Keeping in touch with one’s self: multisensory mechanisms of self-consciousness
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The spatial unity between self and body can be disrupted by employing conflicting visual-somatosensory bodily input, thereby bringing neurological observations on bodily self-consciousness under scientific scrutiny. Here we designed a novel paradigm linking the study of bodily self-consciousness to the spatial representation of visuo-tactile stimuli by measuring crossmodal congruency effects (CCEs) for the full body. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We measured full body CCEs by attaching four vibrator-light pairs to the trunks (backs) of subjects who viewed their bodies from behind via a camera and a head mounted display (HMD). Subjects made speeded elevation (up/down) judgments of the tactile stimuli while ignoring light stimuli. To modulate self-identification for the seen body subjects were stroked on their backs with a stick and the felt stroking was either synchronous or asynchronous with the stroking that could be seen via the HMD. We found that (1) tactile stimuli were mislocalized towards the seen body (2) CCEs were modulated systematically during visual-somatosensory conflict when subjects viewed their body but not when they viewed a body-sized object, i.e. CCEs were larger during synchronous than during asynchronous stroking of the body and (3) these changes in the mapping of tactile stimuli were induced in the same experimental condition in which predictable changes in bodily self-consciousness occurred. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data reveal that systematic alterations in the mapping of tactile stimuli occur in a full body illusion and thus establish CCE magnitude as an online performance proxy for subjective changes in global bodily self-consciousness.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper links full-body multisensory conflict to tactile spatial representation by measuring crossmodal congruency effects (CCEs) for vibrotactile targets and LED distractors on the back. It reports that full-body CCEs are modulated by seeing one’s body and by synchronous versus asynchronous stroking, and that these changes accompany altered self-identification and self-location.
Key findings
- Full-body CCEs were present when subjects viewed their body: in Study 1, the body × side × congruency interaction was significant (F1,10 = 10.13, p = 0.01), and the CCE was larger for same-side than different-side visual distractors when the body was visible (t1,10 = 3.22, p = 0.009) but not when it was not visible (t1,10 = 0.83, p > 0.05).
- With a 233 ms LED–vibration SOA, stroking type modulated the CCE: Study 2 showed a significant stroking × side × congruency interaction (F1,12 = 11.30, p = 0.006), with a larger same-side versus different-side CCE during synchronous stroking (t1,12 = 4.01, p = 0.002) but not asynchronous stroking (t1,12 = 2.17, p > 0.05).
- In Study 2, synchronous stroking produced a mean self-location drift of 8.1 cm toward the virtual body versus 0.1 cm in the asynchronous condition (t1,12 = 2.21, p = 0.047), and higher questionnaire ratings for touch location (Q1: z = 2.8, p = 0.005) and self-identification with the virtual body (Q3: z = 2.3, p = 0.020).
- In the object control (Study 3), no significant CCE effects were found for the object condition, while the body condition replicated the synchronous-stroking effect (same vs different side: t1,8 = 2.60, p = 0.031; asynchronous: t1,8 = 0.39, p > 0.05).
Methods
- Thirty-five healthy right-handed subjects participated across three studies: Study 1 n = 13 (8 males, mean age 24), Study 2 n = 13 (9 males, mean age 26), and Study 3 n = 9 (6 males, mean age 23); two Study 1 subjects were excluded from analyses for chance-level performance, and different subjects took part in each study.
- Subjects stood 2 m in front of a 3D camera and viewed their backs via a head-mounted display; four vibrator–light pairs were attached to their backs, and stroking was applied synchronously or asynchronously (400 ms camera delay). They made speeded up/down tactile judgments while ignoring lights; CCE was computed as RT in incongruent minus congruent trials. Study 1 used a 33 ms LED–vibration SOA, while Studies 2 and 3 used 233 ms.
- Analyses used repeated-measures ANOVAs with factors including body/stroking type, side, and congruency; drift and questionnaire measures were analyzed with t-tests and Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests, with alpha = 0.05. Incorrect trials and responses over 1500 ms were discarded, averaging 4.8% of trials per subject.
Limitations
- The paper states that stimuli were applied only to the backs, so non-stimulated body parts may not have been affected and the measured effects may not be fully global; it calls for future studies testing generalization to non-stimulated parts such as the hands.
