Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 931

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Astaxanthin-Producing Green Microalga Haematococcus pluvialis: From Single Cell to High Value Commercial Products

Open access
Shah, Md. Mahfuzur R., Liang, Yuanmei, Cheng, Jay J., Daroch, Maurycy·2016·Frontiers in Plant Science
DOI 10.3389/fpls.2016.00531
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Many species of microalgae have been used as source of nutrient rich food, feed, and health promoting compounds. Among the commercially important microalgae, Haematococcus pluvialis is the richest source of natural astaxanthin which is considered as "super anti-oxidant." Natural astaxanthin produced by H. pluvialis has significantly greater antioxidant capacity than the synthetic one. Astaxanthin has important applications in the nutraceuticals, cosmetics, food, and aquaculture industries. It is now evident that, astaxanthin can significantly reduce free radicals and oxidative stress and help human body maintain a healthy state. With extraordinary potency and increase in demand, astaxanthin is one of the high-value microalgal products of the future.This comprehensive review summarizes the most important aspects of the biology, biochemical composition, biosynthesis, and astaxanthin accumulation in the cells of H. pluvialis and its wide range of applications for humans and animals. In this paper, important and recent developments ranging from cultivation, harvest and postharvest bio-processing technologies to metabolic control and genetic engineering are reviewed in detail, focusing on biomass and astaxanthin production from this biotechnologically important microalga. Simultaneously, critical bottlenecks and major challenges in commercial scale production; current and prospective global market of H. pluvialis derived astaxanthin are also presented in a critical manner. A new biorefinery concept for H. pluvialis has been also suggested to guide toward economically sustainable approach for microalgae cultivation and processing. This report could serve as a useful guide to present current status of knowledge in the field and highlight key areas for future development of H. pluvialis astaxanthin technology and its large scale commercial implementation.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpls.2016.00531

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 21 references

Research works printed but not linked: 217

  1. Aflalo, 2007, On the relative efficiency of two- vs. one-stage production of astaxanthin by the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 98, 300, 10.1002/bit.21391 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Ako, 1999, Are feeds for food fish practical for aquarium fish?, Int. Aqua Feeds, 2, 30
  3. Al-Bulishi, 2015, Health aspects of astaxanthin: a review, Canad. J. Clin. Nutr., 3, 71, 10.14206/canad.j.clin.nutr.2015.02.08 · doi:10.14206/canad.j.clin.nutr.2015.02.08
  4. Andersen, 2007, Gastric inflmmatory markers and interleukins in patients with functional dyspepsia treated with astaxanthin, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol, 50, 244, 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00257.x · DOI
  5. Andrisani, 2015, Astaxanthin improves human sperm capacitation by inducing lyn displacement and activation, Mar. Drugs, 13, 5533, 10.3390/md13095533 · DOI
  6. Arai, 1987, Pigmentation of juvenile coho salmon with carotenoid oil extracted from Antarctic krill, Aquaculture, 66, 255, 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90111-6 · doi:10.1016/0044-8486(87)90111-6
  7. Augusti, 2012, Astaxanthin prevents changes in the activities of thioredoxin reductase and paraoxonase in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr, 51, 42, 10.3164/jcbn.11-74 · DOI
  8. Bischoff, 1963, Phycological studies IV, 95
  9. Bloomer, 2005, Astaxanthin supplementation does not attenuate muscle injury following eccentric exercise in resistance-trained men, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 15, 401, 10.1123/ijsnem.15.4.401 · DOI
  10. Bold, 1985, Introduction to the Algae
  11. Boonnoun, 2014, Wet extraction of lipids and astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis by liquefied dimethyl ether, J. Nutr. Food Sci., 4, 305, 10.4172/2155-9600.1000305 · DOI
  12. Boussiba, 2000, Carotenogenesis in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: cellular physiology and stress response, Physiol. Plantarum, 108, 111, 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.108002111.x · DOI · Paper page
  13. Boussiba, 1991, Astaxanthin accumulation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Plant Cell Physiol., 32, 1077, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078171 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Boussiba, 1992, Enhancement and determination of astaxanthin accumulation in green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, 386, 10.1016/0076-6879(92)13140-S · DOI · Paper page
  15. Brinda, 2004, Accumulation of astaxanthin in flgellated cells of Haematococcus pluvialis - cultural and regulatory aspects, Curr. Sci., 87, 1290
  16. Britton, 1993, Biosynthesis of carotenoids, 96, 10.1007/978-94-011-2124-8_4 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Burchardt, 2006, Occurrence of Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow emend. Wille in a small artificial pool on the university campus of the collegium biologicum in poznan (Poland), Biodiv. Res. Conserv., 1, 163
