The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment
Open accessAbstract
Wear and tear from tyres significantly contributes to the flow of (micro-)plastics into the environment. This paper compiles the fragmented knowledge on tyre wear and tear characteristics, amounts of particles emitted, pathways in the environment, and the possible effects on humans. The estimated per capita emission ranges from 0.23 to 4.7 kg/year, with a global average of 0.81 kg/year. The emissions from car tyres (100%) are substantially higher than those of other sources of microplastics, e.g., airplane tyres (2%), artificial turf (12–50%), brake wear (8%) and road markings (5%). Emissions and pathways depend on local factors like road type or sewage systems. The relative contribution of tyre wear and tear to the total global amount of plastics ending up in our oceans is estimated to be 5–10%. In air, 3–7% of the particulate matter (PM2.5) is estimated to consist of tyre wear and tear, indicating that it may contribute to the global health burden of air pollution which has been projected by the World Health Organization (WHO) at 3 million deaths in 2012. The wear and tear also enters our food chain, but further research is needed to assess human health risks. It is concluded here that tyre wear and tear is a stealthy source of microplastics in our environment, which can only be addressed effectively if awareness increases, knowledge gaps on quantities and effects are being closed, and creative technical solutions are being sought. This requires a global effort from all stakeholders; consumers, regulators, industry and researchers alike.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Plastic and Human Health: A Micro Issue?
Wright, S. L., & Kelly, F. J. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00423 · Cited by 3,413
Eerkes-Medrano, D., Thompson, R. C., & Aldridge, D. C. (2015) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012 · Cited by 2,638
Microplastic in Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Soil?
Rillig, M. C. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es302011r · Cited by 1,619
Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: what we know and what we need to know
Wagner, M., Scherer, C., Alvarez-Muñoz, D., Brennholt, N., Bourrain, X., Buchinger, S., Fries, E., Grosbois, C., Klasmeier, J., Marti, T., et al. (2014) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-014-0012-7 · Cited by 1,543
(2014) · doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3696-8 · Cited by 946
Fate of nano- and microplastic in freshwater systems: A modeling study
Besseling, E., Quik, J. T. K., Sun, M., & Koelmans, A. A. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.001 · Cited by 919
Cited by
Hartmann, N. B., Hüffer, T., Thompson, R. C., Hassellöv, M., Verschoor, A., Daugaard, A. E., Rist, S., Karlsson, T., Brennholt, N., Cole, M., et al. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b05297 · Cited by 2,881
Evaluating scenarios toward zero plastic pollution
Lau, W. W. Y., Shiran, Y., Bailey, R. M., Cook, E., Stuchtey, M. R., Koskella, J., Velis, C. A., Godfrey, L., Boucher, J., Murphy, M. B., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aba9475 · Cited by 1,766
A ubiquitous tire rubber–derived chemical induces acute mortality in coho salmon
Tian, Z., Zhao, H., Peter, K. T., Gonzalez, M., Wetzel, J., Wu, C., Hu, X., Prat, J., Mudrock, E., Hettinger, R., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd6951 · Cited by 1,604
Atmospheric microplastic deposition in an urban environment and an evaluation of transport
Wright, S. L., Ulke, J., Font, A., Chan, K. L. A., & Kelly, F. J. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105411 · Cited by 1,222
Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil
Guo, J.-J., Huang, X.-P., Xiang, L., Wang, Y.-Z., Li, Y.-W., Li, H., Cai, Q.-Y., Mo, C.-H., & Wong, M.-H. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105263 · Cited by 1,211
Wagner, S., Hüffer, T., Klöckner, P., Wehrhahn, M., Hofmann, T., & Reemtsma, T. (2018) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.051 · Cited by 1,120
Bioavailability and effects of microplastics on marine zooplankton: A review
Botterell, Z. L. R., Beaumont, N., Dorrington, T., Steinke, M., Thompson, R. C., & Lindeque, P. K. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.065 · Cited by 966
Baensch-Baltruschat, B., Kocher, B., Stock, F., & Reifferscheid, G. (2020) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823 · Cited by 869
The plastic brain: neurotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics
Prüst, M., Meijer, J., & Westerink, R. H. S. (2020) · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12989-020-00358-y · Cited by 811
Simulating human exposure to indoor airborne microplastics using a Breathing Thermal Manikin
Vianello, A., Jensen, R. L., Liu, L., & Vollertsen, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45054-w · Cited by 766
Bucci, K., Tulio, M., & Rochman, C. M. (2020) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2044 · Cited by 658
Amelia, T. S. M., Khalik, W. M. A. W. M., Ong, M. C., Shao, Y. T., Pan, H.-J., & Bhubalan, K. (2021) · Progress in Earth and Planetary Science · doi:10.1186/s40645-020-00405-4 · Cited by 641
Lindeque, P. K., Cole, M., Coppock, R. L., Lewis, C. N., Miller, R. Z., Watts, A. J. R., Wilson-McNeal, A., Wright, S. L., & Galloway, T. S. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114721 · Cited by 514
Microplastics entering northwestern Lake Ontario are diverse and linked to urban sources
Grbić, J., Helm, P., Athey, S., & Rochman, C. M. (2020) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.115623 · Cited by 407
Werbowski, L. M., Gilbreath, A. N., Munno, K., Zhu, X., Grbic, J., Wu, T., Sutton, R., Sedlak, M. D., Deshpande, A. D., & Rochman, C. M. (2021) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.1c00017 · Cited by 400
Tyre wear particles: an abundant yet widely unreported microplastic?