- The paper states that Study 1’s lack of stroking effects on self-location and self-identification may have resulted from adding the LED–vibration visuo-tactile mismatch to the stroking mismatch, and that the SOA choice may have influenced multisensory weighting; it also notes that the CCE data cannot by themselves determine whether touch or vision is remapped, and discusses alternative explanations such as task relevance, response bias, and visual recoding.
- Evident from the text: the per-study samples were small (13, 13, and 9 subjects), and the object-control questionnaire ratings for self-identification with the object were barely or not positive despite a significant synchronous-versus-asynchronous difference.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 31 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Error rates showed a similar pattern of modulation by congruency and side in study 1.
“The error rates showed a similar pattern of modulation by congruency and side.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The body not visible condition did not show an effect of side on the size of the full body CCE.
“The ‘body not visible condition’ did not show these effects on the size of the CCE.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was no significant three-way interaction between stroking, side and congruency on reaction times in study 1.
“there was no significant three-way interaction between stroking, side and congruency.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The difference in the size of the CCE for same and different side light presentation was similar for synchronous and asynchronous conditions.
“The difference in the size of the CCE for same and different side light presentation was similar for synchronous and asynchronous conditions (figure 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There was a significant three-way interaction between body, side and congruency on reaction times in study 1.
“a significant three-way interaction between body, side and congruency (F1,10 = 10.13; p = 0.01).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
In the body visible condition, the full body CCE was larger when the light appeared on the same side as the tactile stimulus compared to when it appeared on the different side.
“In the body visible condition the CCE was larger when the light appeared on the same side as the tactile stimulus, compared to when it appeared on the different side.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
CCEs were modulated systematically during visual-somatosensory conflict when subjects viewed their body but not when they viewed a body-sized object.
“CCEs were modulated systematically during visual-somatosensory conflict when subjects viewed their body but not when they viewed a body-sized object”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Study 1 showed that CCEs are found when the LEDs are presented on a body but not when the body is not visible.
“study 1 showed that CCEs are found when the LEDs are presented on a body but not when the body is not visible”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
CCEs were larger during synchronous than during asynchronous stroking of the body.
“CCEs were larger during synchronous than during asynchronous stroking of the body”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The size of the drift in the synchronous condition was significantly different from the drift in the asynchronous condition (t1,12 = 2.21; p = 0.047).
“The size of the drift in the synchronous condition was significantly different from the drift in the asynchronous condition (t1,12 = 2.21; p = 0.047; two-tailed t-test).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Crossmodal congruency effects are stronger when visual distractors are presented on one's seen body compared to when they are presented in the dark.
“First, we show that crossmodal congruency effects are stronger when visual distractors are presented on one's seen body compared to when they are presented in the dark.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of stroking on the CCE is not found when the LEDs and the stroking are viewed on a human-sized object instead of the body.
“Note that this effect of stroking on the CCE is not found when the LEDs and the stroking are viewed on a human-sized object instead of the body.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the synchronous stroking condition, the CCE was larger when the light appeared on the same side as the tactile stimulus than when it appeared on the different side.
“In the synchronous condition the CCE was larger when the light appeared on the same side as the tactile stimulus compared to when it appeared on the different side”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
These changes in the mapping of tactile stimuli were induced in the same experimental condition in which predictable changes in bodily self-consciousness occurred.
“these changes in the mapping of tactile stimuli were induced in the same experimental condition in which predictable changes in bodily self-consciousness occurred.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For the object control condition, there was no difference in the size of the CCE for same side versus different side visual presentation during either synchronous or asynchronous stroking.
“For the object condition there was no difference in the size of the CCE for same side versus different side visual presentation during either synchronous stroking or asynchronous stroking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Questionnaire data revealed significant differences between the synchronous and asynchronous conditions only for questions 1 and 3.
“For the questionnaire data, statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the synchronous and asynchronous conditions only for questions 1 and 3.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was no significant difference in the mean drift between the synchronous object and asynchronous object conditions.
“There was no significant difference in the mean drift between the synchronous object and asynchronous object conditions (t1,8 = 0.41; p>0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
With an SOA of 233 msec, the type of stroking modulates the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE).
“With an SOA of 233 msec, we found that the type of stroking modulates the CCE.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the asynchronous stroking condition, the CCE did not differ between same-side and different-side light presentations.