  18. Capelli, 2013, The Worlds' Best Kept Health Secret Natural Astaxanthin
  19. Carney, 2015, Methods for Treating a Culture of Haematococcus pluvialis for Contamination using Hydrogen Peroxide
  20. Cerón, 2007, Antioxidant activity of Haematococcus pluvialis cells grown in continuous culture as a function of their carotenoid and fatty acid content, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 74, 1112, 10.1007/s00253-006-0743-5 · DOI
  21. Chekanov, 2014, Accumulation of astaxanthin by a new Haematococcus pluvialis strain BM1 from the White Sea coastal rocks (Russia), Mar. Drugs., 12, 4504, 10.3390/md12084504 · DOI
  22. Chen, 1997, Mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth of Haematococcus lacustris and rheological behaviour of the cell suspensions, Bioresour. Technol., 62, 19, 10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00115-6 · DOI
  23. Chen, 2015, Molecular mechanisms of the coordination between astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthesis in Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae), Plant J., 81, 95, 10.1111/tpj.12713 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Chen, 2003, Screening and characterization of astaxanthin-hyperproducing mutants of Haematococcus pluvialis, Biotechnol. Lett., 25, 527, 10.1023/A:1022877703008 · DOI
  25. Chew, 2004, Dietary astaxanthin stimulates cell-mediated and humoral immune response in cats, FASEB J., 18, 533
  26. Chew, 2004, Carotenoid action on the immune reponse, J. Nutr., 134, 257, 10.1093/jn/134.1.257S · DOI · Paper page
  27. Choi, 2011, Determination of the time transferring cells for astaxanthin production considering two-stage process of Haematococcus pluvialis cultivation, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 11249, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.092 · DOI
  28. Choubert, 1993, Carotenoid pigments of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: assay on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, pigmentation in comparison with synthetic astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, Aquaculture, 112, 217, 10.1016/0044-8486(93)90447-7 · DOI
  29. Chumpolkulwong, 1997, Isolation and characterization of compactin resistant mutants of an astaxanthin synthesizing green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Biotechnol. Lett., 19, 299, 10.1023/A:1018330329357 · DOI
  30. Comhaire, 2005, Combined conventional/ antioxidant “Astaxanthin” treatment for male infertility: a double blind randomized trial, Asian J. Androl., 7, 257, 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00047.x · DOI
  31. Cunningham, 1998, Genes and enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 49, 557, 10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.557 · DOI · Paper page
  32. Cyanotech, 2015, BioAstin - Natural Astaxanthin
  33. Czygan, 1970, Blood-rain and blood-snow: nitrogendefiient cells of Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlamydomonas nivalis, Arch. Mikrobiol., 74, 69, 10.1007/BF00408689 · doi:10.1007/bf00408689
  34. Daroch, 2013a, Recent advances in liquid biofuel production from algal feedstocks, Appl. Energy, 102, 1371, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.031 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Daroch, 2013b, Induction of lipids and resultant FAME profiles of microalgae from coastal waters of pearl river delta, Bioresour. Technol., 146, 192, 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.048 · DOI
  36. Del Río, 2005, Efficient one-step production of astaxanthin by the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis in continuous culture, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 91, 808, 10.1002/bit.20547 · DOI
  37. Del Rio, 2007, Efficiency assessment of the one-step production of astaxanthin by the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 100, 397, 10.1002/bit.21770 · DOI
  38. Del Río, 2008, Efficiency assessment of the one-step production of astaxanthin by the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 100, 397, 10.1002/bit.21770 · DOI
  39. Domínguez-Bocanegra, 2004, Influence of environmental and nutritional factors in the production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis, Bioresour. Technol., 92, 209, 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.04.001 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Dong, 2014, Four different methods comparison for extraction of astaxanthin from green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Sci. World J., 7, 694, 10.1155/2014/694305 · DOI
  41. Dragos, 2010, Astaxanthin production from a new strain of Haematococcus pluvialis grown in batch culture, Ann. Roman. Soc. Cell Biol., 15, 353
  42. Eisenreich, 2001, Deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway to terpenoids, Trends Plant Sci., 6, 78, 10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01812-4 · DOI · Paper page
  43. Elgarem, 2002, Supplementation with Astaxanthin (Astacarox) improves semen quality in infertile men, 180
  44. Elliot, 1934, Morphology and life history of Haematococcus pluvialis, Arch. Protistenk., 82, 250
  45. Elwinger, 1997, Astaxanthin rich algal meal (Haematococcus pluvialis) as carotenoid source in feed for laying hens, 52
  46. Eom, 2006, Gene expression profile analysis in astaxanthin-induced Haematococcus pluvialis using a cDNA microarray, Planta, 223, 1231, 10.1007/s00425-005-0171-2 · DOI
