The Role of Resveratrol Administration in Human Obesity

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Resveratrol may affect the activity of AMPK, SIRT-1, and PGC-1α, all altered in the metabolic abnormalities present in patients with obesity.

“Resveratrol may affect the activity of various intracellular targets such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the deacetylating enzyme sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), all altered in the metabolic abnormalities present in patients with obesity [12,13].”

• cites [12] Scapagnini, 2014, Dose response biology of resveratrol in obesity, J. Cell Commun. Signal. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [13] Timmers, 2011, Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans, Cell Metab. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Resveratrol has antioxidant properties.

“This polyphenol has anticancer and antioxidant properties and cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.”

• cites [6] Alamo, A., Condorelli, R.A., Mongioì, L.M., Cannarella, R., Giacone, F., Calabrese, V., La Vignera, S., and Calogero, A.E. (2019). Environment and male fertility: Effects of benzo-α-pyrene and resveratrol on human sperm function in vitro. J. Clin. Med., 8. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [8] Smoliga, 2011, Resveratrol and health—A comprehensive review of human clinical trials, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. sourceNot checked yet

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Resveratrol has cytoprotective effects.

“Resveratrol also has cytoprotective effects and antioxidant properties, and modulates anti- and pro-apoptotic mediators, protecting cells from DNA damage.”

• cites [6] Alamo, A., Condorelli, R.A., Mongioì, L.M., Cannarella, R., Giacone, F., Calabrese, V., La Vignera, S., and Calogero, A.E. (2019). Environment and male fertility: Effects of benzo-α-pyrene and resveratrol on human sperm function in vitro. J. Clin. Med., 8. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [8] Smoliga, 2011, Resveratrol and health—A comprehensive review of human clinical trials, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. sourceNot checked yet

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In animal models, resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and cellular sensitivity to insulin in mice fed a high-energy diet.

“It also improves mitochondrial function, which is compromised in numerous metabolic diseases, and cellular sensitivity to insulin in mice fed a high-energy diet [3].”

• cites [3] Pretorius, 2009, Is the use of resveratrol in the treatment and prevention of obesity premature?, Nutr. Res. Rev. sourceNot checked yet

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Resveratrol inhibits COX-2, NF-kB, and other molecules involved in inflammatory processes.

“In fact, it inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), and other molecules involved in inflammatory processes [6,8].”

• cites [6] Alamo, A., Condorelli, R.A., Mongioì, L.M., Cannarella, R., Giacone, F., Calabrese, V., La Vignera, S., and Calogero, A.E. (2019). Environment and male fertility: Effects of benzo-α-pyrene and resveratrol on human sperm function in vitro. J. Clin. Med., 8. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [8] Smoliga, 2011, Resveratrol and health—A comprehensive review of human clinical trials, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. sourceNot checked yet

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Resveratrol has anticancer properties.

“The scientific interest in resveratrol dates back to 1997 when studies on animal models demonstrated its anticancer properties [7].”

• cites [7] Jang, 1997, Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes, Science sourceNot checked yet

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SCO seems to interfere with the inflammatory pathway, reducing metabolic dysfunction, and has a favorable effect on pancreatic β-cells.

“Furthermore, SCO seems to interfere with the inflammatory pathway, thus reducing metabolic dysfunction, and has a favorable effect on pancreatic β-cells [31].”

• cites [31] Boudreau, 2020, Mechanisms of Artemisia scoparia’s anti-inflammatory activity in cultured adipocytes, macrophages, and pancreatic β-cells, Obesity sourceNot checked yet

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Some studies reported an increase in adipocyte apoptosis via the SIRT-1/AMPK axis and a lipolytic effect of resveratrol, although the latter effect is still debated.

“Some studies have also reported an increase in adipocyte apoptosis via the SIRT-1/AMPK axis and a lipolytic effect of resveratrol, although the latter effect is still debated [27].”

• cites [27] Aguirre, 2014, Resveratrol: Anti-obesity mechanisms of action, Molecules sourceNot checked yet

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Similar metabolic pathways are triggered by physical activity and calorie restriction with diet.

