CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 8,159Technology Adoption and User BehaviourInformation Systems Theories and ImplementationERP Systems Implementation and Impact

Technology Acceptance Model 3 and a Research Agenda on Interventions

Open access
Venkatesh, Viswanath, Bala, Hillol·2008·Decision Sciences
DOI 10.1111/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

ABSTRACT Prior research has provided valuable insights into how and why employees make a decision about the adoption and use of information technologies (ITs) in the workplace. From an organizational point of view, however, the more important issue is how managers make informed decisions about interventions that can lead to greater acceptance and effective utilization of IT. There is limited research in the IT implementation literature that deals with the role of interventions to aid such managerial decision making. Particularly, there is a need to understand how various interventions can influence the known determinants of IT adoption and use. To address this gap in the literature, we draw from the vast body of research on the technology acceptance model (TAM), particularly the work on the determinants of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, and: (i) develop a comprehensive nomological network (integrated model) of the determinants of individual level (IT) adoption and use; (ii) empirically test the proposed integrated model; and (iii) present a research agenda focused on potential pre‐ and postimplementation interventions that can enhance employees' adoption and use of IT. Our findings and research agenda have important implications for managerial decision making on IT implementation in organizations.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x

Cites

135 of 135 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

2 of 55 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Mood during training plays an important role in forming individuals' perceptions of a new IT.

    “Venkatesh and Speier (1999) investigated the effect of mood during training on user acceptance and found that mood during training played an important role in forming individuals' perceptions of a new IT.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Venkatesh & Speier, 1999 source
  • Findingown data

    The two-way interaction of social norm and voluntariness showed that social norm's effect on intention was stronger when use was mandatory.

    “The two-way interaction between subjective norm and voluntariness (SN × EXP) indicated that the effect of subjective norm on behavioral intention was stronger in a mandatory context.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants who completed all measurement points are representative of the initial user populations at the four sites.
    • Rests on an assumption: The four sites' data can be pooled for the PLS analysis despite differences in industry, organizational context, and technology.
  • Findingown data

    Experience weakened the effect of computer anxiety on ease of use as experience increased.

    “we found that experience moderated the effect of computer anxiety on perceived ease of use such that the effect became weaker with increasing experience (CANX × EXP).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants who completed all measurement points are representative of the initial user populations at the four sites.
    • Rests on an assumption: The four sites' data can be pooled for the PLS analysis despite differences in industry, organizational context, and technology.
  • Findingown data

    Experience strengthened the effect of ease of use on usefulness as experience increased.

    “experience moderated the effect of perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness such that with increasing experience the effect became stronger.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants who completed all measurement points are representative of the initial user populations at the four sites.
    • Rests on an assumption: The four sites' data can be pooled for the PLS analysis despite differences in industry, organizational context, and technology.
  • Findingown data

    The model accounted for 52% to 67% of usefulness variance across time periods and models.

    “Overall, TAM3 was able to explain between 52% and 67% of the variance in perceived usefulness across different time periods and models (see Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants who completed all measurement points are representative of the initial user populations at the four sites.
    • Rests on an assumption: The four sites' data can be pooled for the PLS analysis despite differences in industry, organizational context, and technology.
  • May combine two claims. 25
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 4
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 26

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Incentive alignment, as an extrinsic reward, may reduce anxiety and increase perceived enjoyment because extrinsic rewards are considered important drivers of intrinsic motivations.

    “Further, incentive alignment, and an important extrinsic reward, may reduce anxiety and increase perceived enjoyment as extrinsic rewards are considered important drivers of intrinsic motivations (Vallerand, 1997;Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 1999;Ryan & Deci, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Vallerand, 1997 source
    • cites Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 1999 source

      The Results report that verbal rewards (positive feedback) enhanced self-reported interest, which offers limited support for the possibility that an extrinsic reward could increase enjoyment. But the paper does not assess incentive alignment or anxiety, and its Concluding Comments (pp. 658–659) say tangible rewards generally diminish rather than promote intrinsic motivation. The cited source therefore does not support the proposed effect of incentive alignment. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Ryan & Deci, 2000 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ease-of-use construct, social norm, image, and result demonstrability each significantly predicted usefulness at every time point.

