The DOI matches its Crossref record; 101 of the 101 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Assimilation of Enterprise Systems: The Effect of Institutional Pressures and the Mediating Role of Top Management1
Abstract
We develop and test a theoretical model to investigate the assimilation of enterprise systems in the post-implementation stage within organizations. Specifically, this model explains how top management mediates the impact of external institutional pressures on the degree of usage of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. The hypotheses were tested using survey data from companies that have already implemented ERP systems. Results from partial least squares analyses suggest that mimetic pressures positively affect top management beliefs, which then positively affects top management participation in the ERP assimilation process. In turn, top management participation is confirmed to positively affect the degree of ERP usage. Results also suggest that coercive pressures positively affect top management participation without the mediation of top management beliefs. Surprisingly, we do not find support for our hypothesis that top management participation mediates the effect of normative pressures on ERP usage, but instead we find that normative pressures directly affect ERP usage. Our findings highlight the important role of top management in mediating the effect of institutional pressures on IT assimilation. We confirm that institutional pressures, which are known to be important for IT adoption and implementation, also contribute to post-implementation assimilation when the integration processes are prolonged and outcomes are dynamic and uncertain.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“All of the constructs had adequate discriminant validity and sufficient reliability (Gefen et al., 2000; Liang et al., 2007).”
From The effects of analytics capability and sensing capability on operations performance: the moderating role of data-driven culture (2025) · cites this paper as Liang et al., 2007
In the citing paper
“There were no qualitative differences in the statistical results: no paths gained or lost significance and no paths changed signs.Thus, as described in Liang et al. (2007), it was feasible to use the method with all constructs modeled as reflective.”
From The impact of age on website usability (2014) · cites this paper as Liang et al. (2007)
Citations
Cites
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 · Cited by 82,194
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095101 · Cited by 38,435
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393553 · Cited by 35,728
Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony
Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226550 · Cited by 28,308
DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. W. (2004) · Advances in strategic management · doi:10.1016/s0742-3322(00)17011-1 · Cited by 25,973
Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Lahiff, M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289883 · Cited by 17,385
Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920638601200408 · Cited by 17,102
External Control of Organizations: Resource Dependence Perspective
Miner, J. B. (2011) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315701967-54 · Cited by 14,229
The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis
Powell, W., & DiMaggio, P. (1993) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393344 · Cited by 11,926
Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers
Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1984.4277628 · Cited by 10,220
The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis
Powell, W. W., & DiMaggio, P. (1991) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226185941.001.0001 · Cited by 7,943
Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm
Szulanski, G. (1996) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250171105 · Cited by 7,839
Williamson, O. E. (1975) · Cited by 6,810
To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0902_1 · Cited by 6,552
Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators
Damanpour, F. (1991) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256406 · Cited by 6,542
Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018 · Cited by 6,479
The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach
Williamson, O. E. (1981) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/227496 · Cited by 6,460
Reengineering the corporation: A manifesto for business revolution
Hammer, M., & Champy, J. (1993) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/s0007-6813(05)80064-3 · Cited by 6,455
Structural Equation Modeling and Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice
Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M.-C. (2000) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.00407 · Cited by 6,416
The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations
Orlikowski, W. J. (1992) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.3.3.398 · Cited by 4,957
Two Structural Equation Models: LISREL and PLS Applied to Consumer Exit-Voice Theory
Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F. L. (1982) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151718 · Cited by 4,645
Putting the enterprise into the enterprise system.
