J. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2015.00220 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Chemoproteomic Profiling of Bile Acid Interacting Proteins
Zhuang, S., Li, Q., Cai, L., Wang, C., & Lei, X. (2017) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.7b00134 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Determining Microbial Products and Identifying Molecular Targets in the Human Microbiome
Cordy, R. J., Yasuda, K., Shafquat, A., Morgan, X. C., & Huttenhower, C. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Microbial alteration of bile acids plays a key role in the digestion and absorption of lipids, as well as in glucose homeostasis (Jones et al., 2014).”
Background
Comprehensive Profiling of Fecal Metabolome of Mice by Integrated Chemical Isotope Labeling-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
Yuan, B., Zhu, Q., Guo, N., Zheng, S.-J., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Xu, J., Liu, S., He, K. F., Hu, T., et al. (2018) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05355 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Microbiome-mediated bile acid modification: Role in intestinal drug absorption and metabolism
Enright, E. F., Griffin, B. T., Gahan, C. G. M., & Joyce, S. A. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.009 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Functional proteomics within the genus Lactobacillus
Angelis, M. D., Calasso, M. P., Cavallo, N., Cagno, R. D., & Gobbetti, M. (2016) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201500117 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Recently, metaproteomics approaches were also proposed to determine the microbial effects on the human health and disease state [79,80,83].”
Background
Detection technologies and metabolic profiling of bile acids: a comprehensive review
Liu, Y., Rong, Z., Xiang, D., Zhang, C., & Liu, D. (2018) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0774-9 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“In turn, liver and intestinal diseases are often accompanied by systemic cycling disorders of BAs [3, 4], so their characteristics in blood and tissues can indirectly indicate disease states.”
A novel probiotic, Lactobacillus johnsonii 456, resists acid and can persist in the human gut beyond the initial ingestion period
Davoren, M. J., Liu, J., Castellanos, J. A., Rodriguez-Malave, N. I., & Schiestl, R. H. (2018) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2018.1547612 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Multidomain analyses of a longitudinal human microbiome intestinal cleanout perturbation experiment
Fukuyama, J., Rumker, L., Sankaran, K., Jeganathan, P., Dethlefsen, L., Relman, D. A., & Holmes, S. (2017) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005706 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“The provisioning of these and many other compounds are recognized as ecosystem services of the gut microbiota, with health effects both locally in the gut and systemically throughout the host [87, 88].”
Background
Interplay Between the Host, the Human Microbiome, and Drug Metabolism
Nichols, R. G., Peters, J. M., & Patterson, A. D. (2019) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-019-0211-9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease: The Role of the Gut Microbiota
Cahová, M., Brátová, M., & Wohl, P. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9090987 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“However, FXR and TGR5 have different affinities to individual BAs, as FXR is activated by CDCA > DCA > LCA >> CA and TGR5 is activated by LCA > DCA > CDCA > CA [78].”
Background
Abrupt suspension of probiotics administration may increase host pathogen susceptibility by inducing gut dysbiosis
Liu, Z., Liu, W., Ran, C., Hu, J., & Zhou, Z. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep23214 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Recent research has proven that gut microbes also modulate bile acid synthesis through depression of the nuclear receptor farnesoid X (FXR) pathway 35 , which negatively regulates bile acid synthesis 36 in the ileum and liver.”