“whereas the CCE during asynchronous stroking did not differ for same and different side light presentations”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant differences in questionnaire ratings between synchronous and asynchronous conditions.
“Further, there were no significant differences in the questionnaire ratings (see table 1 for list of questions) between these conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Full body CCEs were observed even though subjects had an external, implausible view of their body (they viewed the back of their body, which cannot be directly seen), standing two metres in front.
“It is notable that the full body CCEs were observed even though subjects had an external, implausible, view of their body (they viewed the back of their body, which cannot be directly seen), standing two metres in front.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The CCE was only modulated by stroking when a larger temporal asynchrony between the LED and vibro-tactile stimuli was introduced.
“The CCE was only modulated by stroking when we introduced a larger temporal asynchrony between the LED and vibro-tactile stimuli.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
CCEs were larger in the synchronous condition in which the change in self-location was greater.
“Secondly, the CCEs were larger in the condition (synchronous condition) in which the change in self-location was greater.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A fundamental aspect of bodily self-consciousness is that the bodily self is experienced as a single and coherent representation of the entire, spatially situated body, not as a collection of several different body parts.
“A fundamental aspect of bodily self-consciousness is that the bodily self is experienced as a single and coherent representation of the entire, spatially situated body, not as a collection of several different body parts [5], [16], [19].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5], [16], [19]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Synchronous stroking of a seen fake hand and one's own unseen real hand can induce illusory ownership of the fake hand.
“Synchronous stroking of the seen fake hand and one's own unseen (real) hand can induce the illusion that the fake hand ‘feels like it's my hand’ (illusory ownership or self-attribution [10], [11], [13]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10], [11], [13]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The crossmodal congruency effect can function as a behavioural index of whether visual and tactile stimuli are functionally perceived to be at the same spatial location.
“because the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) can function as a behavioural index of whether visual and tactile stimuli are functionally perceived to be at the same spatial location.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Previous measures of global bodily self-consciousness do not reveal whether modifications in global bodily self-consciousness are associated with changes in tactile spatial representations.
“However these measures do not reveal whether modifications in global bodily self-consciousness are associated with changes in tactile spatial representations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The crossmodal congruency effect is larger when the visual and tactile stimuli occur closer to each other in space.
“Importantly, the CCE (difference between performance in incongruent and congruent conditions) was larger when the visual and tactile stimuli occurred closer to each other in space [30].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] C Spence, 2004, Spatial constraints on visual-tactile cross-modal distractor congruency effects Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
In the rubber hand illusion, the subject's hand is mislocalized towards the fake hand.
“In the RHI there is also a mislocalization (or drift) of the subject's hand towards the fake hand.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
The spatial unity between self and body can be disrupted by conflicting visual-somatosensory bodily input.
“The spatial unity between self and body can be disrupted by employing conflicting visual-somatosensory bodily input, thereby bringing neurological observations on bodily self-consciousness under scientific scrutiny.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Subjects performed worse when a distracting visual stimulus occurred at an incongruent elevation with respect to the tactile target stimulus.
“Subjects performed worse when a distracting visual stimulus occurred at an incongruent elevation with respect to the tactile (target) stimulus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Global aspects of self-consciousness (self-location and self-identification for the full body) can be manipulated in healthy individuals by generating multisensory conflicts.
“Recent studies [17], [18], [25]–[27] have further demonstrated that global aspects of self-consciousness (self-location and self-identification for the full body) - which are disturbed in neurological patients with autoscopic phenomena - can also be manipulated in healthy individuals by generating multisensory conflicts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17], [18], [25]–[27]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Illusory ownership and drift in the rubber hand illusion are much reduced when the stroking is asynchronous.
“Importantly, illusory ownership and drift are much reduced when the stroking is asynchronous [10], [11], [13], [15].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10], [11], [13], [15]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The crossmodal congruency effect has previously been used as a measure of the tactile mislocalisation of touch towards a rubber hand when a fake hand was either aligned or misaligned with subjects' own hands.