Davenport, T. H. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 3,340
The Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence
Zucker, L. G. (1977) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094862 · Cited by 3,111
Tolbert, P. S., & Zucker, L. G. (1983) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392383 · Cited by 2,887
Institutional Theories Of Organization
Zucker, L. G. (1987) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.13.080187.002303 · Cited by 2,720
Electronic Data Interchange and Small Organizations: Adoption and Impact of Technology
Iacovou, C. L., Benbasat, I., & Dexter, A. S. (1995) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249629 · Cited by 2,503
Guanxi and organizational dynamics: organizational networking in Chinese firms
Park, S. H., & Luo, Y. (2001) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.167 · Cited by 1,995
Technological frames: making sense of information technology in organizations
Orlikowski, W. J., & Gash, D. C. (1994) · ACM Transactions on Information Systems · doi:10.1145/196734.196745 · Cited by 1,736
Predicting Intention to Adopt Interorganizational Linkages: An Institutional Perspective1
Teo, H. H., Wei, K. K., & Benbasat, I. (2003) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/30036518 · Cited by 1,639 · cited 9×
“These findings extend the work of Teo et al. (2003b) from the adoption phase to the assimilation phase of IT innovations.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFollow the Leader: Mimetic Isomorphism and Entry Into New Markets
Haveman, H. A. (1993) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393338 · Cited by 1,491
(2000) · Cited by 1,267
Modes of Interorganizational Imitation: The Effects of Outcome Salience and Uncertainty
Haunschild, P. R., & Miner, A. S. (1997) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393735 · Cited by 1,249
Windows of Opportunity: Temporal Patterns of Technological Adaptation in Organizations
Tyre, M. J., & Orlikowski, W. J. (1994) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.5.1.98 · Cited by 1,135
Mizruchi, M. S., & Fein, L. C. (1999) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2667051 · Cited by 1,113
A critical success factors model for ERP implementation
Holland, C. P., & Light, B. (1999) · IEEE Software · doi:10.1109/52.765784 · Cited by 1,096
Güler, I., Guillén, M. F., & Macpherson, J. M. (2002) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3094804 · Cited by 1,083
Learning to Implement Enterprise Systems: An Exploratory Study of the Dialectics of Change
Robey, D., Ross, J. W., & Boudreau, M.-C. (2002) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2002.11045713 · Cited by 1,023
Armstrong, C. P., & Sambamurthy, V. (1999) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.10.4.304 · Cited by 1,017
Implementation as mutual adaptation of technology and organization
Leonard‐Barton, D. (1988) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/0048-7333(88)90006-6 · Cited by 947
Chatterjee, D., Grewal, R., & Sambamurthy, V. (2002) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/4132321 · Cited by 945
Investment in Enterprise Resource Planning: Business Impact and Productivity Measures
Hitt, L. M., Wu, D. J., & Zhou, X. (2002) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2002.11045716 · Cited by 877 · cited 1×
“Existing post-implementation studies mainly focus on ascertaining their organizational impact of ERP systems and consequently their business value (e.g., Gattiker and Goodhue 2005; Hitt et al. 2002).”
BackgroundInnovating Mindfully with Information Technology1
Swanson, & Ramiller, N. C. (2004) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148655 · Cited by 831
Staw, B. M., & Epstein, L. D. (2000) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2667108 · Cited by 829
The Organizing Vision in Information Systems Innovation
Swanson, E. B., & Ramiller, N. C. (1997) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.8.5.458 · Cited by 774
Executive Involvement and Participation in the Management of Information Technology
Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Ives, B. (1991) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249382 · Cited by 765
Akkermans, H., & van Helden, K. (2002) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000418 · Cited by 743
A taxonomy of players and activities across the ERP project life cycle
Somers, T. M., & Nelson, K. G. (2004) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-7206(03)00023-5 · Cited by 694
The Assimilation of Knowledge Platforms in Organizations: An Empirical Investigation
Purvis, R. L., Sambamurthy, V., & Zmud, R. W. (2001) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.12.2.117.10115 · Cited by 693
Enterprise resource planning: cultural fits and misfits: is ERP a universal solution?
Soh, C., Kien, S. S., & Tay-Yap, J. (2000) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/332051.332070 · Cited by 686
Gattiker, T. F., & Goodhue, D. L. (2005) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148695 · Cited by 642
Innovating Mindfully with Information Technology
Swanson, E. B., & Ramiller, N. C. (2004) · Cited by 617
Recent Advances in Causal Modeling Methods for Organizational and Management Research
Williams, L. J., Edwards, J. R., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2003) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(03)00084-9 · Cited by 539
Vicarious Learning, Undersampling of Failure, and the Myths of Management
Denrell, J. C. (2003) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.14.2.227.15164 · Cited by 529
Waking Up! Mindfulness in the Face of Bandwagons
Fiol, C. M., & O’Connor, E. J. (2003) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2003.8925227 · Cited by 503
Reengineering: Business Change of Mythic Proportions?