Bile Salt Hydrolase-Competent Probiotics in the Management of IBD: Unlocking the “Bile Acid Code”
Gadaleta, R. M., Cariello, M., Crudele, L., & Moschetta, A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153212 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota Modulation as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Cardiometabolic Diseases
Mutalub, Y. B., Abdulwahab, M., Mohammed, A., Yahkub, A. M., Al-Mhanna, S. B., Yusof, W., Tang, S. P., Rasool, A. H. G., & Mokhtar, S. S. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11172575 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Bacterial bile salt hydrolase: an intestinal microbiome target for enhanced animal health
Geng, W., & Lin, J. (2016) · Animal Health Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s1466252316000153 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…host, intestinal BSH plays an important role in host metabolism and energy harvest; BSH activity has significant impacts on host physiology by disturbing conjugated bile acid-mediated fat metabolism and endocrine functions (Begley et al., 2006; Patel et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2014; Joyce et al.,”
Background
Bile signalling promotes chronic respiratory infections and antibiotic tolerance
Reen, F. J., Flynn, S., Woods, D. F., Dunphy, N., Chróinín, M. N., Mullane, D., Stick, S. M., Adams, C., & O’Gara, F. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep29768 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“6) is consistent with the emergence of bile acids as mediators of a broad range of human diseases 51 .”
Targeting gut microbial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) by diet supplements: new insights into dietary modulation of human health
Yang, Y., & Wu, C. (2022) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d2fo01252a · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Behavior of Non‐Digestible Polysaccharides in Gastrointestinal Tract: A Mechanistic Review of its Anti‐Obesity Effect
Zhang, Y., Xie, Q., You, L., Cheung, P. C. K., & Zhao, Z. (2021) · eFood · doi:10.2991/efood.k.210310.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Bile acid-receptor TGR5 deficiency worsens liver injury in alcohol-fed mice by inducing intestinal microbiota dysbiosis
Spatz, M., Ciocan, D. M., Merlen, G., Rainteau, D. P., Humbert, L., Gomes-Rochette, N. F., Hugot, C., Trainel, N., Mercier‐Nomé, F., Domenichini, S., et al. (2021) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100230 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Temperature modulation alters the gut and skin microbial profiles of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
Ghosh, S. K., Wong, M. K., Hyodo, S., Goto, S., & Hamasaki, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.1027621 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Pathophysiology of Bile Acid Diarrhoea: Differences in the Colonic Microbiome, Metabolome and Bile Acids
Sagar, N., Duboc, H., Kay, G. L., Alam, M. T., Wicaksono, A. N., Covington, J. A., Quince, C., Kokkorou, M., Svolos, V., Palmieri, L., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77374-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The immunity–diet–microbiota axis in the development of metabolic syndrome
Brandsma, E. T., Houben, T., Fu, J., Shiri‐Sverdlov, R., & Hofker, M. H. (2015) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000154 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“In addition, the microbiota affect the composition of the bile acid pool by 7-a/7-b dehydroxylation, desulfation and dehydrogenation, leading to the formation of secondary bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and tauro-beta-muricholic acid [43].”
Plant Constituents
Dilworth, L., Riley, C. K., & Stennett, D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802104-0.00005-6 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Soluble Polysaccharide Derived from Laminaria japonica Attenuates Obesity-Related Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Associated with Gut Microbiota Regulation
Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Zhao, N., Hong, Z., Cai, B., Le, Q., Yang, T., Shi, L., & He, J. (2021) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md19120699 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Since a lower F/B ratio was observed in lean i dividuals when compared to their obese counterparts in mice and humans [16], our data indicated the beneficial effect of LJP with respect to obesity.”
MethodResultInfluential
Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against atherosclerosis by lowering lipid peroxidation and hypercholesterolemia
Berbée, J. F. P., Mol, I. M., Milne, G. L., Pollock, E. D., Hoeke, G., Lütjohann, D., Monaco, C. G., Rensen, P. C. N., der Ploeg, L. H. T. V., & Shchepinov, M. S. (2017) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.916 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Potential mechanism(s) may include modulation of the gut microbiome and/or bile acid metabolism in the gut [35,36], and modulation of (local) immune cells [37,38].”
