Cited by 564Gut microbiota and healthOral microbiology and periodontitis researchProbiotics and Fermented Foods

The Gut Microbiome, Aging, and Longevity: A Systematic Review

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Badal, Varsha D., Vaccariello, Eleonora D., Murray, Emily R., Yu, Kasey E., Knight, Rob, Jeste, Dilip V., Nguyen, Tanya T.·2020·Nutrients

Abstract

Aging is determined by complex interactions among genetic and environmental factors. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome lies at the core of many age-associated changes, including immune system dysregulation and susceptibility to diseases. The gut microbiota undergoes extensive changes across the lifespan, and age-related processes may influence the gut microbiota and its related metabolic alterations. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the current literature on aging-associated alterations in diversity, composition, and functional features of the gut microbiota. We identified 27 empirical human studies of normal and successful aging suitable for inclusion. Alpha diversity of microbial taxa, functional pathways, and metabolites was higher in older adults, particularly among the oldest-old adults, compared to younger individuals. Beta diversity distances significantly differed across various developmental stages and were different even between oldest-old and younger-old adults. Differences in taxonomic composition and functional potential varied across studies, but Akkermansia was most consistently reported to be relatively more abundant with aging, whereas Faecalibacterium, Bacteroidaceae, and Lachnospiraceae were relatively reduced. Older adults have reduced pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid synthesis; however, oldest-old adults exhibited functional differences that distinguished their microbiota from that of young-old adults, such as greater potential for short-chain fatty acid production and increased butyrate derivatives. Although a definitive interpretation is limited by the cross-sectional design of published reports, we integrated findings of microbial composition and downstream functional pathways and metabolites, offering possible explanations regarding age-related processes.

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  • Studies in the past decade have demonstrated that gut microbiome composition changes with age, that exceptionally long-lived individuals have a different microbiome composition from average older adults, and that certain microorganisms and the metabolites they produce are beneficial to human health.

    “Studies in the past decade have demonstrated that gut microbiome composition changes with age, that exceptionally long-lived individuals have a different microbiome composition from average older adults131–133, and that certain microorganisms131,134,135 and the metabolites they produce132,134,136 are beneficial to human health.”

    From Measuring biological age using omics data (2022) · cites this paper as [131]

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Authors
Badal, V. D., Vaccariello, E. D., Murray, E. R., Yu, K. E., Knight, R., Jeste, D. V., & Nguyen, T. T.
Affiliations
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author
Nguyen, Tanya T.
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-12-07
Volume
12
Issue
12
Pages
3759
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3110715890
Cited by
551
References
91
Citations by year
2026: 108 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 29
FWCI
4.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (K23 MH118435-01A1, 5T32 MH019934-24)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Keywords
gut microbiota, aging, longevity, oldest old, microbial diversity, Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroidaceae, Lachnospiraceae, short-chain fatty acids, butyrate, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid synthesis, immune dysregulation
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Amino Acids, Cross-Sectional Studies, Feces, Female, Humans, Longevity, Male, Middle Aged, Protein Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Carbohydrate Metabolism

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