“The CCE has previously been used as a measure of the tactile mislocalisation of touch towards a rubber hand when a fake hand was either aligned or misaligned with subjects' own hands ([12], see also [15]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [12] F Pavani, 2000, Visual Capture of Touch: Out-of-the-Body Experiences With Rubber Gloves., Psychological Science source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15] E Austen, 2004, Mislocalizations of touch to a fake hand., Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
These data reveal that systematic alterations in the mapping of tactile stimuli occur in a full body illusion.
“These data reveal that systematic alterations in the mapping of tactile stimuli occur in a full body illusion”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The lack of a stroking effect on self-location and self-identification in study 1 is at odds with a previous study that found a significant increase in both measures during synchronous stroking.
“The lack of a stroking effect on self-location and self-identification (question 3) is, at first sight, at odds with the findings of a previous study [18] that found a significant increase in both measures during synchronous stroking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] B Lenggenhager, 2007, Video Ergo Sum: Manipulating Bodily Self-Consciousness., Science source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
CCE magnitude can serve as an online performance proxy for subjective changes in global bodily self-consciousness.
“and thus establish CCE magnitude as an online performance proxy for subjective changes in global bodily self-consciousness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The crossmodal congruency effect has a relatively large magnitude and is less susceptible to experimenter expectancy effects than previous behavioural proxies of bodily self-consciousness.
- Rests on an assumption: The congruency task enables repeated, online measurements during manipulations of self-consciousness, and this has not previously been done in studies of partial or global bodily self-consciousness.
- Premisecitation
The CCE is still present for SOAs of ∼200 msec.
“we chose an SOA of 233 msec based on results showing that the CCE is still present for SOAs of ∼200 msec [33].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] DI Shore, 2006, Temporal aspects of the visuotactile congruency effect., Neuroscience Letters source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Tactile stimuli were mislocalized towards the seen body in the full body illusion.
“tactile stimuli were mislocalized towards the seen body”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The tactile stimuli are mislocalised to a different place in external space (towards the seen body in the synchronous condition) because the localisation of the body in space is biased towards the seen body (as measured by the drift and questionnaire) in the condition in which the CCEs are larger.
“The present data suggest that the tactile stimuli are mislocalised to a different place in external space (towards the seen body in the synchronous condition) because the localisation of the body in space is biased towards the seen body (as measured by the drift and questionnaire) in the condition in which the CCEs are larger.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Under the conditions used in the present study, the full body CCE is associated with key components of bodily self-consciousness, i.e. 'what I experience as my body' and 'where I experience my body to be.'
“These novel data reveal ‘body-related’ and ‘self-related’ CCEs and suggest that under the conditions used in the present study the full body CCE is associated with key components of bodily self-consciousness, i.e. ‘what I experience as my body’ and ‘where I experience my body to be.’”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A greater degree of visual capture of tactile location occurs in the experimental condition in which there is a greater degree of self-identification for the seen body.
“This suggests that a greater degree of visual capture of tactile location occurs in the experimental condition in which there is a greater degree of self-identification for the seen body.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Given that there is a change in self-location towards the seen body in the synchronous condition, it is touch rather than vision that is mislocalised.
“Nevertheless, given that there is a change in self-location - as measured by the spatial drift - towards the seen body (i.e. towards the visual stimulus) in the synchronous condition, we suggest that it is touch rather than vision that is mislocalised.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The finding that there was no CCE in the object control condition suggests that the effect of stroking on the CCE is specific to the case where the stroking is applied to a human body.
“Further, our finding that there was no CCE (no significant effect of congruency and no interaction between synchrony, side of visual distractor and congruency) in the object control condition suggests that the effect of stroking on the CCE is specific to the case where the stroking is applied to a human body.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The present data extend previous findings that used the CCE paradigm for body parts, usually hands.
“By demonstrating CCEs for the full body our data extend the findings of previous studies that have used this paradigm for body parts, usually hands [12], [15], [30]–[32].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [12] F Pavani, 2000, Visual Capture of Touch: Out-of-the-Body Experiences With Rubber Gloves., Psychological Science source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15] E Austen, 2004, Mislocalizations of touch to a fake hand., Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [30]–[32]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Response bias cannot explain the differential side effects found in all three studies.