“Similar metabolic pathways are also triggered by physical activity and calorie restriction with diet.”

• cites [24] Matta, 2021, The effect of acute aerobic exercise on redox homeostasis and mitochondrial function of rat white adipose tissue, Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [25] Abete, 2009, Legume-, fish-, or high-protein-based hypocaloric diets: Effects on weight loss and mitochondrial oxidation in obese men, J. Med. Food sourceNot checked yet

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SIRT-1 can increase the activity of PGC-1α, which induces gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in the liver by increasing transcription of glycogenetic genes.

“SIRT-1 can also increase the activity of PGC-1α, which in turn induces gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in the liver by increasing the transcription of glycogenetic genes [23].”

• cites [23] Lagouge, 2006, Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha, Cell sourceNot checked yet

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Resveratrol stimulates mitochondrial activity through SIRT-1-mediated activation of PGC-1α, contributing to fiber-type switching and adaptive thermogenesis in muscles and brown adipose tissue.

“Some evidence indicates that resveratrol stimulates mitochondrial activity through SIRT-1-mediated activation of PGC-1α, which contributes to fiber-type switching and adaptive thermogenesis in muscles and brown adipose tissue, respectively [23].”

• cites [23] Lagouge, 2006, Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha, Cell sourceNot checked yet

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SIRT-1 is a human deacetylase that negatively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor gene and thus promotes cell survival.

“SIRT-1 is a human deacetylase that negatively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor gene, thus it promotes cell survival [14].”

• cites [14] Howitz, 2003, Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan, Nature sourceNot checked yet

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In a SIRT-1 knock-out mouse model, resveratrol is unable to induce AMPK phosphorylation at a low dose, but AMPK phosphorylation is observed at a 10 times higher dose.

“Indeed, in a SIRT-1 knock-out mouse model, resveratrol is unable to induce AMPK phosphorylation at a low dose. In contrast, AMPK phosphorylation was observed at 10 times higher dose.”

• cites [17] Price, 2012, SIRT1 is required for AMPK activation and the beneficial effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial function, Cell Metab. sourceNot checked yet

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Hu et al. reported dose-dependent stimulation of adipocyte differentiation at resveratrol concentrations of 1 and 10 μM, and an inhibitory effect at 50 and 100 μM, confirmed by reduction in C/EBPα, FABP4, and PPARγ.

“The author reported a dose-dependent stimulation of adipocytes differentiation at concentrations of 1 and 10 μM. Conversely, an inhibitory effect was found at concentrations of 50 and 100 μM, as confirmed by the reduction in the expression of C/EBPα, FABP4, and PPARγ.”

• cites [29] Hu, 2015, Physiologically achievable doses of resveratrol enhance 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, Eur. J. Nutr. sourceNot checked yet

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SIRT-1 acts as a regulator of healthspan in mammals, protecting against aging and stressful metabolic conditions such as impaired glucose homeostasis, obesity, and cancer.

“In mammals, SIRT-1 acts as a regulator of healthspan, protecting against aging and stressful metabolic conditions such as impaired glucose homeostasis, obesity, and cancer [13].”

• cites [13] Timmers, 2011, Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans, Cell Metab. sourceNot checked yet

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PDE regulate pancreatic β-cell signaling, modulating Ca2+ levels and insulin secretion.

“PDE regulate the signaling of pancreatic β-cell within which they modulate the Ca2+ levels and, consequently, the secretion of insulin [16].”

• cites [16] Bitterman, 2015, Metabolic effects of resveratrol: Addressing the controversies, Cell Mol. Life Sci. sourceNot checked yet

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Resveratrol can phosphorylate AMPK in a dose-dependent manner and independently of SIRT-1.

“These results, therefore, indicate that resveratrol can phosphorylate AMPK in a dose-dependent manner and independently of SIRT-1 [17].”