Knight, L. J., Parker-Jurd, F. N. F., Al-Sid-Cheikh, M., & Thompson, R. C. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08187-4 · Cited by 369
Rauert, C., Charlton, N., Okoffo, E. D., Stanton, R. S., Agua, A. R., Pirrung, M. C., & Thomas, K. V. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c07451 · Cited by 367
Luo, Z., Zhou, X., Su, Y., Wang, H., Yu, R., Zhou, S., Xu, E. G., & Xing, B. (2021) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148902 · Cited by 314
The Tire Wear Compounds 6PPD-Quinone and 1,3-Diphenylguanidine in an Urban Watershed
Johannessen, C., Helm, P., Lashuk, B., Yargeau, V., & Metcalfe, C. D. (2022) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-021-00878-4 · Cited by 313
Leads, R. R., & Weinstein, J. E. (2019) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.061 · Cited by 283
Occurrence of tire and bitumen wear microplastics on urban streets and in sweepsand and washwater
Järlskog, I., Strömvall, A.-M., Magnusson, K., Gustafsson, M., Polukarova, M., Galfi, H., Aronsson, M., & Andersson-Sköld, Y. (2020) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138950 · Cited by 269
Mayer, P. M., Moran, K. D., Miller, E. L., Brander, S. M., Harper, S., Garcia-Jaramillo, M., Carrasco-Navarro, V., Ho, K. T., Burgess, R. M., Thornton Hampton, L. M., et al. (2024) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171153 · Cited by 267
Chen, X., He, T., Yang, X., Gan, Y., Qing, X., Wang, J., & Huang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131245 · Cited by 233
Microplastics in urban runoff: Global occurrence and fate
Wang, C., O'Connor, D., Wang, L., Wu, W.-M., Luo, J., & Hou, D. (2022) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2022.119129 · Cited by 216
McIntyre, J. K., Prat, J., Cameron, J., Wetzel, J., Mudrock, E., Peter, K. T., Tian, Z., Mackenzie, C., Lundin, J., Stark, J. D., et al. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c03569 · Cited by 178
Tire wear particles: An emerging threat to soil health
Ding, J., Lv, M., Zhu, D., Leifheit, E. F., Chen, Q.-L., Wang, Y.-Q., Chen, L.-X., Rillig, M. C., & Zhu, Y.-G. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2022.2047581 · Cited by 167
Chibwe, L., Parrott, J. L., Shires, K., Khan, H., Clarence, S., Lavalle, C., Sullivan, C., O'Brien, A. M., De Silva, A. O., Muir, D. C. G., et al. (2022) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5140 · Cited by 159
Wright, S. L., Levermore, J. M., & Kelly, F. J. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b06663 · Cited by 153
Solving the plastic problem: from cradle to grave, to reincarnation
Rhodes, C. J. (2019) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/0036850419867204 · Cited by 146
More Than a First Flush: Urban Creek Storm Hydrographs Demonstrate Broad Contaminant Pollutographs
Peter, K. T., Hou, F., Tian, Z., Wu, C., Goehring, M., Liu, F., & Kolodziej, E. P. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c00872 · Cited by 157
Lange, K., Magnusson, K., Viklander, M., & Blecken, G.-T. (2021) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117457 · Cited by 144
Fate of road-dust associated microplastics and per- and polyfluorinated substances in stormwater
Pramanik, B. K., Roychand, R., Monira, S., Bhuiyan, M., & Jegatheesan, V. (2020) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2020.07.020 · Cited by 125
A novel 3D intestine barrier model to study the immune response upon exposure to microplastics
Lehner, R., Wohlleben, W., Septiadi, D., Landsiedel, R., Petri-Fink, A., & Rothen-Rutishauser, B. (2020) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02750-1 · Cited by 123
Tiny, shiny, and colorful microplastics: Are regular glitters a significant source of microplastics?