“Response bias – where, e.g. incongruent ‘up’ stimuli prime the ‘up response’ - is another factor thought to contribute to CCE magnitude [30], [33], [44] - but it cannot explain the differential side effects found in all three studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [30] C Spence, 2004, Spatial constraints on visual-tactile cross-modal distractor congruency effects Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [33] DI Shore, 2006, Temporal aspects of the visuotactile congruency effect., Neuroscience Letters source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [44] C Spence, 2004, Multisensory contributions to the 3-D representation of visuotactile peripersonal space in humans: evidence from the crossmodal congruency task., Journal of Physiology-Paris source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
These findings are unlikely to be due to a difference in the level of attention between the conditions, since stimulus-based differences were minimized between the synchronous and asynchronous stroking conditions.
“These findings are unlikely to be due to a difference in the level of attention between the conditions, since stimulus-based differences were minimized between the synchronous and asynchronous stroking conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Even for the full body, the magnitude of the CCE is modulated by the perceived spatial distance between the tactile target and the visual distractor.
“This demonstrates that even for the full body, the magnitude of the CCE is modulated by the perceived spatial distance between the tactile target and the visual distractor (as previously observed for hand CCEs [12], [15], [30], [32]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [12] F Pavani, 2000, Visual Capture of Touch: Out-of-the-Body Experiences With Rubber Gloves., Psychological Science source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15] E Austen, 2004, Mislocalizations of touch to a fake hand., Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [30], [32]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Modifying visual-somatosensory congruence by employing different types of stroking enabled manipulation of whether or not subjects felt as if they were looking at their own body, as indicated by the questionnaire data.
“Modifying visual-somatosensory congruence by employing different types of stroking enabled us to manipulate whether or not subjects felt as if they were looking at their own body, as indicated by the questionnaire data (see below).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The present experimental manipulations did enable investigation of global/full-body representations.
“However, as argued elsewhere [16], we believe that the present experimental manipulations did enable us to investigate global/full-body representations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] O Blanke, 2009, Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood., Trends in Cognitive Sciences source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Interference with more global aspects of bodily processing is likely given back (trunk) stroking because tactile receptive field properties differ substantially between neurons encoding the trunk (large and bilateral receptive fields) and those encoding hands or feet (small and unilateral receptive fields).
“Interference with more global aspects of bodily processing is also likely given back (trunk) stroking because tactile receptive field properties differ substantially between neurons encoding the trunk (large and bilateral receptive fields) and those encoding hands or feet (small and unilateral receptive fields) [49], [50].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [49] J Duhamel, 1991, Congruent representations of visual and somatosensory space in single neurons of monkey ventral intra-parietal cortex (area VIP).
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [50] M Taoka, 2000, Bilateral receptive field neurons in the hindlimb region of the postcentral somatosensory cortex in awake macaque monkeys., Experimental Brain Research source
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 25
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo significant effects of stroking type were found for self-location; the size of the drift in self-location did not differ for synchronous and asynchronous conditions.
“No significant effects (p>0.05) of stroking type were found for self-location – the size of the drift in self-location did not differ for synchronous and asynchronous conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe CCE was significantly larger for same side compared to different side visual presentation when the body was visible, but not when the body was not visible.
“the CCE was significantly larger for the same side compared to the different side visual presentation when the body was visible (t1,10 = 3.22; p = 0.009) but not when the body was not visible (t1,10 = 0.83; p>0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataANOVA for the object control did not reveal any significant main effects or interactions.
“The ANOVA did not reveal any significant main effects: stroking type (F1, 8 = 0.04, p = 0.846); side (F1, 8 = 0.01, p = 0.921); congruency (F1, 8 = 4.43, p = 0.068), or any significant interactions: stroking type×side (F1, 8 = 1.57, p = 0.246); stroking type×congruency (F1, 8 = 0.60, p = 0.460); side×congruency (F1, 8 = 0.452, p = 0.520); stroking type×side×congruency (F1, 8 = 1.17, p = 0.311).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataANOVA revealed significant main effects of side and congruency, a significant side×congruency interaction, and a significant three-way interaction between stroking type, side, and congruency.
“The ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of side (F1,12 = 9.10; p = 0.011), congruency (F1,12 = 15.80; p = 0.002), a significant interaction between side and congruency (F1,12 = 13.40; p = 0.003), and crucially, a significant three-way interaction between stroking type, side and congruency (F1,12 = 11.30; p = 0.006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor the object control questionnaire, there was a significant difference between ratings of the self-identification question for synchronous and asynchronous object blocks, but the ratings were barely or not positive.