    “we found that perceived ease of use, subjective norm, image, and result demonstrability were significant predictors of perceived usefulness at all time periods (see Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants who completed all measurement points are representative of the initial user populations at the four sites.
    • Rests on an assumption: The four sites' data can be pooled for the PLS analysis despite differences in industry, organizational context, and technology.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Ease of use significantly predicted intention at T1 and T2 but not T3, suggesting experience moderated that relationship.

    “While perceived ease of use was significant at T1 and T2, it was not significant at T3, suggesting a moderating effect of experience in the relationship between perceived ease of use and behavioral intention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants who completed all measurement points are representative of the initial user populations at the four sites.
    • Rests on an assumption: The four sites' data can be pooled for the PLS analysis despite differences in industry, organizational context, and technology.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The adjustments-perceived enjoyment and objective usability-were nonsignificant at T1 but significant at T2 and T3.

    “the adjustments-that is, perceived enjoyment and objective usability-were not significant at T1, but they were significant at both T2 and T3.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants who completed all measurement points are representative of the initial user populations at the four sites.
    • Rests on an assumption: The four sites' data can be pooled for the PLS analysis despite differences in industry, organizational context, and technology.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    In the pooled sample, the interaction between objective usability and experience has a positive effect on perceived ease of use (β = .20, p < .01).

    “OU × EXP | | | | .20 * *”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Objective usability has a positive effect on perceived ease of use at T2 and T3, but not at T1 or pooled.

    “Objective Usability (OU) | .04 | .19 * * | .23 * * * | .03”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    In the pooled sample, the interaction between computer anxiety and experience has a positive effect on perceived ease of use (β = .21, p < .001).

    “CANX × EXP | | | | .21 * * *”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Subjective norm has a positive effect on perceived usefulness at T1, T2, and T3, but not in the pooled sample.

    “Subjective Norm (SN) | .40 * * * | .32 * * * | .13 * | .04”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The interaction between subjective norm and voluntariness has a positive effect on behavioral intention at T1, T2, and T3, but not in pooled.

    “SN × VOL | .29 * * * | .22 * * * | .17 * | .03”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Perceived enjoyment has a positive effect on perceived ease of use at T2 and T3, but not at T1 or pooled.

    “Perceived Enjoyment (ENJ) | .02 | .22 * * * | .24 * * * | .04”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingown data

    Result demonstrability has a positive effect on perceived usefulness at T1, T2, T3, and pooled (β = .22, .26, .28, .26, p < .001).

    “Result Demonstrability (RES) | .22 * * * | .26 * * * | .28 * * * | .26 * * *”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    In the pooled sample, the interaction between computer playfulness and experience has a negative effect on perceived ease of use (β = -.22, p < .001).

    “CPLAY × EXP | | | | -.22 * * *”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on perceived usefulness at T1, T2, and T3, but not in the pooled sample.

    “Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) | .22 * * * | .26 * * * | .33 * * * | .08”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    In the pooled sample, the interaction between perceived enjoyment and experience has a positive effect on perceived ease of use (β = .18, p < .01).

    “ENJ × EXP | | | | .18 * *”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on behavioral intention at T1 and T2, but not at T3 or pooled.

    “Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) | .24 * * * | .17 * | .05 | .04”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The moderating role of experience was not tested in Venkatesh (2000), despite longitudinal studies being conducted.

    “Although longitudinal studies were conducted, the specific moderating role by experience was not tested in Venkatesh (2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Venkatesh, 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In enterprise systems, if an individual perceives that their system use benefits other work units rather than their own, they will perceive a lack of incentive alignment, which may lead to low user acceptance and use.

    “For example, in the context of enterprise systems, if an individual perceives that his or her use of the system does not benefit the members of his or her work units but rather benefits members from other work units, the user will perceive a lack of incentive alignment that may lead to low user acceptance and use of the system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Harmon's single-factor test and a marker-variable test using job satisfaction found no significant common method bias.

    “we conducted Harmon's single factor test and marker variable test (we used job satisfaction as a marker variable) and did not find any significant common method bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study used validated items from earlier research to test TAM3.