• cites [17] Price, 2012, SIRT1 is required for AMPK activation and the beneficial effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial function, Cell Metab. sourceNot checked yet

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In obese Zucker rats, resveratrol 10 mg/kg for 8 weeks increased phosphorylated ACC protein expression.

“Also, an increase in phosphorylated ACC protein expression was found.”

• cites [20] Rivera, 2009, Long-term resveratrol administration reduces metabolic disturbances and lowers blood pressure in obese Zucker rats, Biochem. Pharmacol. sourceNot checked yet

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An ethanolic extract of Artemisia scoparia (SCO), a PPARγ agonist, showed both in-vitro and in-vivo beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and adipocyte function.

“Interestingly, an agonist of PPARγ, an ethanolic extract of Artemisia scoparia (SCO), showed both in-vitro and in-vivo beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and adipocyte function [30].”

• cites [30] Richard, A.J., Fuller, S., Fedorcenco, V., Beyl, R., Burris, T.P., Mynatt, R., Ribnicky, D.M., and Stephens, J.M. (2014). Artemisia scoparia enhances adipocyte development and endocrine function in vitro and enhances insulin action in vivo. PLoS ONE, 9. sourceNot checked yet

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Increased cAMP activates PKA and EPAC, inducing activation of AMPK and consequently SIRT-1.

“The increase of cAMP levels activates protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC), inducing the activation of AMPK e consequently of SIRT-1 [16].”

• cites [16] Bitterman, 2015, Metabolic effects of resveratrol: Addressing the controversies, Cell Mol. Life Sci. sourceNot checked yet

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Findings strongly suggest a role for resveratrol in inhibiting adipogenesis and glycolysis, and in stimulating gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial activity.

“In summary, these findings strongly suggest a role for resveratrol in inhibiting adipogenesis and glycolysis, and in stimulating gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial activity (Figure 1).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Findings from animal and in-vitro studies about resveratrol's mechanisms are relevant to human obesity.

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Other authors confirmed that resveratrol at dosages 10-40 μM and incubation times 2, 4, and 6 days inhibits pre-adipocyte differentiation, with the greatest inhibition of 40% at 40 μM for 6 days.

“These findings were confirmed by other authors, who used different dosages (10–40 μM) and incubation times (2, 4, and 6 days). The greatest amount of inhibition of pre-adipocyte differentiation was 40% and was achieved at a dose of 40 μM for 6 days [28].”

• cites [28] Kang, 2012, Resveratrol inhibits the protein expression of transcription factors related adipocyte differentiation and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase in mouse fibroblast 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, Nutr. Res. Pract. sourceNot checked yet

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Lasa et al. reported that incubating pre-adipocyte cells with increasing concentrations of resveratrol (1, 10, and 25 μM) for 24 h decreased triacylglycerol content and lower expression of ACC.

“Lasa and colleagues [18] incubated pre-adipocyte cells with increasing concentrations of resveratrol (1, 10, and 25 µM) for 24 h, reporting a decrease in triacylglycerol content and a lower expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).”

• cites [18] Lasa, 2012, Delipidating effect of resveratrol metabolites in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. sourceNot checked yet

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In the context of obesity, resveratrol appears to be responsible for modulating mitochondrial activity, with activation of SIRT-1 playing a key role.

“In the context of obesity, resveratrol appears to be responsible for modulating mitochondrial activity for which activation of SIRT-1 plays a key role.”

• cites [13] Timmers, 2011, Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans, Cell Metab. sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Resveratrol decreased ACC activity and thus de-novo lipogenesis in obese Zucker rats.

“Since it is an inactive form of ACC, the authors suggested that resveratrol decreased ACC activity and thus de-novo lipogenesis [20].”

• cites [20] Rivera, 2009, Long-term resveratrol administration reduces metabolic disturbances and lowers blood pressure in obese Zucker rats, Biochem. Pharmacol. sourceNot checked yet

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Incubation of pre-adipocytes with resveratrol at concentrations >10 μM down-regulated gene and protein expression of C/EBPα, SREBP-1c, and PPARγ, thereby reducing adipogenesis.

