An update on brown adipose tissue and obesity intervention: Function, regulation and therapeutic implications
Open accessAbstract
Overweight and obesity have become a world-wide problem. However, effective intervention approaches are limited. Brown adipose tissue, which helps maintain body temperature and contributes to thermogenesis, is dependent on uncoupling protein1. Over the last decade, an in-creasing number of studies have found that activating brown adipose tissue and browning of white adipose tissue can protect against obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease. Brown adipose tissue has gradually become an appealing therapeutic target for the prevention and re-versal of obesity. However, some important issues remain unresolved. It is not certain whether increasing brown adipose tissue activity is the cause or effect of body weight loss or what the risks might be for sympathetic nervous system-dependent non-shivering thermogenesis. In this review, we comprehensively summarize approaches to activating brown adipose tissue and/or browning white adipose tissue, such as cold exposure, exercise, and small-molecule treatment. We highlight the functional mechanisms of small-molecule treatment and brown adipose tissue transplantation using batokine, sympathetic nervous system and/or gut microbiome. Finally, we discuss the causality between body weight loss induced by bariatric surgery, exercise, and brown adipose tissue activity.
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Individuals with higher baseline BAT volume or greater UCP1 expression exhibit increased non-shivering thermogenesis during overfeeding, reducing propensity for fat gain.
“Individuals with higher baseline BAT volume or greater UCP1 expression exhibit increased non-shivering thermogenesis during overfeeding, reducing the propensity for fat gain.”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
UCP1 activation is driven by sympathetic stimulation through β-adrenergic receptors, and genetic variations in these receptors influence BAT responsiveness to norepinephrine.
“UCP1 activation is driven by sympathetic stimulation through β-adrenergic receptors, and genetic variations in these receptors, especially adrenergic beta-3 receptors, influence BAT responsiveness to norepinephrine.”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
People with more active BAT can expend excess calories more effectively, reducing fat storage.
“People with more active BAT can expend excess calories more effectively, thus reducing fat storage [50].”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
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Theodorakis, N., Kreouzi, M., Pappas, A., & Nikolaou, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252413438 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Liu, L., Zhou, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, X., He, C., Zeng, X., Dejenie, R., Zeb, U., Zeng, Q., Liu, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-07005-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Liu, X., Zhang, Z., Song, Y., Xie, H., & Dong, M.
- Affiliations
- Zhoukou Normal University (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- ShanghaiTech University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xie, Hengchang
- Dong, Meng
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-01-11
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 1065263-1065263
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9874101
- OpenAlex
- W4315498575
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 10
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province (XYBSKYZZ202135, 19HASTIT015)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Keywords
- brown adipose tissue, obesity, thermogenesis, UCP1, white adipose tissue browning, cold exposure, physical activity, small molecule activators, batokines, sympathetic nervous system, gut microbiota, bariatric surgery, weight loss, obesity-related metabolic diseases
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Brown, Humans, Obesity, Sympathetic Nervous System, Weight Loss, Adipose Tissue, White
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