  47. Fábregas, 2000, Optimization of culture medium for the continuous cultivation of the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 53, 530, 10.1007/s002530051652 · DOI
  48. Fábregas, 2001, Two-stage cultures for the production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Biotechnol., 89, 65, 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00289-9 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Fan, 1994, Effect of temperature and irradiance on growth of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae), J. Phycol., 30, 829, 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00829.x · DOI
  50. Fassett, 2011, Astaxanthin: a potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease, Mar. Drugs, 9, 447, 10.3390/md9030447 · DOI · Paper page
  51. Ferrante, 1997, Evidence of increased oxidative damage in both sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, J. Neurochem., 69, 2064, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69052064.x · DOI · Paper page
  52. Forján, 2015, Microalgae: fast-growth sustainable green factories, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1705, 10.1080/10643389.2014.966426 · DOI
  53. Fujii, 2012, Process integration of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and acid treatment for astaxanthin extraction from a vegetative microalga, Food Bioprod. Process., 90, 762, 10.1016/j.fbp.2012.01.006 · DOI
  54. Gacheva, 2015, New strain Haematococcus cf. pluvialis Rozhen-12 - growth, biochemical characteristics and future perspectives, Genet. Plant Physiol., 5, 29
  55. Gao, 2013b, Carotenoid genes transcriptional regulation for astaxanthin accumulation in fresh water unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis by gibberellin A3 (GA3), Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys., 50, 548
  56. Gao, 2013a, Analysis of mRNA expression profi les of carotenogenesis and astaxanthin production of Haematococcus pluvialis under exogenous, Biol. Res., 46, 201, 10.4067/S0716-97602013000200012 · DOI
  57. Gao, 2012a, Induction of salicylic acid (SA) on transcriptional expression of eight carotenoid genes and astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 51, 225, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.07.001 · DOI
  58. Gao, 2012b, Differential expression of carotenogenic genes, associated changes on astaxanthin production and photosynthesis features induced by JA in H. pluvialis, PLoS ONE, 7, e42243, 10.1371/journal.pone.0042243 · DOI
  59. García-Malea, 2009, Production of astaxanthin by Haematococcus pluvialis: taking the one-step system outdoors, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 102, 651, 10.1002/bit.22076 · DOI · Paper page
  60. Gomez, 2013, From genetic improvement to commercial-scale mass culture of a Chilean strain of the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis with enhanced productivity of the red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin, AoB Plants, 5, plt026, 10.1093/aobpla/plt026 · DOI
  61. Greenwell, 2010, Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges, J. Royal Soc. Int., 7, 703, 10.1098/rsif.2009.0322 · DOI · Paper page
  62. Grewe, 2012, The carotenoid astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis, 129, 10.1515/9783110298321.129 · DOI
  63. Guedes, 2011, Microalgae as sources of carotenoids, Mar. Drugs, 9, 625, 10.3390/md9040625 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Guerin, 2003, Haematococcus astaxanthin: applications for human health and nutrition, Trends Biotechnol., 21, 210, 10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00078-7 · DOI · Paper page
  65. Gutiérrez, 2012, Chloroplast genetic tool for the green microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae, Volvocales)1, J. Phycol., 48, 976, 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01178.x · DOI
  66. Gwak, 2014, Comparative analyses of lipidomes and transcriptomes reveal a concerted action of multiple defensive systems against photooxidative stress in Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Exp. Bot., 65, 4317, 10.1093/jxb/eru206 · DOI · Paper page
  67. Hagen, 2002, Ultrastructural and chemical changes in the cell wall of Haematococcus pluvialis (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) during aplanospore formation, Eur. J. Phycol., 37, 217, 10.1017/S0967026202003669 · DOI
  68. Harker, 1996a, Factors responsible for astaxanthin formation in the chlorophyte Haematococcus pluvialis, Bioresour. Technol., 55, 207, 10.1016/0960-8524(95)00002-X · DOI · Paper page
  69. Harker, 1996b, Autotrophic growth and carotenoid production of Haematococcus pluvialis in a 30 liter air-lift photobioreactor, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 82, 113, 10.1016/0922-338X(96)85031-8 · DOI
  70. Hashimoto, 2013, Effects of astaxanthin on antioxidation in human aqueous humor, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 53, 1, 10.3164/jcbn.13-6 · DOI
  71. Hata, 2001, Production of astaxanthin by Haematococcus pluvialis in a sequential heterotrophic-photoautotrophic culture, J. Appl. Phycol., 13, 395, 10.1023/A:1011921329568 · DOI
  72. Hazen, 1899, The life history of Sphaerella lacustris, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, 6, 211