“Some authors found that after incubation of pre-adipocytes with resveratrol at concentrations >10 μM, gene and protein expression of C/EBPα, SREBP-1c, and PPARγ were down-regulated, thereby reducing adipogenesis.”

• cites [27] Aguirre, 2014, Resveratrol: Anti-obesity mechanisms of action, Molecules sourceNot checked yet

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In obese Zucker rats, resveratrol 10 mg/kg for 8 weeks lowered abdominal fat content compared with pre-treatment, with no change in lean rats.

“Obese rats were found to have lower abdominal fat content than pre-treatment values, while no change was found in lean ones.”

• cites [20] Rivera, 2009, Long-term resveratrol administration reduces metabolic disturbances and lowers blood pressure in obese Zucker rats, Biochem. Pharmacol. sourceNot checked yet

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In Dash et al.'s crossover study, resveratrol (1000 mg/day first week, 2000 mg/day second week) for 2 weeks in overweight/obese subjects with mild hypertriglyceridemia produced no changes in insulin sensitivity or triglyceride concentration.

“The authors found no changes in insulin sensitivity and triglyceride concentration, but they observed a significant reduction in apoB-48 and apoB-100, which are lipoprotein particles produced by the intestine and liver, respectively [39].”

• cites [39] Dash, 2013, High-dose resveratrol treatment for 2 weeks inhibits intestinal and hepatic lipoprotein production in overweight/obese men, Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. sourceNot checked yet

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In that 2011 pilot, one patient reported only mild diarrhea.

“Regarding adverse reactions, one patient reported only mild diarrhea [33].”

• cites [33] Crandall, 2012, Pilot study of resveratrol in older adults with impaired glucose tolerance, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

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In van der Made et al.'s trial, resveratrol was well tolerated and no adverse reactions were reported.

“Resveratrol was well tolerated and no adverse reactions were reported [37].”

• cites [37] van der Made, S.M., Plat, J., and Mensink, R.P. (2015). Resveratrol does not influence metabolic risk markers related to cardiovascular health in overweight and slightly obese subjects: A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. PLoS ONE, 10. sourceNot checked yet

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In in-vitro experiments, resveratrol concentrations range from 5-100 μM, with 50 μM most commonly used.

“In in-vitro experiments, resveratrol concentrations range from 5–100 µM, although the concentration of 50 µM is the most commonly used [12].”

• cites [12] Scapagnini, 2014, Dose response biology of resveratrol in obesity, J. Cell Commun. Signal. sourceNot checked yet

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Oral absorption of resveratrol is approximately 75%, but unmetabolized resveratrol is not easy to identify in human plasma.

“Although oral absorption is approximately 75%, it is actually not easy to identify unmetabolized resveratrol in human plasma [32].”

• cites [32] Walle, 2011, Bioavailability of resveratrol, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

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In Poulsen et al.'s trial, resveratrol 500 mg three times daily for 4 weeks in obese men with moderate insulin resistance had no effect on glucose homeostasis, HbA1c, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, blood pressure, total body fat mass, resting energy expenditure, or glucose/lipid oxidation rate.

“At the end of the study, the authors found no effects on glucose homeostasis, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, blood pressure, total body fat mass, resting energy expenditure, glucose or lipid oxidation rate.”

• cites [36] Poulsen, 2013, High-dose resveratrol supplementation in obese men: An investigator-initiated, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of substrate metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body composition, Diabetes sourceNot checked yet

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In Timmers et al.'s study, muscle biopsy showed increased AMPK phosphorylation and SIRT-1 and PGC-1α expression after resveratrol treatment.

“After muscle biopsy, the authors also found increased AMPK phosphorylation and SIRT-1 and PGC-1α expression.”

• cites [13] Timmers, 2011, Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans, Cell Metab. sourceNot checked yet

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Multiple daily doses increase the Cmax of resveratrol, and resveratrol and its metabolites accumulate in human cells in a dose-dependent and tissue-specific manner.

