Cited by 210Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsSirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine

Understanding the role of histone deacetylase and their inhibitors in neurodegenerative disorders: current targets and future perspective

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Kumar, Vishal, Kundu, Satyabrata, Singh, Arti, Singh, Shamsher·2022·Current Neuropharmacology

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of pathological conditions that cause motor incordination (jerking movements), cognitive and memory impairments result from degeneration of neurons in a specific area of the brain. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, neurochemical imbalance and histone deacetylase enzymes (HDAC) are known to play a crucial role in neurodegeneration. HDAC is classified into four categories (class I, II, III and class IV) depending upon their location and functions. HDAC1 and 2 are involved in neurodegeneration, while HDAC3-11 and class III HDACs are beneficial as neuroprotective. HDACs are localized in different parts of the brain- HDAC1 (hippocampus and cortex), HDAC2 (nucleus), HDAC3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 (nucleus and cytoplasm), HDAC6 & HDAC7 (cytoplasm) and HDAC11 (Nucleus, cornus ammonis 1 and spinal cord). In pathological conditions, HDAC up-regulates glutamate, phosphorylation of tau, and glial fibrillary acidic proteins while down-regulating BDNF, Heat shock protein 70 and Gelsolin. Class III HDACs are divided into seven sub-classes (SIRT1-SIRT7). Sirtuins are localized in the different parts of the brain and neuron -Sirt1 (nucleus), Sirt2 (cortex, striatum, hippocampus and spinal cord), Sirt3 (mitochondria and cytoplasm), Sirt4, Sirt5 & Sirt6 (mitochondria), Sirt7 (nucleus) and Sirt8 (nucleolus). SIRTs (1, 3, 4, and 6) are involved in neuronal survival, proliferation and modulating stress response, and SIRT2 is associated with Parkinsonism, Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease, whereas SIRT6 is only associated with Alzheimer's disease. In this critical review, we have discussed the mechanisms and therapeutic targets of HDACs that would be beneficial for the management of neurodegenerative disorders.

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Crossref · 10.2174/1570159x19666210609160017

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  • HDAC inhibitors often display limited isoform selectivity and off-target activity.

    “HDAC inhibitors often display limited isoform selectivity and off-target activity, which constrains their translational potential in the nervous system (Kumar et al., 2022).”

    From Histone modifications and depression: epigenetic mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and translational outlook (2026) · cites this paper as Kumar et al., 2022

    The Conclusion (page unavailable) identifies lack of specificity and isoform selectivity as problems for HDAC inhibitors and says improving specificity may improve their effectiveness. It raises concern about *limited knowledge* of off-target specificity, but does not establish that HDAC inhibitors often have off-target activity. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • HDAC6 is a predominantly cytoplasmic deacetylase that regulates microtubule dynamics and autophagic flux.

    “HDAC6, a predominantly cytoplasmic deacetylase, regulates microtubule dynamics and autophagic flux (Kumar et al., 2022).”

    From Histone modifications and depression: epigenetic mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and translational outlook (2026) · cites this paper as Kumar et al., 2022

    The Class IIb HDACs section (page unavailable) calls HDAC6 the main cytoplasmic deacetylase and reports that it is required for autophagic degradation of aggregated huntingtin. The HDAC6 section (page unavailable) says it deacetylates tubulin, but does not explicitly establish regulation of microtubule dynamics; the autophagy finding is also narrower than a general claim about autophagic flux. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • HDAC inhibitors can enhance histone acetylation and ameliorate cognitive impairments in various AD models.

    “HDAC inhibitors can enhance histone acetylation and ameliorate cognitive impairments in various AD models, and HDAC inhibition has been recognized as an attractive therapeutic strategy for AD [4, 5, 7].”

    From CI-994 is a dual modulator of class I HDACs and Wnt/β-catenin signaling for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (2026) · cites this paper as [7]

    The Alzheimer’s Disease section (page unavailable) reports that mice treated with a selective HDAC3 inhibitor had increased histone acetylation and cognition; it also reports improved memory in an AD mouse after HDAC2 knockdown. It does not establish that HDAC inhibitors produced both effects across various AD models: the HDAC2 result involves knockdown, not inhibitor treatment. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • HDAC inhibitors demonstrate anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative models by dampening inflammatory signaling and supporting synaptic and cognitive function.

    “HDAC inhibitors also demonstrate anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative models by dampening inflammatory signaling and supporting synaptic and cognitive function (Morrison et al., 2006; Zhou et al., 2018; Kumar et al., 2022).”
  • Aberrant HDAC3 expression increases neuronal vulnerability.

    “while aberrant HDAC3 expression increases neuronal vulnerability (Kumar et al., 2022)”

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [129]Szegő É.M. Outeiro T.F. Kazantsev A.G. Sirtuins in brain and neurodegenerative disease. Introductory Review on Sirtuins in Biology, Aging, and Disease. Elsevier 2018 175 195
  2. [158]Chang, JK Tolfenamic acid: A potential modifier of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease. 2015 (Thesis).

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Authors
Kumar, V., Kundu, S., Singh, A., & Singh, S.
Affiliations
Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (IN)
Corresponding author
Singh, Shamsher
Venue
Current Neuropharmacology
Published
2022-01
Volume
20
Issue
1
Pages
158-178
ISSN
1570-159X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3174079095
Cited by
210
References
185
Citations by year
2026: 46 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 1
FWCI
2.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Current Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine
Keywords
histone deacetylase, histone deacetylase inhibitors, neurodegenerative diseases, class I HDACs, class II HDACs, sirtuins, SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT6, neuroprotection, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tau phosphorylation, glial fibrillary acidic protein
MeSH terms
Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Brain, Histone Deacetylases, Humans, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Sirtuins

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