  73. He, 2007, Astaxanthin accumulation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: effects of cultivation parameters, J. Integr. Plant. Biol., 49, 447, 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00468.x · DOI
  74. Hoeffler, 2002, Isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants and in Escherichia coli: on the branching in the methylerythritol phosphate pathway and the independent biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, Biochem. J., 366, 573, 10.1042/bj20020337 · DOI
  75. Hoffman, 2008, Isolation and characterization of a novel chytrid species (phylum Blastocladiomycota), parasitic on the green alga Haematococcus, Mycol. Res., 112, 70, 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.09.002 · DOI
  76. Hong, 2012, Astaxanthin production by a highly photosensitive Haematococcus mutant, Process. Biochem., 47, 1972, 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.007 · DOI
  77. Hu, 2008, Enhanced protection against oxidative stress in an astaxanthin-overproduction Haematococcus mutant (Chlorophyceae), Eur. J. Phycol., 43, 365, 10.1080/09670260802227736 · DOI
  78. Hussein, 2006, Astaxanthin, a carotenoid with potential in human health and nutrition, J. Nat. Prod., 69, 443, 10.1021/np050354+ · DOI · Paper page
  79. In, 2009, Effect of enzyme treatments on the extraction efficacy and antioxidant activity of haematococcus extract from Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Korea Acad. Indus. Cooperat. Soc., 10, 194, 10.5762/KAIS.2009.10.1.194 · doi:10.5762/kais.2009.10.1.194
  80. Inbbor, 1998, Haematococcus, the poultry pigmentor, Feed Mix., 6, 31
  81. Inborr, 1997, Effect of feeding astaxanthin-rich algae meal (Haematococcus pluvialis) on performance and carotenoid concentration of different tissues of broiler chickens, 39
  82. Industry Experts, 2015, Global Astaxanthin Market – Sources, Technologies and Applications
  83. Issarapayup, 2009, Flat panel airlift photobioreactors for cultivation of vegetative cells of microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Biotechnol., 142, 227, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.04.014 · DOI
  84. Iwamoto, 2000, Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by astaxanthin, J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 7, 216, 10.5551/jat1994.7.216 · DOI · Paper page
  85. Iwasaki, 2006, Effects of astaxanthin on eyestrain induced by accommodative dysfunction, J. Eye (Atarashii Ganka)., 6, 829
  86. Jaime, 2010, Pressurized liquids as an alternative process to antioxidant carotenoids extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae, LWT Food Sci. Tech., 43, 105, 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.06.023 · DOI
  87. Jia, 2014, Screening, growth medium optimisation and heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 173, 1667, 10.1007/s12010-014-0954-7 · DOI
  88. Kaewpintong, 2007, Photoautotrophic high-density cultivation of vegetative cells of Haematococcus pluvialis in airlift bioreactor, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 288, 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.01.011 · DOI · Paper page
  89. Kakizono, 1992, Effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio on encystment accompanied with astaxanthin formation in a green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 74, 403, 10.1016/0922-338X(92)90041-R · DOI
  90. Kang, 2008, Direct extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus culture using vegetable oils, Biotechnol. Lett., 30, 441, 10.1007/s10529-007-9578-0 · DOI
  91. Kang, 2010, Fed-batch culture of astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis by exponential nutrient feeding and stepwise light supplementation, Bioproc. Biosys. Eng., 33, 133, 10.1007/s00449-009-0362-5 · DOI
  92. Kang, 2005, Comparison of heterotrophic and photoautotrophic induction on astaxanthin production by Haematococcus pluvialis, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 68, 237, 10.1007/s00253-005-1889-2 · DOI · Paper page
  93. Karppi, 2007, Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on lipid peroxidation, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 77, 3, 10.1024/0300-9831.77.1.3 · DOI
  94. Katagiri, 2012, Effects of astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract on cognitive function: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, J. Clinic. Biochem. Nutr., 51, 102, 10.3164/jcbn.D-11-00017 · DOI
  95. Kenji, 2005, Effect of astaxanthin on accommodation and asthenopia-efficacy -identification study in healthy volunteers, J. Clin. Ther. Med., 21, 637
  96. Kim, 2015, Morphological, molecular, and biochemical characterization of astaxanthin-producin g green microalga Haematococcus sp. KORDI03 Haematococcaceae, Chlorophyta) isolated from Korea, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 25, 238, 10.4014/jmb.1410.10032 · DOI
  97. Klochkova, 2013, Cold-tolerant strain of Haematococcus pluvialis (Haematococcaceae, Chlorophyta) from Blomstrandhalvoya (Svalbard), Algae, 28, 185, 10.4490/algae.2013.28.2.185 · doi:10.4490/algae.2013.28.2.185
  98. Kobayashi, 1997b, Abscisic acid-dependent algal morphogenesis in the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Plant Growth Regul., 22, 79, 10.1023/A:1005862809711 · DOI
  99. Kobayashi, 1993, Enhanced carotenoid biosynthesis by oxidative stress in acetateinduced cyst cells of a green unicellular alga, Haematococcus pluvialis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 867, 10.1128/AEM.59.3.867-873.1993 · DOI · Paper page