Vegan Diet Is Associated With Favorable Effects on the Metabolic Performance of Intestinal Microbiota: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Omics Study
Krbcová, M., Budínská, E., Kuzma, M., Pelantová, H., Hradecký, J., Heczková, M., Ďásková, N., Brátová, M., Módos, I., Videnska, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.783302 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hypoglycemic effects of different molecular weight konjac glucomannans via intestinal microbiota and SCFAs mediated mechanism
Deng, J., Zou, X., Liang, Y., Zhong, J., Zhou, K., Zhang, J., Zhang, M., Wang, Z., Sun, Y., & Li, M. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.160 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota Ecosystem Governance of Host Inflammation, Mitochondrial Respiration and Skeletal Homeostasis
Lian, W., Wang, F., Chen, Y., Tsai, M., Chao, H., Jahr, H., Wu, R., & Ko, J. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10040860 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Bile acid abnormality induced by intestinal dysbiosis might explain lipid metabolism in Parkinson’s disease
Hasuike, Y., Endo, T., Koroyasu, M., Matsui, M., Mori, C., Yamadera, M., Fujimura, H., & Sakoda, S. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109436 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of gut microbiota in gestational diabetes mellitus and their correlation with disease risk factors
Wei, J., Qing, Y., Zhou, H., Liu, J., Qi, C., & Gao, J. (2021) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01595-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sialyltransferase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer Metastasis: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
Perez, S. J. L. P., Fu, C., & Li, W. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26185673 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Paraprobiotics obtained by six different inactivation processes: impacts on the biochemical parameters and intestinal microbiota of Wistar male rats
de Almada, C. N., Almada-Érix, C. N., Roquetto, A. R., Santos-Junior, V. A., Cabral, L., Noronha, M. F., Gonçalves, A. E. S. S., dos Santos, P., Santos, A., Martínez, J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2021.1906211 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…for these results would be that the inactivation in alkaline conditions promoted changes in binding sites of specific cell components preventing their bind to cholesterol or action on the conjugated bile salts that were less excreted in the faeces than in the other groups (Jones et al. 2014).”
Background
Vascular Cognitive Impairment and the Gut Microbiota
Li, S., Shao, Y., Li, K., HuangFu, C., Wang, W., Liu, Z., Cai, Z., & Zhao, B. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-171103 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) regulates host lipid and cholesterol metabolisms [33, 34].”
Recent review on selected xenobiotics and their impacts on gut microbiome and metabolome
Jin, Y., Chi, J., LoMonaco, K., Boon, A., & Gu, H. (2023) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2023.117155 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mechanism and Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Obesity: Prevention and Treatment Strategies
Zhang, C., Sheng, J., Xie, W., Luo, X., Xue, Y., Xu, G., & Chen, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.615895 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
An Integrated Metabolomic Study of Osteoporosis: Discovery and Quantification of Hyocholic Acids as Candidate Markers
Deng, D., Chen, P., Wu, Z., Sun, Y., Liu, C., Xiang, H., Yin, P., & Shang, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.725341 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Since the gut microbiota is believed to be closely connected to osteoporosis, the dysregulation of the gut flora may alter BA levels consequently (Jones et al., 2014; Devlin and Fischbach, 2015;Wahlström et al., 2016).”
Background
Bacteroides dorei BDX-01 alleviates DSS-induced experimental colitis in mice by regulating intestinal bile salt hydrolase activity and the FXR-NLRP3 signaling pathway
Sun, X., Chen, Z., Yu, L., Zeng, W., Sun, B., Fan, H., & Bai, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1205323 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is the major activator of FXR, followed by deoxycholic acid (DCA), colic acid (LCA), and cholic acid (CA) (Jones et al., 2014).”
Background
Symbiosis, dysbiosis, and rebiosis—The value of metaproteomics in human microbiome monitoring
Mao, L., & Franke, J. (2014) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201400329 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Here, “dysbiosis” is defined as a pathological imbalance in a microbial ecological niche [78], leading to a skewed overall metabolic signature, as well as low system resilience.”
