Biomarker-based signature of alzheimer's disease in pre-MCI individuals
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology begins decades before the onset of clinical symptoms. It is recognized as a clinicobiological entity, being detectable in vivo independently of the clinical stage by means of pathophysiological biomarkers. Accordingly, neuropathological studies that were carried out on healthy elderly subjects, with or without subjective experience of cognitive decline, reported evidence of AD pathology in a high proportion of cases. At present, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents the only clinically diagnosed pre-dementia stage. Several attempts have been carried out to detect AD as early as possible, when subtle cognitive alterations, still not fulfilling MCI criteria, appear. Importantly, pre-MCI individuals showing the positivity of pathophysiological AD biomarkers show a risk of progression similar to MCI patients. In view of successful treatment with disease modifying agents, in a clinical setting, a timely diagnosis is mandatory. In clinical routine, biomarkers assessment should be taken into consideration whenever a subject with subtle cognitive deficits (pre-MCI), who is aware of his/her decline, requests to know the cause of such disturbances. In this review, we report the available neuropsychological and biomarkers data that characterize the pre-MCI patients, thus proposing pre-MCI as the first clinical manifestation of AD.
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Increased sensitivity in detection of cognitive decline comes at the expense of reduced specificity, and numerous other causes than neurodegeneration or Alzheimer's disease can be responsible for observed changes.
“However, this increased sensitivity in the detection of cognitive decline comes at the expense of a reduced specificity, and numerous other causes than neurodegeneration or Alzheimer’s disease can be responsible for the observed changes, such as metabolic disorders, psychiatric disorders, or sleep apnoea.72”
From Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations of the International Working Group (2021) · cites this paper as [72]
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Self-citationFilipek-Gliszczyńska, A., Barczak, A. K., Budziszewska, M., Mandecka, M., Gabryelewicz, T., & Barcikowska, M. (2018) · Folia Neuropathologica · doi:10.5114/fn.2018.76612 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
P1‐114: Self‐reported memory complaints: A comparison of demented and unimpaired outcomes
Kryscio, R. J., Abner, E. L., Jicha, G. A., Nelson, P. T., Smith, C. D., Eldik, L. J. V., Lou, W., Fardo, D. W., Cooper, G. E., & Schmitt, F. A. (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.312 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 155 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations of the International Working Group
Dubois, B., Villain, N., Frisoni, G. B., Rabinovici, G. D., Sabbagh, M., Cappa, S., Bejanin, A., Bombois, S., Epelbaum, S., Teichmann, M., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00066-1 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
“However, this increased sensitivity in the detection of cognitive decline comes at the expense of a reduced specificity, and numerous other etiologies can be responsible for the observed changes, such as personality traits, psychiatric disorders, and sleep apnea amongst others 46 .”
