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Engineered Exosome for Drug Delivery: Recent Development and Clinical Applications

Tian, Jiaqi, Han, Zhengpu, Song, Dandan, Peng, Yanjie, Xiong, Min, Chen, Zhen, Duan, Shuyin, Zhang, Lin·2023·International Journal of Nanomedicine
DOI 10.2147/ijn.s444582PMC PMC10752020
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Figure 1 Image taken by transmission electron microscope showing exosomes isolated through ultracentrifugation. Those exosomes were obtained from the culture supernatant of J774A.1 cell, a mouse macrophage cell line, grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The supernatant was collected and centrifuged at 300 g for 10 minutes to remove cell debris, followed by filtration through a 0.22 μm filter. The filtered supernatant was then centrifuged at 120,000 g for 70 minutes to pellet the exosomes. The exosome pellet was resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and loaded onto a copper grid coated with carbon film. The grid was stained with 2% uranyl acetate and examined under a transmission electron microscope. The image shows the morphology and size distribution of the exosomes, which appear as round or oval vesicles with a diameter for most of the exosomes ranging from 30 to 150 nm.
Figure 1 Image taken by transmission electron microscope showing exosomes isolated through ultracentrifugation. Those exosomes were obtained from the culture supernatant of J774A.1 cell, a mouse macrophage cell line, grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The supernatant was collected and centrifuged at 300 g for 10 minutes to remove cell debris, followed by filtration through a 0.22 μm filter. The filtered supernatant was then centrifuged at 120,000 g for 70 minutes to pellet the exosomes. The exosome pellet was resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and loaded onto a copper grid coated with carbon film. The grid was stained with 2% uranyl acetate and examined under a transmission electron microscope. The image shows the morphology and size distribution of the exosomes, which appear as round or oval vesicles with a diameter for most of the exosomes ranging from 30 to 150 nm.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 2 The biogenesis of exosomes. Cells generate small vesicular carriers through endocytosis, whereby the internalized vesicles coalesce to form early endosomes that progressively mature into late endosomes. As the late endosomal compartments produce abundant intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) through inward budding of the endosomal membrane, they transform into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) hosting ILVs within their lumen. Finally, these ILVs encapsulated in MVBs are secreted extracellularly as exosomes when the outer MVB membrane fuses with the cellular plasma membrane. Created with BioRender.com.
Figure 2 The biogenesis of exosomes. Cells generate small vesicular carriers through endocytosis, whereby the internalized vesicles coalesce to form early endosomes that progressively mature into late endosomes. As the late endosomal compartments produce abundant intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) through inward budding of the endosomal membrane, they transform into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) hosting ILVs within their lumen. Finally, these ILVs encapsulated in MVBs are secreted extracellularly as exosomes when the outer MVB membrane fuses with the cellular plasma membrane. Created with BioRender.com.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Schematic diagram showing the exogenous loading methods for preparing drug-loaded exosomes. The exogenous loading methods include drug co-incubation, ultrasonic incubation, electroporation incubation, saponin treatment, freeze-thaw cycles, extrusion, and transfection. Created with BioRender.com.
Figure 3 Schematic diagram showing the exogenous loading methods for preparing drug-loaded exosomes. The exogenous loading methods include drug co-incubation, ultrasonic incubation, electroporation incubation, saponin treatment, freeze-thaw cycles, extrusion, and transfection. Created with BioRender.com.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Clinical applications of drug-loaded exosomes. Engineered exosomes can deliver drugs or nucleic acids to target cells or tissues, modulating their biological functions and achieving therapeutic effects. Drug-loaded exosomes have been tested in preclinical or clinical trials for various diseases, such as liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, immune system diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and AIDS. Therefore, drug-loaded exosomes offer a novel and promising drug delivery system for a wide range of diseases.
Figure 4 Clinical applications of drug-loaded exosomes. Engineered exosomes can deliver drugs or nucleic acids to target cells or tissues, modulating their biological functions and achieving therapeutic effects. Drug-loaded exosomes have been tested in preclinical or clinical trials for various diseases, such as liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, immune system diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and AIDS. Therefore, drug-loaded exosomes offer a novel and promising drug delivery system for a wide range of diseases.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Tian, J., Han, Z., Song, D., Peng, Y., Xiong, M., Chen, Z., Duan, S., & Zhang, L.
Venue
International Journal of Nanomedicine
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2023-12
Volume
Volume 18
Pages
7923-7940
ISSN
1178-2013
DOI
10.2147/ijn.s444582
PMC
PMC10752020
Cited by
246
References
9
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ (unspecified)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Engineered Exosome for Drug Delivery: Recent Development and Clinical Applications. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2147/ijn.s444582
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Tian, J., Han, Z., Song, D., Peng, Y., Xiong, M., Chen, Z., Duan, S., & Zhang, L. (2023). Engineered Exosome for Drug Delivery: Recent Development and Clinical Applications. International Journal of Nanomedicine. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s444582