    “We used validated items from prior research to test TAM3.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The design measured use at least one month apart from its determinants, which helped reduce common method bias.

    “Our research design allowed us to collect the use data separate from its determinants (e.g., behavioral intention, perceived usefulness, etc.).Particularly, there was at least a 1-month gap between the collection of survey data and the measurement of use.”
    • Also stated in: § Measurement · plain
      “Such a design approach helped us overcome the problems associated with common method biases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The determinants of ease of use were operationalized consistently with Venkatesh (2000).

    “Operationalization of the determinants of perceived ease of use (i.e., computer self-efficacy, perceptions of external control, computer playfulness, computer anxiety, objective usability, and perceived enjoyment) was consistent with Venkatesh (2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Venkatesh (2000)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    TAM holds that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use determine a person's behavioral intention to use an IT.

    “It posits that individuals' behavioral intention to use an IT is determined by two beliefs: perceived usefulness, defined as the extent to which a person believes that using an IT will enhance his or her job performance and perceived ease of use, defined as the degree to which a person believes that using an IT will be free of effort.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Davis, 1989 source
    • cites Davis et al., 1989 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Ba et al. argued that organizations may not obtain expected benefits from employees' effective system use unless employees perceive that system features and capabilities match their interests and incentives.

    “Ba et al. (2001) argued that while aspects of software engineering (e.g., system characteristics) and technology acceptance (e.g., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, user satisfaction) are important considerations for system development processes, organizations may fail to gain expected benefits from employees' effective utilization of a system unless employees find that the system fe”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ba et al., 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All constructs at each time period had strong psychometric properties and met reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity criteria.

    “All constructs at each time period exhibited strong psychometric properties and satisfied the criteria of reliability and convergent and discriminant validity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Incentive alignment is not necessarily organizational rewards; it is a broad concept involving an individual's perception that the IT fits their job requirements and value system.

    “According to Ba et al. (2001), incentive alignment does not necessarily mean organizational rewards for using a system.It is a broad concept that entails an individual's perception that the IT fits with his or her job requirements and value system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ba et al., 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    PLS has few restrictions on distributional assumptions and sample size.

    “Chin, Marcolin, and Newsted (2003) noted that PLS has minimal restrictions in terms of distributional assumptions and sample size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chin, Marcolin, and Newsted (2003) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Mean-centering helps limit multicollinearity, as shown by low VIFs for all constructs in the model.

    “Mean-centering helps limit potential multicollinearity, evidenced by the low variation inflation factors (VIFs) for all constructs in our model.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Perceived usefulness is an instrumental belief, conceptually similar to extrinsic motivation, and is a cognition about the benefits of using a system.

    “Perceived usefulness is an instrumental belief that is conceptually similar to extrinsic motivation and is a cognition (as opposed to emotion) regarding the benefits of using a system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    TAM proposes that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use mediate the influence of external variables on behavioral intention.

    “It further theorizes that the effect of external variables (e.g., design characteristics) on behavioral intention will be mediated by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Davis et al., 1989 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The four sites differed in industry, organizational context, functional area, and technology type, and this variation increases the findings' potential generalizability.

    “The research sites represented different industries, organizational contexts, and functional areas.Further, the types of ITs were different across the sites.Such variability in organizational settings and types of technologies adds to the potential generalization of our findings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The TAM constructs-usefulness, ease of use, and behavioral intention-were measured with items adapted from Davis (1989) and Davis et al. (1989).

    “TAM constructs-that is, perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), and behavioral intention (BI)-were operationalized using items adapted from Davis (1989) and Davis et al. (1989).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Davis (1989) source
    • cites Davis et al. (1989) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Incentive alignment has been proposed as the third dimension of systems design, together with software engineering and technology acceptance.

    “Incentive alignment has been suggested as the third dimension in systems design (Ba, Stallaert, & Whinston, 2001).The other two dimensions are software engineering and technology acceptance (Ba et al., 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ba et al., 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Modification and enhancement activities performed by peers will increase job relevance, improve output quality, and reduce anxiety related to system use.

    “Second, the modification and enhancement activities performed by peers will increase job relevance of a system, improve the output quality of a system, and reduce anxiety related to system use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Implementation of interventions is not a silver bullet for greater IT adoption and effective utilization.