  100. Kobayashi, 1991, Astaxanthin production by a green alga, Haematococcus pluvialis accompanied with morphological changes in acetate media, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 71, 335, 10.1016/0922-338X(91)90346-I · DOI · Paper page
  101. Kobayashi, 1992, Growth and astaxanthin formation of Haematococcus pluvialis in heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 74, 17, 10.1016/0922-338X(92)90261-R · DOI · Paper page
  102. Kobayashi, 1997a, Light independent, astaxanthin production by the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis under salt stress, Biotechnol. Lett., 19, 507, 10.1023/A:1018372900649 · DOI
  103. Kobayashi, 1997c, Selective extraction of astaxanthin and chlorophyll from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Biotechnol. Technol., 11, 657, 10.1023/A:1018455209445 · DOI
  104. Krause, 1997, Preparation of Astaxanthin
  105. Krichnavaruk, 2008, Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis with vegetable oils as co-solvent, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 5556, 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.049 · DOI · Paper page
  106. Kupcinskas, 2008, Efficacy of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection: a prospective, randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled study, Phytomedicine, 15, 391, 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.04.004 · DOI
  107. Lababpour, 2005, Fedbatch culture under illumination with blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) for astaxanthin production by Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 100, 339, 10.1263/jbb.100.339 · DOI
  108. Leach, 1998, Effects of inhibitors of the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 on the hypotension and multiple organ dysfunction caused by endotoxin: a comparison with dexa-methasone, Br. J. Pharmacol., 124, 586, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701869 · DOI
  109. Lei, 2012, Expression of fatty acid synthesis genes and fatty acid accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis under different stressors, Biotechnol. Biofuels, 5, 18, 10.1186/1754-6834-5-18 · DOI
  110. Leonardi, 2011, Feedstocks for second-generation biodiesel: microalgae's biology and oil composition, 317
  111. Li, 2015, Biological potential of microalgae in China for biorefinery-based production of biofuels and high value compounds, N. Biotechnol., 32, 588, 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.02.001 · DOI
  112. Li, 2011, An economic assessment of astaxanthin production by large scale cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis, Biotechnol. Adv., 29, 568, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.04.001 · DOI · Paper page
  113. Li, 2014, Comparison effect of dietary astaxanthin and Haematococcus pluvialis on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune response of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea, Aquaculture, 434, 227, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.08.022 · DOI
  114. Li, 2010, Effect of photon flux densities on regulation of carotenogenesis and cell viability of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae), J. Appl. Phycol., 22, 253, 10.1007/s10811-009-9453-6 · DOI
  115. Lichtenthaler, 1999, the 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose-5-Phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 50, 47, 10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47 · DOI · Paper page
  116. Lichtenthaler, 1997, Two independent biochemical pathways for isopentenyl diphosphate and isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants, Plant Physiol., 101, 643, 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb01049.x · doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb01049.x · Paper page
  117. Lignell, 2001, Medicament for Improvement of Duration of Muscle Function or Treatment of Muscle Disorders or Diseased
  118. Lignell, 1999, Agent for Increasing the Production of/in Breeding and Production Mammals
  119. Lignell, 2000, Agent for Increasing the Production of/in Breeding and Production Mammals
  120. Linden, 1999, Carotenoid hydroxylase from Haematococcus pluvialis: cDNA sequence, regulation and functional complementation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Struct. Expr., 1446, 203, 10.1016/S0167-4781(99)00088-3 · DOI
  121. Liu, 2003, Effect of total secondary carotenoids extracts from Chlorococcum sp. on Helicobacter pylori-infected BALB/c mice, Int. Immunopharmacol., 3, 979, 10.1016/S1567-5769(03)00096-1 · DOI
  122. Liu, 2007, Cis astaxanthin and especially 9-cis astaxant hin exhibits a higher antioxidant activity in vitro compared to the all-trans isomer, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 357, 187, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.120 · DOI · Paper page
  123. López, 2006, Comparative analysis of the outdoor culture of Haematococcus pluvialis in tubular and bubble column photobioreactors, J. Biotechnol., 123, 329, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.11.010 · DOI
  124. Lorenz, 1999, A Technical Review of Haematococcus Algae
  125. Lorenz, 2000, Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin, Trends Biotechnol., 18, 160, 10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01433-5 · DOI · Paper page