“Multiple daily doses increase the Cmax of resveratrol and it appears that this polyphenol and its metabolites accumulate in human cells in a dose-dependent and tissue-specific manner [8].”

• cites [8] Smoliga, 2011, Resveratrol and health—A comprehensive review of human clinical trials, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. sourceNot checked yet

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In that 2011 pilot, resveratrol had no significant effect on fasting blood glucose, insulin secretion, HOMA index, blood pressure, fasting lipid profile, c-reactive protein, adiponectin, and body weight.

“Resveratrol had no significant effect on fasting blood glucose levels, insulin secretion, HOMA index, blood pressure, fasting lipid profile, c-reactive protein, adiponectin, and body weight, but significantly decreased postprandial glucose peak.”

• cites [33] Crandall, 2012, Pilot study of resveratrol in older adults with impaired glucose tolerance, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

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After 6 weeks of resveratrol 75 mg once daily, FMD increased by more than 23% in healthy obese patients.

“After 6 weeks of resveratrol administration, FMD increased by more than 23%.”

• cites [35] Wong, 2013, Chronic resveratrol consumption improves brachial flow-mediated dilatation in healthy obese adults, J. Hypertens. sourceNot checked yet

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There are inter-individual variations in resveratrol bioavailability, and the exact role of its metabolites is unclear.

“However, there are inter-individual variations in its bioavailability and, to date, the exact role of its metabolites is unclear [8].”

• cites [8] Smoliga, 2011, Resveratrol and health—A comprehensive review of human clinical trials, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. sourceNot checked yet

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Only a few trials have evaluated the effects of resveratrol administered alone and not in combination with other nutraceuticals on obesity in humans.

“Despite numerous studies conducted on experimental models in animals, only a few trials have evaluated the effects of resveratrol administered alone and not in combination with other nutraceuticals on obesity in humans.”

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Wong et al. enrolled 19 overweight/obese patients and postmenopausal women (BMI 25-35 kg/m2, aged 30-70 years) with blood hypertension in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized crossover study.

“In the same year, Wong and colleagues in their placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized crossover study enrolled 19 overweight/obese patients and postmenopausal women (BMI 25–35 kg/m2, aged 30–70 years) with blood hypertension [34].”

• cites [34] Wong, 2011, Acute resveratrol supplementation improves flow-mediated dilatation in overweight/obese individuals with mildly elevated blood pressure, Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. sourceNot checked yet

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In that 2011 pilot, endothelial function improved but not significantly.

“Endothelial function, assessed by reactive hyperemia of peripheral arterial tonometry, improved but not significantly.”

• cites [33] Crandall, 2012, Pilot study of resveratrol in older adults with impaired glucose tolerance, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

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In the 2018 trial, resveratrol was well tolerated and no adverse events were reported.

“Resveratrol was well tolerated and no adverse events were reported [43].”

• cites [43] Kantartzis, 2018, Effects of resveratrol supplementation on liver fat content in overweight and insulin-resistant subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Diabetes Obes. Metab. sourceNot checked yet

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In Batista-Jorge et al.'s study, only the resveratrol group showed an increase in HDL and a significant decrease of VLDL, total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and albumin.

“After 3 months, BMI and waist circumference were significantly lower in both groups, however, only the resveratrol group showed an increase in HDL and a significant decrease of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and albumin [4].”

• cites [4] Silveira, 2020, Oral resveratrol supplementation improves metabolic syndrome features in obese patients submitted to a lifestyle-changing program, Life Sci. sourceNot checked yet

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Konings et al. showed that administration of 150 mg/day resveratrol for 30 days to 11 obese but otherwise healthy patients decreased the size of subcutaneous adipocytes of the abdominal area and enhanced and improved adipogenesis, probably by modulating gene expression.

“Konings and colleagues, integrating their previous study [13], showed that the administration of 150 mg per day of resveratrol for 30 days to 11 obese but otherwise healthy patients decreased the size of subcutaneous adipocyte of the abdominal area and enhanced and improved adipogenesis, probably by modulating gene expression.”