Background
Lactobacillus reuteri A9 and Lactobacillus mucosae A13 isolated from Chinese superlongevity people modulate lipid metabolism in a hypercholesterolemia rat model
Jiang, J., Feng, N., Zhang, C., Liu, F., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Zhai, Q., & Chen, W. (2019) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1093/femsle/fnz254 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Advances in Gut Microbiome Research, Opening New Strategies to Cope with a Western Lifestyle
Rodríguez-Castaño, G. P., Caro‐Quintero, A., Reyes, A., & Lizcano, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2016.00224 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Plant constituents: carbohydrates, oils, resins, balsams, and plant hormones
Dilworth, L., Riley, C. K., & Stennett, D. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18657-8.00021-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Paroxetine Administration Affects Microbiota and Bile Acid Levels in Mice
Dethloff, F., Vargas, F., Elijah, E. O., Quinn, R. A., Park, D. I., Herzog, D. P., Müller, M. B., Gentry, E. C., Knight, R. D., González, A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00518 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effects of supplemented isoenergetic diets varying in cereal fiber and protein content on the bile acid metabolic signature and relation to insulin resistance
Weickert, M. O., Hattersley, J. G., Kyrou, I., Arafat, A. M., Rudovich, N., Roden, M., Nowotny, P., von Loeffelholz, C., Matysik, S., Schmitz, G., et al. (2018) · Nutrition & Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-018-0020-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota in Patients with Morbid Obesity Before and After Bariatric Surgery: a Ten-Year Review Study (2009–2019)
Koulas, S. G., Stefanou, C. K., Stefanou, S. K., Tepelenis, K., Zikos, N., Tepetes, K., & Kapsoritakis, A. N. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-05074-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The effects of sulfated secondary bile acids on intestinal barrier function and immune response in an inflammatory in vitro human intestinal model
van der Lugt, B., Vos, M. C. P., Bromhaar, M. G., Ijssennagger, N., Vrieling, F., Meijerink, J., & Steegenga, W. T. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08883 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The green tea modulates large intestinal microbiome and exo/endogenous metabolome altered through chronic UVB-exposure
Jung, E. S., Park, H. M., Hyun, S. M., Shon, J. C., Singh, D., Liu, K., Whon, T. W., Bae, J., Hwang, J. S., & Lee, C. H. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187154 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Fish oil alleviates circadian bile composition dysregulation in male mice with NAFLD
Liu, Y., Li, Q., Wang, H., Zhao, X.-J. G., Li, N., Zhang, H., Chen, G., & Liu, Z. (2019) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Roychowdhury, S., Selvakumar, P. K. C., & Cresci, G. (2018) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci6020047 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The intestinal immune functions and barrier are regulated by bile acid transformation and receptor activation; therefore, gut dysbiosis is associated with altered bile acid metabolism and inflammation [47].”
Background
Serum bile acids in cystic fibrosis patients – glycodeoxycholic acid as a potential marker of liver disease
Drzymała-Czyż, S., Dziedzic, K., Szwengiel, A., Krzyżanowska-Jankowska, P., Nowak, J. K., Nowicka, A., Aringazina, R. A., Drzymała, S., Kashirskaya, N. Y., & Walkowiak, J. (2021) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2021.06.034 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and other microbiome-based innovative therapeutics to mitigate obesity and enhance longevity via the gut-brain axis
Boyajian, J. L., Islam, P., Abosalha, A. K., Schaly, S., Thareja, R., Kassab, A., Arora, K., Santos, M., Shum-Tim, C., & Prakash, S. (2024) · Microbiome Research Reports · doi:10.20517/mrr.2024.05 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and fecal metabolic signatures in rat models of disuse-induced osteoporosis
Qiao, X., Zhang, K., Li, X., Lv, Z., Wei, W., Zhou, R., Yan, L., Pan, Y., Yang, S., Sun, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1018897 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“VDR can be activated by LCA; the degree of activation is largely influenced by the GM (Jones et al., 2014).”