  126. Lotan, 1995, Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding beta-C-4-oxygenase, that converts beta-carotene to the ketocarotenoid canthaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis, FEBS Lett., 364, 125, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00368-J · DOI
  127. Machmudah, 2006, Extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using supercritical CO2 and ethanol as entrainer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Dev., 45, 3652, 10.1021/ie051357k · DOI · Paper page
  128. McBride, 2013, Use of Fungicides in Liquid Systems
  129. Mendes-Pinto, 2001, Evaluation of different cell disruption processes on encysted cells of Haematococcus pluvialis: effects on astaxanthin recovery and implications for bioavailability, J. Appl. Phycol., 13, 19, 10.1023/A:1008183429747 · DOI · Paper page
  130. Miki, 1991, Biological functions and activities of animal carotenoids, Pure Appl. Chem., 63, 141, 10.1351/pac199163010141 · DOI · Paper page
  131. Milledge, 2013, Energy Balance and Techno-economic Assessment of Algal Biofuel Production Systems
  132. Miyawaki, 2008, Effects of astaxanthin on human blood rheology, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 43, 69, 10.3164/jcbn.2008048 · DOI
  133. Molina Grima, 2003, Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics, Biotechnol Adv., 20, 491, 10.1016/S0734-9750(02)00050-2 · DOI · Paper page
  134. Moya, 1997, Growth of Haematococcus lacustris: a contribution to kinetic modelling, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 68, 303, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199703)68:3<303::AID-JCTB639>3.0.CO;2-1 · DOI
  135. Nagaki, 2002, Effects of astaxanthin on accommodation, critical flicker fusion, and pattern visual evoked potential in visual display terminal workers, J. Trad. Med., 19, 170
  136. Nagaki, 2006, The supplementation effect of astaxanthin on accommodation and asthenopia, J. Clin. Therap. Med., 22, 41
  137. Nagata, 2006, Effect of astaxanthin 5 mg on anti fatigue and task performance of human, Carotenoid Sci., 10, 102
  138. Naguib, 2000, Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 1150, 10.1021/jf991106k · DOI · Paper page
  139. Nakamura, 2004, Changes in visual function following peroral astaxanthin, Jpn. J. Clin. Opthal., 58, 1051
  140. Nakao, 2010, Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on inflammation and cardiac function in BALB/c mice, Anticancer Res., 30, 2721
  141. Nawrocki, 2015, The plastid terminal oxidase: its elusive function points to multiple contributions to plastid physiology, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 66, 49, 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114744 · DOI
  142. Nishikawa, 2005, Effects of astaxanthin and vitamin C on the prevention of gastric ulcerations in stressed rats, J. Nutr. Sci. Vit., 51, 135, 10.3177/jnsv.51.135 · DOI
  143. Nobre, 2006, Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of astaxanthin and other carotenoids from the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 223, 787, 10.1007/s00217-006-0270-8 · DOI · Paper page
  144. Olaizola, 2000, Commercial production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using 25,000-liter outdoor photobioreactors, J. Appl. Phycol., 12, 499, 10.1023/A:1008159127672 · DOI · Paper page
  145. Olaizola, 2003, Commercial development of microalgal biotechnology: from the test tube to the marketplace, Biomol. Eng., 20, 459, 10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00076-5 · DOI · Paper page
  146. Olguín, 2012, Biotechnology for a more sustainable world, Biotechnol. Adv., 30, 931, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.06.001 · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.06.001
  147. Orosa, 2005, Analysis and enhancement of astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis, Bioresour. Technol., 96, 373, 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.04.006 · DOI · Paper page
  148. Orosa, 2000, Production and analysis of secondary carotenoids in green algae, J. Appl. Phycol., 12, 553, 10.1023/A:1008173807143 · DOI
  149. Palozza, 2009, Growth-inhibitory effects of the astaxanthin-rich alga Haematococcus pluvialis in human colon cancer cells, Cancer Lett., 283, 108, 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.03.031 · DOI
  150. Parisenti, 2011, Pigmentation and carotenoid content of shrimp fed with Haematococcus pluvialis and soy lecithin, Aquacult. Nutr., 17, 530, 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00794.x · DOI
  151. Park, 2014, Enhanced astaxanthin production from microalga, Haematococcus pluvialis by two-stage perfusion culture with stepwise light irradiation, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng., 37, 2039, 10.1007/s00449-014-1180-y · DOI
  152. Park, 2010, Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans, Nutr. Metab. (Lond)., 7, 18, 10.1186/1743-7075-7-18 · DOI · Paper page
  153. Pérez-López, 2014, Life-cycle assessment of the production of the red antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin by microalgae: from lab to pilot scale, J. Clea. Prod., 64, 332, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.011 · DOI · Paper page
  154. Praveenkumar, 2015, Breaking dormancy: an energy- efficient means of recovering astaxanthin from microalgae, Green Chem., 17, 1226, 10.1039/C4GC01413H · DOI
  155. Pringsheim, 1966, Nutritional requirements of Haematococcus pluvialis and related species, J. Phycol., 2, 1, 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1966.tb04584.x · DOI