    “The implementation of interventions is, of course, not a silver bullet for greater IT adoption and effective utilization.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The effect of perceived ease of use on behavioral intention to use a system is stronger for individuals who received game-based training.

    “He also found that the effect of perceived ease of use on behavioral intention to use a system was stronger for individuals who received game-based training.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Venkatesh, 1999

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    If a rich understanding of determinants and interventions is developed, managers can proactively decide on right interventions to minimize resistance and maximize effective utilization.

    “If we can develop a rich understanding of the determinants of IT adoption and use and interventions that can favorably influence these determinants, managers can proactively decide on implementing the right interventions to minimize resistance to new ITs and maximize effective utilization of ITs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: ITs are becoming increasingly complex and implementation costs are very high.
    • Rests on an assumption: Implementation failures of many of today's ITs cost millions of dollars for organizations.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Training has been suggested as one of the most important postimplementation interventions leading to greater user acceptance and system success.

    “Training has been suggested as one of the most important postimplementation interventions that leads to greater user acceptance and system success (see Sharma & Yetton, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sharma & Yetton, 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Organizational support captures the role of internal and external experts who help users deal with complexity associated with new systems and business processes.

    “Organizational support captures the role of both internal and external experts who can help users deal with the complexity associated with new systems as well as business processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Implementation of interventions can substantially increase system development costs.

    “Implementation of interventions can increase system development costs substantially.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    TAM3 emphasizes unique roles and processes for perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use and theorizes that determinants of perceived usefulness will not influence perceived ease of use and vice versa.

    “TAM3 emphasizes the unique role and processes related to perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use and theorizes that the determinants of perceived usefulness will not influence perceived ease of use and vice versa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Employees' perceptions of organizational support, such as facilitating conditions or external control, lead to greater user acceptance of new systems.

    “Prior research has suggested that employees' perceptions regarding organizational support-that is, facilitating conditions or perceptions of external control (Taylor & Todd, 1995;Venkatesh, 2000;Venkatesh et al., 2003)-will lead to greater user acceptance of new systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Taylor & Todd, 1995 source
    • cites Venkatesh, 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Venkatesh et al., 2003 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Unless organizations develop effective interventions to enhance IT adoption and use, there is no practical utility in a rich understanding of IT adoption.

    “Our key argument in this article is that unless organizations can develop effective interventions to enhance IT adoption and use, there is no practical utility of our rich understanding of IT adoption.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: There is little or no scientific research aimed at identifying and linking interventions with specific determinants of IT adoption.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Interventions discussed in the article can help organizations generate favorable individual reactions toward business process changes and process standards implementation.

    “We suggest that interventions discussed in this article can help organizations generate favorable individuals' reactions toward business process changes and process standards implementation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    While self-efficacy may have a weak influence on perceived usefulness, this influence becomes nonsignificant in the presence of other important social and cognitive constructs.

    “For example, while self-efficacy may have weak influence on perceived usefulness as shown in Agarwal and Karahanna (2000), we argue that this influence will become nonsignificant in the presence of other important social and cognitive constructs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Agarwal and Karahanna (2000) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    TAM3 posits that perceptions of external control are important and stable determinants of perceived ease of use.

    “TAM3 posits that perceptions of external control are important and stable determinants of perceived ease of use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Organizational support is a key source of perceptions of external control.

    “Organizational support is a key source of perceptions of external control.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Experts can help employees modify aspects of a new system, thereby increasing job relevance, output quality, and results demonstrability.

    “For example, experts can help employees modify certain aspects of a new system, thus increasing job relevance, output quality, and results demonstrability of a system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Due to the complexity of ITs, it is increasingly difficult for employees to make effective decisions about adoption, utilization, and coping with new ITs.

    “Due to the complexity of ITs, it is increasingly difficult for employees to make effective decisions about adoption, utilization, and coping with new ITs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: ITs are becoming increasingly complex and implementation costs are very high.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some employees react favorably to system-induced changes, while others perceive those changes as a threat to their well-being.