Davenport, T. H., & Stoddard, D. B. (1994) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249760 · Cited by 471
Sharma, R., & Yetton, P. (2003) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/30036548 · Cited by 470
The Influence of Business Managers' IT Competence on Championing IT
Bassellier, G., Benbasat, I., & Reich, B. H. (2003) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.14.4.317.24899 · Cited by 465
Walsh, J. P. (1988) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256343 · Cited by 464
Factors influencing corporate web site adoption: a time-based assessment
Beatty, R. C., Shim, J. P., & Jones, M. C. (2001) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-7206(00)00064-1 · Cited by 427
Guanxi , Trust, and Long-Term Orientation in Chinese Business Markets
Lee, D. Y., & Dawes, P. L. (2005) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jimk.13.2.28.64860 · Cited by 421
Hart, P. J., & Saunders, C. (1998) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.1998.11518187 · Cited by 405
An Institutional Model of Organizational Practice: Financial Reporting at the Fortune 200
Mezias, S. J. (1990) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393312 · Cited by 399
Measuring the Extent of EDI Usage in Complex Organizations: Strategies and Illustrative Examples*
Massetti, B., & Zmud, R. W. (1996) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249659 · Cited by 395
ERP implementation failures in China: Case studies with implications for ERP vendors
Xue, Y., Liang, H., Boulton, W. R., & Snyder, C. A. (2004) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2004.07.008 · Cited by 358
Self-citationAdoption Correlates and Share Effects of Electronic Data Interchange Systems in Marketing Channels
O'Callaghan, R., Kaufmann, P. J., & Konsynski, B. R. (1992) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299205600204 · Cited by 349
Vicarious Learning, Undersampling of Failure, and the Myths of Management
Denrell, J. C. (2003) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.14.3.227.15164 · Cited by 349
Walsh, J. P. (1988) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256343 · Cited by 344
Ba, S., Stallaert, J., & Whinston, A. B. (2001) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.12.3.225.9712 · Cited by 326
Knowledge Integration and Information Technology Project Performance1
Mitchell, M. A. (2006) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148759 · Cited by 302
An Empirical Investigation of Factors Influencing the Success of Customer-Oriented Strategic Systems
Reich, B. H., & Benbasat, I. (1990) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.1.3.325 · Cited by 287
The Role of Aggregation in the Measurement of It–Related Organizational Innovation1
Fichman, R. G. (2001) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3250990 · Cited by 281
Enterprise resource planning survey of Korean manufacturing firms
Katerattanakul, P., Hong, S.-G., & Lee, J. (2006) · Management Research News · doi:10.1108/01409170610717835 · Cited by 276
Enterprise Information Systems as Objects and Carriers of Institutional Forces: The New Iron Cage?
Gosain, S. (2004) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00049 · Cited by 270
Management information systems in the Chinese business culture: An explanatory theory
Martinsons, M. G., & Westwood, R. I. (1997) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-7206(96)00009-2 · Cited by 268
The PLS Program System: Latent Variables Path Analysis with Partial Least Squares Estimation
Lohmöller, J.-B. (1988) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2301_7 · Cited by 261
Measuring Technology Incorporation/Infusion
Zmud, R. W., & Apple, L. E. (1992) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1016/0737-6782(92)90006-x · Cited by 257
Chatterjee, D., Pacini, C., & Sambamurthy, V. (2002) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2002.11045723 · Cited by 237
Technological Networking and Innovation Implementation
Pennings, J. M., & Harianto, F. (1992) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.3.3.356 · Cited by 230
A Framework for Evaluating ERP Implementation Choices
Luo, W., & Strong, D. M. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2004.830862 · Cited by 227
Knowledge integration and infromation technology project performance
Mitchell, V. L. (2006) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.5555/2017317.2017324 · Cited by 209
Lefebvre, L. A., Mason, R. M., & Lefebvre, É. (1997) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.43.6.856 · Cited by 195
Newell, S., Swan, J. A., & Galliers, R. D. (2000) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2000.00079.x · Cited by 192
Larsen, M. A., & Myers, M. D. (1999) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/s0963-8687(00)00025-1 · Cited by 157
Mimetic Isomorphism and Technology Evaluation: Does Imitation Transcend Judgment?