  156. Proctor, 1957, Some controlling factors in the distribution of Haematococcus pluvialis, Ecology, 38, 457, 10.2307/1929890 · DOI
  157. Ranga Rao, 2010, Antibacterial properties of Spirulina platensis, Haematococcus pluvialis, Botryococcus braunii micro algal extracts, Curr. Trends Biotechnol. Pharm., 4, 809
  158. Ranga Rao, 2015, Evaluation of hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters from microalga-Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Food Sci. Tech., 52, 6703, 10.1007/s13197-015-1775-6 · DOI
  159. Ranga Rao, 2014, Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications—a review, Mar. Drugs, 12, 128, 10.3390/md12010128 · DOI · Paper page
  160. Ranga Rao, 2013, Effective inhibition of skin cancer, tyrosinase, and antioxidative properties by astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 61, 3842, 10.1021/jf304609j · DOI · Paper page
  161. Ranjbar, 2008, High efficiency production of astaxanthin by autotrophic cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis in a bubble column photobioreactor, Biochem. Eng. J., 39, 575, 10.1016/j.bej.2007.11.010 · DOI
  162. Razon, 2011, Net energy analysis of the production of biodiesel and biogas from the microalgae: Haematococcus pluvialis and Nannochloropsis, Appl. Energ., 88, 3507, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.052 · DOI · Paper page
  163. Recht, 2012, Patterns of carbohydrate and fatty acid changes under nitrogen starvation in the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and Nannochloropsis sp, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 94, 1495, 10.1007/s00253-012-3940-4 · DOI · Paper page
  164. Renstrøm, 1981, Optical purity of (3S,3′S)-astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis, Phytochemistry, 20, 2561, 10.1016/0031-9422(81)83094-4 · DOI
  165. Reyes, 2014, Astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis using CO2-expanded ethanol, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 92, 75, 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.05.013 · DOI · Paper page
  166. Rohdich, 2002, Studies on the nonmevalonate terpene biosynthetic pathway: metabolic role of IspH (LytB) protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99, 1158, 10.1073/pnas.032658999 · DOI · Paper page
  167. Rosenberg, 2008, A green light for engineered algae: redirecting metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 19, 430, 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.07.008 · DOI · Paper page
  168. Saha, 2013, Effect of various stressregulatory factors on biomass and lipid production in microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, Bioresour. Technol., 128, 118, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.049 · DOI · Paper page
  169. Santos, 1984, Ultrastructural study of Haematococcus lacustris (Girod.) Rostafinski (Volvocales) I. Some aspects of carotenogenesis, Cytologia, 49, 215, 10.1508/cytologia.49.215 · DOI
  170. Sarada, 2002a, Optimization of culture conditions for growth of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 18, 517, 10.1023/A:1016349828310 · DOI
  171. Sarada, 2002b, Influence of stress on astaxanthin production in Haematococcus pluvialis grown under different culture conditions, Process Biochem., 37, 623, 10.1016/S0032-9592(01)00246-1 · DOI
  172. Sarada, 2006, An efficient method for extraction of astaxanthin from green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 7585, 10.1021/jf060737t · DOI · Paper page
  173. Satoh, 2009, Preliminary clinical evaluation of toxicity and efficacy of a new astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 44, 280, 10.3164/jcbn.08-238 · DOI · Paper page
  174. Sawaki, 2002, Sports performance benefits from taking natural astaxanthin characterized by visual acuity and muscle fatigue improvements in humans, J. Clinic. Therap. Med., 18, 73
  175. Seki, 2001, Effects of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis on human skin-patch test; skin repeated application test; effect on wrinkle reduction, Fragrance J., 12, 98
  176. Sharon-Gojman, 2015, Advanced methods for genetic engineering of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae, Volvocales), Algal Res., 10, 8, 10.1016/j.algal.2015.03.022 · DOI
  177. Sheikhzadeh, 2012a, Effects of Haematococcus pluvialis in maternal diet on reproductive performance and egg quality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Anim. Reprod. Sci., 130, 119, 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.12.010 · DOI
  178. Sheikhzadeh, 2012b, Effects of Haematococcus pluvialis supplementation on antioxidant system and metabolism in rain- bow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Fish Physiol. Biochem., 38, 413, 10.1007/s10695-011-9519-7 · DOI · Paper page
  179. Solovchenko, 2015, Recent breakthroughs in the biology of astaxanthin accumulation by microalgal cell, Photosynth. Res., 125, 437, 10.1007/s11120-015-0156-3 · DOI
  180. Sommer, 1991, Utilization of microalgal astaxanthin by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Aquaculture, 94, 79, 10.1016/0044-8486(91)90130-Y · DOI
  181. Steinbrenner, 2001, Regulation of two carotenoid biosynthesis genes coding for phytoene synthase and carotenoid hydroxylase during stress-induced astaxanthin formation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Plant Physiol., 125, 810, 10.1104/pp.125.2.810 · DOI · Paper page