“For the questionnaire data, there was a significant difference between ratings of the self-identification question (“I felt as if the object was my body“) for the synchronous and asynchronous object blocks (z = 2.20; p = 0.03), however the ratings were barely, or not even positive (4.1 for synchronous and 2.9 for synchronous on a scale where rating 4 is neither positive nor negative, i.e. ‘zero’).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the synchronous condition, subjects showed a mean drift in self-location of 8.1 cm towards the virtual body; in the asynchronous condition, the mean drift was 0.1 cm.
“In the synchronous condition the subjects showed a mean drift in self-location of 8.1 cm towards the virtual body, whereas in the asynchronous condition the mean drift was 0.1 cm”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataStroking (synchronous versus asynchronous) neither modulated the CCE, nor did it modify self-location or self-identification in study 1.
“Our second prediction was not confirmed: stroking (synchronous versus asynchronous) neither modulated the CCE, nor did it modify self-location or self-identification.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFull body CCEs are larger during synchronous stroking than during asynchronous stroking of one's back, and depend on the temporal delay between the vibro-tactile and LED stimuli.
“Second, full body CCEs are larger during synchronous stroking than during asynchronous stroking of one's back, and depend on the temporal delay between the vibro-tactile and LED stimuli.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe CCE is present for the full body and is larger when subjects see their body compared to when they do not see their body.
“we found that the CCE is present for the full body, and is larger when subjects see their body (as compared to when they do not see their body).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the object control, error rates were lower for the asynchronous condition than the synchronous condition, with a significant main effect of stroking type.
“Analysis of the error rates for the object control showed that error rates were lower for the asynchronous condition than the synchronous condition: there was a significant main effect of stroking type (F1, 8 = 5.61, p = 0.045).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBoth full body CCEs and measures of bodily self-consciousness are modulated by visuo-tactile stimulation (type of stroking): in the synchronous condition CCEs are larger, the drift towards the seen body is greater, and questionnaire ratings of self-identification with the seen body are higher compared to the asynchronous condition.
“Third, both full body CCEs and measures of bodily self-consciousness are modulated by visuo-tactile stimulation (type of stroking): In the synchronous stroking condition CCEs are larger, the drift towards the seen body is greater and the questionnaire ratings of self- identification with the seen body are higher compared to in the asynchronous condition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataError rates showed a similar pattern of modulation by congruency and side, with a significant main effect of congruency and a significant side×congruency interaction.
“The error rates showed a similar pattern of modulation by congruency and side. There was a significant main effect of congruency (F1,12 = 21.69; p = 0.001) and a significant interaction between side and congruency (F1,12 = 60.46; p = 0.000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the body condition of study 3, during synchronous stroking the CCE was significantly larger when the light appeared on the same side as the tactile stimulus compared to the different side, whereas during asynchronous stroking the CCE did not differ for same and different side.
“We replicated the previous result for the ‘body’ condition in this new sample of subjects, i.e. the effects confirmed those of study 2: during synchronous stroking the CCE was significantly larger when the light appeared on the same side as the tactile stimulus compared to when it appeared on the different side (t1,8 = 2.60; p = 0.031), whereas the CCE during asynchronous stroking did not differ”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataPlanned comparisons showed the CCE was significantly larger for same side than different side in the synchronous condition, but not in the asynchronous condition.
“Planned comparisons between same and different side CCEs for synchronous and asynchronous conditions revealed that the CCE was significantly larger for the same side than different side in the synchronous condition (t1,12 = 4.01; p = 0.002), but not in the asynchronous condition (t1,12 = 2.17; p>0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSuch effects were absent when the stimulus display did not show the subject's body, and when an object was viewed in the place of the body, even though the visual stimuli (LEDs) were still visible and in the same spatial configuration.
“Such effects were absent when the stimulus display did not show the subject's body, and when an object was viewed in the place of the body, even though the visual stimuli (LEDs) were still visible and in the same spatial configuration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe mean reaction times and drift measures were normally distributed according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
“The mean RTs and the drift (self-location) measures (calculated relative to initial position = 0) were normally distributed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationSelf-identification with the seen body and other phenomenological aspects were assessed at the end of each block by a questionnaire adapted from [18].