University of Western Ontario, Tingling, P., Parent, M., & Simon Fraser University (2002) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00025 · Cited by 149
Chinese industrial reform: Accomplishments, prospects, and implications
Rawski, T. G. (1994) · American Economic Review · Cited by 148
Social pressures on organizational website adoption
Flanagin, A. J. (2000) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00771.x · Cited by 136
The illusion of ‘best practice’ in information systems for operations management
Swan, J. A., Newell, S., & Robertson, M. (1999) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000336 · Cited by 117
Enterprise Resources Planning and Beyond
Langenwalter, G. A. (2010) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420049060 · Cited by 111
Coping with ERP-related contextual issues in SMEs: a vendor's perspective
Liang, H., & Xue, Y. (2004) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jsis.2004.11.006 · Cited by 111
Self-citationWhy Western vendors don't dominate China's ERP market
Liang, H., Xue, Y., Boulton, W. R., & Byrd, T. A. (2004) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1005817.1005824 · Cited by 99
Self-citationMeasuring Technology Incorporation/Infusion
Zmud, R. W., & Apple, L. E. (1992) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/1540-5885.920148 · Cited by 84
Latent Variable and Latent Structure Models
Marcoulides, G. A., & Moustaki, I. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410602961 · Cited by 83
Emergent maintenance of ERP: new roles and relationships
Hirt, S. G., & Swanson, E. B. (2001) · Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution Research and Practice · doi:10.1002/smr.238 · Cited by 79
Forging a Partnership to Achieve Competitive Advantage: The CIM Challenge
Doll, W. J., & Vonderembse, M. A. (1987) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249364 · Cited by 60
Jones, M. C., & Beatty, R. C. (1998) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1038/sj.ejis.3000299 · Cited by 55
Hu, Q., Hart, P., & Cooke, D. K. (2006) · Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.1109/hicss.2006.481 · Cited by 50
Self-citationJones, M. C., & Beatty, R. C. (1998) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000299 · Cited by 32
The Institutionalization of IT Budgeting
Hu, Q., & Quan, J. “. (2006) · Information Resources Management Journal · doi:10.4018/irmj.2006010105 · Cited by 31
Self-citationIntroducing a Third Dimension in Information Systems Design: The Case for Incentive AlignmentPreprint
Ba, S., Stallaert, J., & Whinston, A. B. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2853906 · Cited by 23
Bhattacherjee, A. (1996) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 13
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Boudreau, 2001, Enabling Organizational Transition with Complex Technologies: Understanding Post-Implementation Learning
- Chin, 1998, The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling, 295
- Cohen, 1988, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
- Garrity, 1963, Top Management and Computer Profits, Harvard Business Review, 41, 6
- Hair, 1998, Multivariate Data Analysis
- Miller, 2000, Grainger Says it Will Miss Estimates After Installing Complex ERP Software, Wall Street Journal, C.12
- Rogers, 1983, Diffusion of Innovations
- Srivastava, 1983, The Executive Mind Jossey-Bass
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., & Xu, X. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41410412 · Cited by 15,756
Technology Acceptance Model 3 and a Research Agenda on Interventions
Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008) · Decision Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x · Cited by 8,159
Consistent Partial Least Squares Path Modeling1
Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2015/39.2.02 · Cited by 2,898
Technostress: Technological Antecedents and Implications1
Ayyagari, R., Grover, V., & Purvis, R. L. (2011) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41409963 · Cited by 2,425
Common method bias: It’ s bad, it’ s complex, it’ s widespread, and it’ s not easy to fix
Podsakoff, P. M., Podsakoff, N. P., Williams, L. J., Huang, C., & Yang, J. (2024) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-040030 · Cited by 1,899
Metadata
- Authors
- Liang, H., Saraf, N., Hu, Q., & Xue, Y.
- Affiliations
- Florida Atlantic University (US)
- Simon Fraser University (CA)
- College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, U.S.A.
- Venue
- MIS Quarterly
- Publisher
- MIS Quarterly
- Published
- 2007-03-01
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-87
- ISSN
- 0276-7783 (ISSN-L)
- 2162-9730
- OpenAlex
- W2115981184
- Cited by
- 3,921
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 296 · 2025: 262 · 2024: 265 · 2023: 297 · 2022: 302 · 2021: 267 · 2020: 245 · 2019: 216 · 2018: 219 · 2017: 207 · 2016: 215 · 2015: 231 · 2014: 191 · 2013: 164 · 2012: 170
- FWCI
- 144.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- MIS Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › ERP Systems Implementation and Impact
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Information Technology Governance and Strategy
- Keywords
- enterprise resource planning, institutional pressures, top management participation, mimetic pressure, coercive pressure, normative pressure, mediating effect
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