    “Some employees may react favorably to these changes, while the others may perceive these changes as a threat to their well-being (Orlikowski, 2000;Boudreau & Robey, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Orlikowski, 2000 source
    • cites Boudreau & Robey, 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    TAM3 posits that with increasing experience, the effect of perceived ease of use on behavioral intention diminishes, while the effect of perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness increases.

    “TAM3 posits that with increasing experience, while the effect of perceived ease of use on behavioral intention will diminish, the effect of perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness will increase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The role of training is even more important for complex systems that are central to employees' work life.

    “We suggest that the role of training will be even more important in the context of complex systems (e.g., enterprise systems) that are more central to employees' work life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Much prior research on training in the context of IT adoption has been conducted for simple ITs, such as word processing and e-mail.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Complex systems are more likely to invoke negative reactions from employees because of their disruptive nature, and effective training can mitigate these reactions and help form favorable perceptions.

    “As these systems are more likely to invoke negative reactions from employees because of their disruptive nature, effective training interventions can mitigate these negative reactions and help employees form favorable perceptions toward these systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
52 of 52

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participants who completed all measurement points are representative of the initial user populations at the four sites.

    “Out of 50 potential users of the system who participated in the training, 39 provided usable responses at all points of measurement.”
    “Out of 51 potential users of the new system who attended the training, 43 provided usable responses at all points of measurement.”
    “Out of 51 potential users of the new system, 36 provided usable responses at all points of measurement.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The four sites' data can be pooled for the PLS analysis despite differences in industry, organizational context, and technology.

    “Data were collected from four different organizations-sites A through D-implementing new ITs.”
    “The research sites represented different industries, organizational contexts, and functional areas.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Management support in individual-level IT adoption literature has been conceptualized and operationalized as organizational mandate and compliance.

    “While management support has been conceptualized and operationalized as organizational mandate and compliance, particularly in the individual-level IT adoption literature, we suggest that there is a need to develop a richer conceptualization of management support to enhance our understanding of its role in IT adoption contexts.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is limited research on the role of incentive alignment in IT adoption contexts.

    “There is limited research on the role of incentive alignment in IT adoption contexts.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Much prior research on training in the context of IT adoption has been conducted for simple ITs, such as word processing and e-mail.

    “However, much of the prior research on training in the context of IT adoption has been conducted for simple ITs, such as word processing and e-mail.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is little or no research on the role of peer support in the context of IT adoption.

    “While peer support is potentially an important intervention that can lead to greater user acceptance, there is little or no research on the role of peer support in the context of IT adoption.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is little or no scientific research aimed at identifying and linking interventions with specific determinants of IT adoption.

    “However, there is little or no scientific research aimed at identifying and linking interventions with specific determinants of IT adoption.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There have been numerous cases of enterprise system failures because of user resistance.

    “There have been numerous cases of enterprise system failures because of user resistance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In many cases, users stopped using an enterprise system because they saw no benefits of using the new system.

    “In many cases, the users stopped using an enterprise system, as they saw no benefits of using the new system.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Other types of reactions, such as avoidance, sabotage, workarounds, and shortcuts, are prevalent.

    “Other types of reactions, such as avoidance, sabotage, workarounds, and shortcuts are also prevalent.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    ITs are becoming increasingly complex and implementation costs are very high.

    “ITs are becoming increasingly complex and implementation costs are very high.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Implementation failures of many of today's ITs cost millions of dollars for organizations.

    “Implementation failures of many of today's ITs cost millions of dollars for organizations.”
12 of 12

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • TAM's extensive focus on technology to the neglect of social and psychological parameters limits its explanatory and predictive utilities.

    “the extensive focus of TAM on technology to the neglect of social and psychological parameters (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998;Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) limits its explanatory and predictive utilities, and therefore demands its integration with other frameworks”

    From Using T-O-E theoretical framework to study the adoption of ERP solution (2016) · cites this paper as Venkatesh & Bala, 2008

    The introductory discussion describes TAM as “highly predictive of IT adoption and use,” contrary to the claim that its predictive utility is limited. It identifies TAM’s commonly cited limitation as a lack of actionable guidance, not a neglect of social and psychological factors; the Theoretical Framework discusses social influence and individual differences in extensions of TAM. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A technology that provides information quickly and easily will lead to improvements in job performance, which in turn will encourage greater use of a given technology.