“Self-identification with the seen body and other phenomenological aspects were assessed at the end of each block by a questionnaire adapted from [18]; see Table 1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] B Lenggenhager, 2007, Video Ergo Sum: Manipulating Bodily Self-Consciousness., Science source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe order of blocks was counterbalanced across subjects.
“The order of blocks was counterbalanced across subjects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen felt stroking on the back is congruent with seen stroking on a virtual body, subjects show higher degrees of ownership for the virtual body and mislocalize their self to a position outside their bodily borders.
“When the ‘felt stroking’ on the back of the body was congruent with the ‘seen stroking’ on the ‘virtual’ body, subjects showed higher degrees of ownership (or self-identification) for the virtual body, and mislocalized their self to a position outside their bodily borders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] B Lenggenhager, 2007, Video Ergo Sum: Manipulating Bodily Self-Consciousness., Science source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataTwo subjects were excluded from the analyses of study 1 because of chance-level performance in some conditions.
“Two subjects were excluded from the analyses of study 1 because of chance-level performance in some conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningAn average of 4.8% of trials per subject were discarded.
“As a result an average of 4.8% of trials per subject were discarded.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe stimulus onset asynchrony of 33 msec in study 1 was chosen based on previous studies on CCEs which reported maximal CCEs for an SOA of ∼30-100 msec.
“The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 33 msec in study 1 was chosen based on previous studies on CCEs [30], [33] which reported maximal CCEs for an SOA of ∼30–100 msec.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [30] C Spence, 2004, Spatial constraints on visual-tactile cross-modal distractor congruency effects Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [33] DI Shore, 2006, Temporal aspects of the visuotactile congruency effect., Neuroscience Letters source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationA complex range of temporal, spatial and cognitive factors determines the weighting of each unisensory input during multisensory integration.
“A complex range of temporal, spatial (and cognitive) factors determines the weighting of each unisensory input during multisensory integration [35]–[37].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35]–[37]
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe particular combination of visual and tactile signals in study 1 may have affected the visuo-tactile integration involved in the computation of self-location.
“It is therefore possible that the particular combination of visual and tactile signals that were present in the experimental conditions in study 1 may have affected the visuo-tactile integration involved in the computation of self-location.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe lack of a stroking effect in study 1 may have been because the added visuo-tactile mismatch (LED versus vibration) interfered with mechanisms related to self-location and self-identification.
“This may have been because in the present set-up we added a second visuo-tactile mismatch (LED versus vibration) to the visuo-tactile mismatch already present due to stroking, thus the stimuli in the congruency task may have interfered with mechanisms related to self-location and self-identification.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe side effect is likely due to a change in spatial perceptual representations because if the touch is represented as being closer in space to where the body (and LEDs) are seen then the difference between same and different side CCEs would be larger.
“This side effect is likely to be a due to a change in the spatial perceptual representations because if the touch is represented as being closer in space to where the body (and LEDs) are seen then we would expect the difference between same and different side CCEs to be larger.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe present data show that previously described changes in self-location and self-identification are - under certain experimental conditions - associated with changes in the CCE, and hence with changes in the mapping of tactile stimuli.
“The present data show that the previously described [17], [18], [25], [27] changes in self-location and self-identification are - under certain experimental conditions - associated with changes in the CCE, and hence with changes in the mapping of tactile stimuli.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningWhen the LED-vibro-tactile stimuli were made more asynchronous (by introducing the larger SOA), this may have influenced the differential weighting of all visual and tactile stimuli present, and therefore affected how the felt stroking and seen stroking were integrated.
“We argue that when the LED-vibro-tactile stimuli were made more asynchronous (by introducing the larger SOA), this may have influenced the differential weighting of all visual and tactile stimuli present, and therefore have affected how the felt stroking and seen stroking were integrated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe difference in CCEs reported can only show that tactile and spatial stimuli are perceived as being closer to each other (in the synchronous condition); this finding cannot by itself show whether it is touch or vision that is remapped.
“The difference in CCEs we report can only show that tactile and spatial stimuli are perceived as being closer to each other (in the synchronous condition) – this finding cannot by itself show whether it is touch or vision that is remapped.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationMultisensory integration is strongly influenced by the temporal relations between stimuli.