  182. Strittmatter, 2015, A new flagellated dispersion stage in Paraphysoderma sedebokerense, a pathogen of Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Appl. Phycol., 27, 1, 10.1007/s10811-015-0700-8 · DOI
  183. Su, 2014, Metabolomic and network analysis of astaxanthin-producing Haematococcus pluvialis under various stress conditions, Bioresour. Technol., 170, 522, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.018 · DOI
  184. Sun, 1998, Differential expression of two isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerases and enhanced carotenoid accumulation in a unicellular chlorophyte, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 11482, 10.1073/pnas.95.19.11482 · DOI
  185. Suseela, 2006, Haematococcus pluvialis—a green alga, richest natural source of astaxanthin, Curr. Sci., 90, 1602
  186. Tjahjono, 1994b, Hyper accumulation of astaxanthin in a green alga Haematococcus pluvialis at elevated temperatures, Biotechnol. Lett., 16, 133, 10.1007/BF01021659 · DOI
  187. Tjahjono, 1994a, Isolation of resistant mutants against carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors for a green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, and their hybrid formation by protoplast fusion for breeding of higher astaxanthin producers, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 77, 352, 10.1016/0922-338X(94)90003-5 · DOI
  188. Tolasa, 2005, Determination of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in salmonid, Eur. Food. Res. Technol., 221, 787, 10.1007/s00217-005-0071-5 · doi:10.1007/s00217-005-0071-5
  189. Torrissen, 1984, Pigmentation of salmonids — Genetical variation in carotenoid deposition in rainbow trout, Aquaculture, 38, 59, 10.1016/0044-8486(84)90137-6 · doi:10.1016/0044-8486(84)90137-6
  190. Torzillo, 2003, Interplay between photochemical activities and pigment composition in an outdoor culture of Haematococcus pluvialis during the shift from the green to red stage, J. Appl. Phycol., 15, 127, 10.1023/A:1023854904163 · DOI
  191. Triki, 1997, Gametogenesis in Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow (Volvocales, Chlorophyta), Phycologia, 36, 190, 10.2216/i0031-8884-36-3-190.1 · DOI
  192. Tripathi, 1999, Production of astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis cultured in various media, Bioresour. Technol., 68, 197, 10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00143-6 · DOI
  193. Tripathi, 2001, Studies on Haematococcus pluvialis for improved production of astaxanthin by mutagenesis, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 17, 143, 10.1023/A:1016609815405 · doi:10.1023/a:1016609815405
  194. Valderrama, 2003, Extraction of Astaxantine and Phycocyanine from Microalgae with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 48, 827, 10.1021/je020128r · DOI
  195. Vidhyavathi, 2008, Regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes expression and carotenoid accumulation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis under nutrient stress conditions, J. Exp. Bot., 59, 1409, 10.1093/jxb/ern048 · DOI · Paper page
  196. Wan, 2014b, The effective photoinduction of Haematococcus pluvialis for accumulating astaxanthin with attached cultivation, Bioresour. Technol., 163, 26, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.017 · DOI
  197. Wan, 2014a, The effect of temperature on cell growth and astaxanthin accumulation of Haematococcus pluvialis during a light–dark cyclic cultivation, Bioresour. Technol., 167, 276, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.030 · DOI
  198. Wang, 2003, Astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae) as an active photoprotective process under high irradiance, J. Phycol., 39, 1116, 10.1111/j.0022-3646.2003.03-043.x · DOI · Paper page
  199. Wang, 2013a, Effect of initial biomass density on growth and astaxanthin production of Haematococcus pluvialis in an outdoor photobioreactor, J. Appl. Phycol., 25, 253, 10.1007/s10811-012-9859-4 · DOI
  200. Wang, 2009, Occurrence and environmental stress responses of two plastid terminal oxidases in Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae), Planta, 230, 191, 10.1007/s00425-009-0932-4 · DOI

200 of 217 shown

Cited by

See all 931

Metadata

Authors
Shah, M. M. R., Liang, Y., Cheng, J. J., & Daroch, M.
Venue
Frontiers in Plant Science
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2016-04-28
Volume
7
Pages
531-531
ISSN
1664-462X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpls.2016.00531
OpenAlex
W2341975238
Cited by
931
References
21
FWCI
16.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (31450110497, 3151101227)
  • Shenzhen Municipal Government (KQCX201405211502553)
  • Shenzhen Knowledge and Innovation Basic Research (JCYJ20150626110855791)
  • State Oceanic Administration (201305022)
  • National Thousand People Plan

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Astaxanthin-Producing Green Microalga Haematococcus pluvialis: From Single Cell to High Value Commercial Products. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3389/fpls.2016.00531
The paper
Shah, M. M. R., Liang, Y., Cheng, J. J., & Daroch, M. (2016). Astaxanthin-Producing Green Microalga Haematococcus pluvialis: From Single Cell to High Value Commercial Products. Frontiers in Plant Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00531

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.