Yurtsever, M. (2019) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.009 · Cited by 87
Leifheit, E. F., Kissener, H. L., Faltin, E., Ryo, M., & Rillig, M. C. (2022) · Soil Ecology Letters · doi:10.1007/s42832-021-0114-2 · Cited by 87
Jansen, M. A. K., Andrady, A. L., Bornman, J. F., Aucamp, P. J., Bais, A. F., Banaszak, A. T., Barnes, P. W., Bernhard, G. H., Bruckman, L. S., Busquets, R., et al. (2024) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-024-00552-3 · Cited by 83
Microplastic removal from urban stormwater: current treatments and research gaps
Stang, C., Mohamed, B. A., & Li, L. Y. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115510 · Cited by 83
Particulate matter and the airway epithelium: the special case of the underground?
Cooper, D. M., & Loxham, M. (2019) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0066-2019 · Cited by 80
Permeable pavements: a possible sink for tyre wear particles and other microplastics?
Rasmussen, L. A., Lykkemark, J., Andersen, T. R., & Vollertsen, J. (2023) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161770 · Cited by 77
Lu, X., Zhang, J.-X., Zhang, L., Wu, D., Tian, J., Yu, L.-J., He, L., Zhong, S., Du, H., Deng, D.-F., et al. (2022) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156571 · Cited by 65
Boni, W., Arbuckle-Keil, G., & Fahrenfeld, N. L. (2022) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151104 · Cited by 61
Leads, R. R., Burnett, K. G., & Weinstein, J. E. (2019) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4545 · Cited by 54
Saifur, S., & Gardner, C. M. (2021) · Water Science and Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2021.187 · Cited by 54
Tire wear particles concentrations in gully pot sediments
Mengistu, D., Heistad, A., & Coutris, C. (2021) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144785 · Cited by 54
Effects of polyester fibers and car tire particles on freshwater invertebrates
Schell, T., Martinez-Perez, S., Dafouz, R., Hurley, R., Vighi, M., & Rico, A. (2022) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5337 · Cited by 50
LCA as a Tool for the Environmental Management of Car Tire Manufacturing
Katarzyna, P., Izabela, P., Patrycja, B.-W., Weronika, K., & Andrzej, T. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10207015 · Cited by 43
Wiener, E. A., & LeFevre, G. H. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00114 · Cited by 34
Rochman, C. M., Grbic, J., Earn, A., Helm, P. A., Hasenmueller, E. A., Trice, M., Munno, K., De Frond, H., Djuric, N., Santoro, S., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c00926 · Cited by 29
Current Concerns about Microplastics and Nanoplastics: A Brief Overview
Morreale, M., & La Mantia, F. P. (2024) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym16111525 · Cited by 24
Occurrence and sources of microplastics on Arctic beaches: Svalbard
Lloyd-Jones, T., Dick, J. J., Lane, T. P., Cunningham, E. M., & Kiriakoulakis, K. (2023) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115586 · Cited by 20
Huang, J., Li, Z., Wang, Z., Ma, H., Wang, J., & Xing, B. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139116 · Cited by 20
Reducing the Release of Microplastic from Tire Wear: Nordic Efforts
Skumlien Furuseth, I., & Støhle Rødland, E. (2020) · doi:10.6027/na2020-909 · Cited by 13
Saifur, S., & Gardner, C. M. (2023) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1093/jambio/lxad086 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Kole, P. J., Löhr, A. J., Van Belleghem, F., & Ragas, A.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-10-20
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1265
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2766101344
- Cited by
- 1,587
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 20.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