“It is well known that multisensory integration is strongly influenced by the temporal relations between stimuli [33], [35]–[37].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] DI Shore, 2006, Temporal aspects of the visuotactile congruency effect., Neuroscience Letters source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [35]–[37]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe self-related aspects of the CCE appear to be not simply an effect of seeing a body, but of identifying with the seen body, and having an altered self-location (biased towards the spatial location at which the body is seen).
“The self-related aspects of the CCE appear to be not simply an effect of seeing a body, but of identifying with the seen body, and having an altered self-location (biased towards the spatial location at which the body is seen).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe present data reveal full body-related CCEs and 'self-related' CCEs, the latter demonstrating that the magnitude of the CCE is associated with 'what I experience as my body' and 'where I experience my body to be'.
“In conclusion, the present data reveal full body-related CCEs, and ‘self-related’ CCEs, the latter demonstrating that the magnitude of the CCE is associated with ‘what I experience as my body’ and ‘where I experience my body to be’.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe present study reveals that systematic alterations in the mapping of tactile stimuli occur in the full body illusion, and thus establishes CCE magnitude as an online performance proxy for subjective changes in bodily self-consciousness.
“The present study reveals that systematic alterations in the mapping of tactile stimuli occur in the full body illusion, and thus establishes CCE magnitude as an online performance proxy for subjective changes in bodily self-consciousness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataCCEs were associated with changes in self-identification (and thus more global changes than changes in self-attribution measured in the RHI).
“Firstly, CCEs were associated with changes in self-identification (and thus more global changes than changes in self-attribution measured in the RHI).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The crossmodal congruency effect has a relatively large magnitude and is less susceptible to experimenter expectancy effects than previous behavioural proxies of bodily self-consciousness.
“This measure has a number of advantages: its magnitude is relatively large and it is less susceptible to experimenter expectancy effects than previous behavioural proxies of bodily self-consciousness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The congruency task enables repeated, online measurements during manipulations of self-consciousness, and this has not previously been done in studies of partial or global bodily self-consciousness.
“Moreover, the congruency task enables the collection of repeated, ‘online’ measurements during manipulations of self-consciousness: this has not previously been done in studies of partial or global bodily self-consciousness.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bodily self-consciousness impacts several perceptual and cognitive functions such as tactile perception, pain perception, visual perception, and egocentric cognitive processes.
“Recent findings have shown that BSC impacts several perceptual and cognitive functions such as tactile perception [48,49], pain perception [50,51], visual perception [52–54], as well as egocentric cognitive processes [55].”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
Participants from both groups self-identified more strongly with the virtual body when the tactile stroking was applied synchronously with the visual stroking.
“Our questionnaire data (Q3) show that participants from both groups self-identified more strongly with the virtual body when the tactile stroking was applied synchronously with the visual stroking (Aspell et al., 2009;Lenggenhager et al., 2007).”
From Multisensory mechanisms in temporo-parietal cortex support self-location and first-person perspective (2011) · cites this paper as Aspell et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Two different ratings are both labeled synchronous
MinorThe self-identification rating for the synchronous object condition is given as both 4.1 and 2.9. The second label appears intended to refer to the asynchronous condition.
“4.1 for synchronous”
“2.9 for synchronous”
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Self-citationMultisensory Presence in Virtual Reality
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Perception of Our Own Body Influences Self-Concept and Self-Incoherence Impairs Episodic Memory
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Self-citationMultisensory perception and bodily self-consciousness: from out-of-body to inside-body experience
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Enlarged representation of peripersonal space in pregnancy
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A novel manipulation method of human body ownership using an fMRI-compatible master–slave system
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Self-citationI feel who I see: Visual body identity affects visual–tactile integration in peripersonal space
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Aspell, J. E., Lenggenhager, B., & Blanke, O.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Aspell, Jane E.
- Lenggenhager, Bigna
- Blanke, Olaf
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-08-05
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e6488
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2715165
- OpenAlex
- W2106775387
- Semantic Scholar
- 66533e7a3a26916d4bccbeacff85a8bf397bfbf9
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 16.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (067874, 3100-067874.02)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- bodily self-consciousness, multisensory integration, full-body illusion, body image, self-identification, head-mounted displays
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Psychophysiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept
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