BackgroundLiss, J. L., Seleri Assunção, S., Cummings, J., Atri, A., Geldmacher, D. S., Candela, S. F., Devanand, D. P., Fillit, H. M., Susman, J., Mintzer, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13244 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Parnetti, L., Chipi, E., Salvadori, N., D’Andrea, K., & Eusebi, P. (2019) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-018-0459-7 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationSpermidine intake is associated with cortical thickness and hippocampal volume in older adults
Schwarz, C., Horn, N., Benson, G. S., Calzado, I. W., Wurdack, K., Pechlaner, R., Grittner, U., Wirth, M., & Flöel, A. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117132 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Bellomo, G., Paoletti, F. P., Chipi, E., Petricciuolo, M., Simoni, S., Tambasco, N., & Parnetti, L. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10121015 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationNayak, V., Patra, S., Rout, S., Jena, A. B., Sharma, R., Pattanaik, K. P., Singh, J., Pandey, S. S., Singh, R. P., Majhi, S., et al. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155150 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Alviarez‐Schulze, V., Cattaneo, G., Pachón‐García, C., Sánchez, J. S., Tormos, J. M., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & David Bartrés-faz, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.809019 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sun, Q., Xu, S., Guo, S., You, Y., Xia, R., & Liu, J. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/8882961 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in the Era of Disease-Modifying Treatments
Paraskevas, G. P., & Kapaki, E. N. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11101258 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Objective Criteria for Subtle Cognitive Decline in Aging and Preclinical Alzheimer Disease
Thomas, K. R., & Edmonds, E. C. (2025) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000213536 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zheng, Y., Lang, S., Liang, J., Jiang, Y., Zhao, B., Chen, H., Huang, D., Li, Q., Liu, H., Chen, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.969822 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Yang, H., Zhou, Z., Cheng, Z., & Zhao, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.569806 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pereira, F. R., George, N., Barba, G. D., Dubois, B., & Corte, V. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1414419 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pereira, F. R., George, N., Barba, G. D., Dubois, B., Corte, V. L., & the INSIGHT-preAD study group (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230921 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ryu, S. Y., Hong, Y. J., Ho, S. H., Jeong, J. H., Park, K. H., Kim, S., Wang, M. J., Choi, S. H., & Yang, D. W. (2022) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000523971 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chipi, E., Bellomo, G., Salvadori, N., Montanucci, C., Gaetani, L., Paoletti, F. P., & Parnetti, L. (2023) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2023.33 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Biomarkerization of Alzheimer’s Disease: From (Early) Diagnosis to Anticipation?
Boenink, M., & van der Molen, L. H. (2024) · Philosophy and medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62241-0_11 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Graessel, E., & Lauer, N. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Evidenz Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1016/j.zefq.2023.04.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Patwekar, F., Patwekar, M. F., Wei, L. S., Sharma, R., Varghese, R., & Mohammed, A. (2026) · Human Cell · doi:10.1007/s13577-026-01368-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Athanasaki, A., Tsantzali, I., Theodorou, A., Michalopoulou, A., Constantinides, V. C., Boufidou, F., Tzartos, J. S., Tsalouchidou, P., Zompola, C., Paraskevas, S. G., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26199531 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chipi, E., Fruttini, D., Salvadori, N., Montanucci, C., Siena, E., Menculini, G., Mazzeschi, C., & Parnetti, L. (2022) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acac061 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAlzheimer’s disease: Prevention Strategy
Kitisripanya, B. (2022) · International Journal of Current Science Research and Review · doi:10.47191/ijcsrr/v5-i7-59 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pereira, F. R., Chaumon, M., Dubois, B., Bakardjian, H., Bahrami, M., Habert, M., Andrade, K. S., Younsi, N., Corte, V. L., George, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12834-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ryu, S. Y., Lee, C., Ho, S. H., Hong, Y. J., Jeong, J. H., Park, K. H., Wang, M. J., Choi, S. H., Kim, S., & Yang, D. W. (2025) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000543230 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tappen, R. M., Newman, D., Rosselli, M., Conniff, J., Ray, S., Moshfeghi, S., Jang, J., Yang, K., & Furht, B. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26010290 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Субъективное когнитивное снижение (терминологические и диагностические границы)
Sidenkova, A. P., Тимофеевна, Б. Л., Babushkina, E. I., & Соколова, И. В. (2023) · Сибирский вестник психиатрии и наркологии · doi:10.26617/1810-3111-2023-3(120)-70-79
Zapata, R., Albizu, A., Perrin, C., O’Shea, A. M., Hardcastle, C., Kraft, J. N., Alexander, G. E., Marsiske, M., Cohen, R. A., Woods, A. J., et al. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.65411
- Authors
- Chipi, E., Salvadori, N., Farotti, L., & Parnetti, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Perugia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Parnetti, Lucilla
- Venue
- Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-08-23
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 213
- ISSN
- 2076-3425 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6769621
- OpenAlex
- W2969766245
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, early detection, subjective cognitive decline, preclinical Alzheimer's disease, neuropsychological assessment, disease-modifying therapy, cognitive decline
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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