    “A technology that provides information quickly and easily will lead to improvements in job performance, which in turn will encourage greater use of a given technology (Venkatesh and Bala, 2008).”

    From Examining the antecedents of the technology acceptance model within e-procurement (2018) · cites this paper as Venkatesh and Bala, 2008

    The Design characteristics section says timely, understandable information may help users make better decisions and that information-related design can improve productivity and performance. The Explaining and Predicting Behavioral Intention and Use section finds that perceived usefulness predicts intention, which predicts use. The claim overstates these links as a guaranteed sequence from quick, easy information to improved job performance to greater use; the paper does not establish that full causal chain. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The adoption of new technologies is shaped by user perceptions and usage patterns as well as student characteristics and experiences.

    “The adoption of new technologies is shaped by user perceptions and usage patterns (Venkatesh &amp; Bala, 2008) as well as student characteristics and experiences (Abdaljaleel et al., 2023; Tiwari et al., 2024).”

    From “ChatGPT seems too good to be true”: College students’ use and perceptions of generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as Venkatesh & Bala, 2008

  • Perceived enjoyment is positively related to perceived ease of use.

    “It is proposed that perceived enjoyment is positively related to perceived ease of use [12].”

    From Gender and Acceptance of E-Learning: A Multi-Group Analysis Based on a Structural Equation Model among College Students in Chile and Spain (2015) · cites this paper as [12]

  • The scales used in this study have been verified in preceding studies.

    “The scales applied have been verified in preceding studies [12, 28].”

    From Gender and Acceptance of E-Learning: A Multi-Group Analysis Based on a Structural Equation Model among College Students in Chile and Spain (2015) · cites this paper as [12]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • T2-T3 interval is misstated

    Minor

    The paper says T2 and T3 were separated by three months, but it schedules them one and three months after implementation, respectively-a two-month interval.

  • Use measure conflicts with the stated response scale

    Minor

    The appendix says all items except computer self-efficacy used a seven-point agreement scale, yet its use item asks for time spent on the system each day.

  • Voluntariness interaction is mislabeled

    Minor

    The text calls the subjective-norm-by-voluntariness interaction "SN × EXP," but Table 7 labels that interaction "SN × VOL"; EXP denotes experience.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Beach L. R., 1996, Decision making in the workplace: A unified perspective, 1
  2. Cohen D. S., 2005, Why change is an affair of the heart, CIO Magazine
  3. Gross G., 2005, Standards a must for adoption for health‐care IT, CIO Magazine
  4. Koch C., 2004, Nike rebounds: How (and why) Nike recovered from its supply chain disaster, CIO Magazine
  5. Mennecke B. E., 1998, Discovering and overcoming the hidden profile bias in group decision making: The influence of group history and use of a group support system, Journal of MIS, 15, 173
  6. Overby S., 2002, How to win friends and influence users, CIO Magazine
  7. Saga V. L., 1994, Diffusion, transfer and implementation of information technology, 67
  8. Vallacher R. R., 1996, The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior, 260

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H.
Affiliations
  • University of Arkansas at Fayetteville (US)
  • Indiana University Bloomington (US)
Corresponding author
  • Venkatesh, Viswanath
  • Bala, Hillol
ORCID
Venue
Decision Sciences
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2008-05
Volume
39
Issue
2
Pages
273-315
ISSN
  • 0011-7315 (ISSN-L)
  • 1540-5915
DOI
10.1111/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x
OpenAlex
W2112042732
Cited by
8,159
References
135
Citations by year
2026: 909 · 2025: 912 · 2024: 780 · 2023: 746 · 2022: 717 · 2021: 645 · 2020: 556 · 2019: 499 · 2018: 396 · 2017: 379 · 2016: 320 · 2015: 324 · 2014: 287 · 2013: 266 · 2012: 186
FWCI
175.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 8 d)
Locations
  • Decision Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › ERP Systems Implementation and Impact
Keywords
technology acceptance model, information technology adoption, information technology use, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, management interventions, IT implementation, organizational decision-making, nomological network

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-30.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-30.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review