Background
Bile-ology: from bench to bedside
Jin, L., Fang, Z., Fan, M.-J., & Huang, W. (2019) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b1900158 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Role of pregnane X-receptor in regulating bacterial translocation in chronic liver diseases
Mohandas, S., & Vairappan, B. (2017) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v9.i32.1210 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Proteomics Analysis in Dairy Products: Cheese, a Review
Bouroutzika, E. V., Proikakis, S., Anagnostopoulos, A. K., Katsafadou, A. I., Fthenakis, G. C., & Tsangaris, G. T. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11167622 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Probiotics with anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus properties: targets of polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicine
Wu, L., Gao, Y., Su, Y. B., Li, J., Ren, W.-C., Qiu-Hong, W. A. N. G., & Kuang, H. (2022) · Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines · doi:10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60210-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Microbiota, Liver Diseases, and Alcohol
Cassard, A., Gérard, P., & Perlemuter, G. (2017) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.bad-0007-2016 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The synthesis of BAs is dependent on a negativefeedback loop following FXR activation (102, 103).”
Background
Gut microbes in gastrointestinal cancers
Wang, F., Song, M., Lu, X., Zhu, X., & Deng, J. (2021) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.037 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A shift in paradigm towards human biology‐based systems for cholestatic‐liver diseases
Noor, F. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp271124 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The gut microbiota plays an important role in BA homeostasis (Jones et al. 2014), energy regulation and metabolism (Nieuwdorp et al.”
Background
The association between bacterobilia and the risk of postoperative complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy
Parapini, M. L., Skipworth, J. R. A., Mah, A., Desai, S., Chung, S. W., Scudamore, C. H., Segedi, M., Vasilyeva, E., Li, J. S. Y., & Kim, P. T. (2021) · HPB · doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2021.06.428 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Alteration of the fecal microbiome in patients with cholecystectomy: potential relationship with postcholecystectomy diarrhea – before and after study
Noh, C., Jung, W., Yang, M. J., Kim, W., & Hwang, J. C. (2023) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000000518 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Not all microbial species are involved in BA synthesis, and because BA has bactericidal effects, the amount and concentration of bile in ﬂ uence microbial species, which in turn affects BA metabolism [39] .”
Ampelopsis grossedentata improves type 2 diabetes mellitus through modulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism
Hu, Y., Li, M., Ding, L., Peng, C., Wu, Y., Liu, W., Zhao, D., Qin, L., Guo, X., Wu, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2023.105622 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of Whole Brown Bean and Its Isolated Fiber Fraction on Plasma Lipid Profile, Atherosclerosis, Gut Microbiota, and Microbiota-Dependent Metabolites in Apoe−/− Mice
Liu, J., Hefni, M. E., Witthöft, C. M., Bergström, M., Burleigh, S., NYMAN, M. E., & Hållenius, F. F. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14050937 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Previous studies have suggested that the gut microbiota can be a factor in the progression of atherosclerosis [67].”