• cites [13] Timmers, 2011, Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans, Cell Metab. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [41] Konings, 2014, The effects of 30-days resveratrol supplementation on adipose tissue morphology and gene expression patterns in obese men, Int. J. Obes. sourceNot checked yet

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In the 2014 study, after 90 days, fasting glucose and bilirubin levels were significantly lower in patients treated with resveratrol than in those receiving placebo, but not compared to values at study enrollment.

“After 90 days of treatment, fasting glucose and bilirubin levels were significantly lower in patients treated with resveratrol than in those receiving placebo, but not compared to the values at study enrollment.”

• cites [40] Anton, 2014, Safety and metabolic outcomes of resveratrol supplementation in older adults: Results of a twelve-week, placebo-controlled pilot study, Exp. Gerontol. sourceNot checked yet

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Konings et al. found that resveratrol upregulated pathways involved in cell cycle regulation and is associated with lysosome, phagosome, inflammation, and glucose transport.

“At the same time, resveratrol has upregulated pathways involved in cell cycle regulation and is associated with lysosome, phagosome, inflammation, and glucose transport [41].”

• cites [41] Konings, 2014, The effects of 30-days resveratrol supplementation on adipose tissue morphology and gene expression patterns in obese men, Int. J. Obes. sourceNot checked yet

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In Batista-Jorge et al.'s study, after 3 months, BMI and waist circumference were significantly lower in both placebo and resveratrol groups (all patients followed physical activity and diet).

“After 3 months, BMI and waist circumference were significantly lower in both groups, however, only the resveratrol group showed an increase in HDL and a significant decrease of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and albumin [4].”

• cites [4] Silveira, 2020, Oral resveratrol supplementation improves metabolic syndrome features in obese patients submitted to a lifestyle-changing program, Life Sci. sourceNot checked yet

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In the pilot study of 28 obese patients with metabolic syndrome, resveratrol 1000 mg twice daily for 30 days was well tolerated but had no substantial effects on glucose homeostasis except for a lower 120-minute glucose concentration compared to placebo.

“At the end of the observation period, resveratrol was well tolerated but the authors found no substantial effects on glucose homeostasis except for a lower 120 minutes glucose concentration in patients treated with resveratrol compared to the placebo group.”

• cites [42] Walker, 2018, The effects of trans-resveratrol on insulin resistance, inflammation, and microbiota in men with the metabolic syndrome: A pilot randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, J. Clin. Transl. Res.Not checked yet

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In the same study, no effect was recorded on intrahepatic lipid content, body composition, blood pressure, resting energy metabolism, and quality of life and/or sleep.

“No effect was recorded on intrahepatic lipid content, body composition, blood pressure, resting energy metabolism, and quality of life and/or sleep [44].”

• cites [44] Bergman, 2020, No effect of resveratrol supplementation after 6 months on insulin sensitivity in overweight adults: A randomized trial, Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Not checked yet

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The data from human studies on resveratrol and obesity are still scarce and, at times, contradictory and inconclusive.

“However, the data from human studies are still scarce and, at times, contradictory and inconclusive.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The contradictory and inconclusive nature of human data on resveratrol and obesity may be due to the different dosages of resveratrol and the various lengths of treatment used in these clinical trials.

“This may also be due to the different dosages of resveratrol and the various lengths of treatment used in these clinical trials.”

May combine two claims.

In the 2014 study, a decrease in hemoglobin levels and mean corpuscular volume was observed in patients receiving 300 mg/day resveratrol, whereas patients given the highest dose (1000 mg/day) had an increase in alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase levels.

“However, a decrease in hemoglobin levels and mean corpuscular volume was observed in the group of patients receiving 300 per day of resveratrol, whereas the patients given the highest dose had an increase in alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase levels [40].”

• cites [40] Anton, 2014, Safety and metabolic outcomes of resveratrol supplementation in older adults: Results of a twelve-week, placebo-controlled pilot study, Exp. Gerontol. sourceNot checked yet

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