Background
Role of the Gut in Modulating Lipoprotein Metabolism
Hennessy, A. A., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F., Caplice, N. M., & Stanton, C. (2014) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-014-0515-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Importance of Bile Composition for Diagnosis of Biliary Obstructions
Krupa, Ł., Staroń, R., Dulko, D., Łozińska, N., Mackie, A. R., Rigby, N. M., Macierzanka, A., Markiewicz, A., & Jungnickel, C. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26237279 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A sequence symmetry analysis of the interrelationships between statins, diabetes and skin infections
Ko, H. H. T., Lareu, R. R., Dix, B. R., Hughes, J., & Parsons, R. W. (2019) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14077 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Disruption of the human gut microbiome, or gut dysbiosis, has been associated with the impaired metabolism of bile acids, which may impede glucose control and diminish innate immunity.(23) Bile acids regulate glucose homeostasis through the activation of nuclear receptors such as the pregnane X receptor, andmount anti…”
Background
In vitro models to detect in vivo bile acid changes induced by antibiotics
Zhang, N., Wang, J., Bakker, W., Zheng, W., Baccaro, M., Murali, A., van Ravenzwaay, B., & Rietjens, I. M. C. M. (2022) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-022-03373-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Probiotics in Pediatric Liver Disease
Miloh, T. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000365 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gut Epithelial Barrier Function is Impacted by Hyperglycemia and Secondary Bile Acids in Vitro: Possible Rescuing Effects of Specific Pectins
Tang, X., Chen, X., Ferrari, M. D. L., Walvoort, M. T. C., & de Vos, P. (2024) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202300910 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Gallbladder and Vermiform Appendix Influence the Assemblage of Intestinal Microorganisms
Chen, J., Sali, A., & Vitetta, L. (2020) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb-2019-0325 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Electrolyte Secretion and Absorption in the Small Intestine and Colon
Barrett, K. E., & Keely, S. J. (2015) · Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1002/9781118512074.ch24 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Primary Prevention Strategy for Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Their Risk Factors: The Role of Intestinal Microbiota
López-Tenorio, I. I., Aguilar-Villegas, Ó. R., Espinoza-Palacios, Y., Segura-Real, L., Peña-Aparicio, B., Amedei, A., & Aguirre‐García, M. M. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12112529 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Partial ileal bypass affords protection from onset of type 2 diabetes
Buchwald, H., Oien, D. M., Schieber, D. J., Bantle, J. P., & Connett, J. E. (2016) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.01.025 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sodium taurocholate hydrate inhibits influenza virus replication and suppresses influenza a Virus-triggered inflammation in vitro and in vivo
Sun, X., Hu, X., Zhang, Q., Li, Z., Sun, X., Li, Y., & Jin, M. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110544 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
OBESIDADE E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A MICROBIOTA INTESTINAL
Schmidt, L., Soder, T. F., Deon, R. G., & Benetti, F. (2018) · Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudos em Saúde · doi:10.33362/ries.v6i2.1089 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
On the effect of flavonoids and dietary fibre in lingonberries on atherosclerotic plaques, lipid profiles and gut microbiota composition in Apoe–/– mice
Liu, J., Hefni, M. E., Witthöft, C. M., Bergström, M., Burleigh, S., NYMAN, M. E., & Hållenius, F. F. (2022) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2022.2106358 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Dysbiosis of gut microbiota, characterised by ʻ imbalance ’ due to changes in community members or in relative abundance of microbes (Messer and Chang 2018), has also been proven to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis (Jones et al. 2014).”
Background
GGV formula attenuates CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., He, Y., Zhang, S., Huang, B., Wang, Y., Lin, W., Xiao, W., Zou, Z., & Cui, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1564177 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Role of Diet in Shaping Gut Microbiota and Its Impact on Host Metabolic Regulation
Hernández-Valles, A. E., Martínez-Machado, G., Alvarado-Mata, L. Y., Ortíz, C. E., Nimmakayala, P., Balagurusamy, N., & Reddy, U. K. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27062768 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Authors: Jones, M. L., Martoni, C. J., Ganopolsky, J. G., Labbé, A., & Prakash, S.
Affiliations: Micropharma (Canada) (CA)
ORCID: Martoni, Christopher J
Prakash, Satya
Venue: Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2014-01-30
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 467-482
ISSN: 1471-2598 (ISSN-L)
1744-7682
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.880420
OpenAlex: W2014099400
Cited by: 150
References: 128
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 7
FWCI: 1.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords: gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, dysbiosis, bile salt hydrolase, probiotics, glucose homeostasis, cholesterol metabolism, intestinal homeostasis, chronic degenerative diseases, metagenomics, metaproteomics, metabolomics
MeSH terms: Animals, Bile Acids and Salts, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Health Status, Humans, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Obesity, Osteoporosis, Probiotics, Atherosclerosis, Microbiota, Dysbiosis

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The human microbiome and bile acid metabolism: Dysbiosis, dysmetabolism, disease and intervention

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