Effects of Whey, Soy or Leucine Supplementation with 12 Weeks of Resistance Training on Strength, Body Composition, and Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue Histological Attributes in College-Aged Males

Mobley, C.; Haun, Cody; Roberson, Paul; Mumford, Petey; Romero, Matthew; Kephart, Wesley; Anderson, Richard; Vann, Christopher; Osburn, Shelby; Pledge, Coree; Martin, Jeffrey; Young, Kaelin; Goodlett, Michael; Pascoe, David; Lockwood, Christopher; Roberts, Michael

doi:10.3390/nu9090972

Cited by 103Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingMuscle Physiology and Disorders

Effects of Whey, Soy or Leucine Supplementation with 12 Weeks of Resistance Training on Strength, Body Composition, and Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue Histological Attributes in College-Aged Males

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Mobley, C., Haun, Cody, Roberson, Paul, Mumford, Petey, Romero, Matthew, Kephart, Wesley, Anderson, Richard, Vann, Christopher +8 more·2017·Nutrients

DOI 10.3390/nu9090972PMC PMC5622732

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Abstract

We sought to determine the effects of L-leucine (LEU) or different protein supplements standardized to LEU (~3.0 g/serving) on changes in body composition, strength, and histological attributes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Seventy-five untrained, college-aged males (mean ± standard error of the mean (SE); age = 21 ± 1 years, body mass = 79.2 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly assigned to an isocaloric, lipid-, and organoleptically-matched maltodextrin placebo (PLA, n = 15), LEU (n = 14), whey protein concentrate (WPC, n = 17), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH, n = 14), or soy protein concentrate (SPC, n = 15) group. Participants performed whole-body resistance training three days per week for 12 weeks while consuming supplements twice daily. Skeletal muscle and subcutaneous (SQ) fat biopsies were obtained at baseline (T1) and ~72 h following the last day of training (T39). Tissue samples were analyzed for changes in type I and II fiber cross sectional area (CSA), non-fiber specific satellite cell count, and SQ adipocyte CSA. On average, all supplement groups including PLA exhibited similar training volumes and experienced statistically similar increases in total body skeletal muscle mass determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (+2.2 kg; time p = 0.024) and type I and II fiber CSA increases (+394 μm2 and +927 μm2; time p < 0.001 and 0.024, respectively). Notably, all groups reported increasing Calorie intakes ~600–800 kcal/day from T1 to T39 (time p < 0.001), and all groups consumed at least 1.1 g/kg/day of protein at T1 and 1.3 g/kg/day at T39. There was a training, but no supplementation, effect regarding the reduction in SQ adipocyte CSA (−210 μm2; time p = 0.001). Interestingly, satellite cell counts within the WPC (p < 0.05) and WPH (p < 0.05) groups were greater at T39 relative to T1. In summary, LEU or protein supplementation (standardized to LEU content) does not provide added benefit in increasing whole-body skeletal muscle mass or strength above PLA following 3 months of training in previously untrained college-aged males that increase Calorie intakes with resistance training and consume above the recommended daily intake of protein throughout training. However, whey protein supplementation increases skeletal muscle satellite cell number in this population, and this phenomena may promote more favorable training adaptations over more prolonged periods.

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For absolute lean mass, the impact of animal protein became significant when the study by Mobley et al., Moeller et al. or Thomson et al. was removed, resulting in higher WMD of between 0.25 kg and 0.29 kg.
“For absolute lean mass, the impact of animal protein became significant when the study by Mobley et al. [43], Moeller et al. [44] or Thomson et al. [46] was removed from the analysis, resulting in higher WMD of between 0.25 kg and 0.29 kg.”
From Animal Protein versus Plant Protein in Supporting Lean Mass and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2021) · cites this paper as [43]
Percent lean mass was highly affected by four studies (Hill et al., Lynch et al., Mobley et al. and Vupadhyayula et al.); when either one was removed, the impact of animal protein on percent lean mass was no longer significant.
“Percent lean mass was highly affected by four studies: i.e., Hill et al. [38], Lynch et al. [41], Mobley et al. [43] and Vupadhyayula et al. [49]. When either one of these studies was removed from the analysis, the impact of animal protein on percent lean mass was no longer significant.”
From Animal Protein versus Plant Protein in Supporting Lean Mass and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2021) · cites this paper as [43]

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A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults
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“[8] provides additional studies reporting that protein supplementation in conjunction with resistance training enhances indices of skeletal muscle anabolism, although other studies have reported that protein supplementation has no added benefit when performed in conjunction with 8–12 weeks of resistance training [9,10…”
Background
Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men
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“Although a secondary aim, our rationale for performing these analyses was due to our prior work which has demonstrated that WPH supplementation acutely increases lipolysis markers in rodents [18,71] and reduces fat mass in younger males following 10 weeks of resistance training [78].”
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Satellite cells in human skeletal muscle; from birth to old age
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A high protein diet (3.4 g/kg/d) combined with a heavy resistance training program improves body composition in healthy trained men and women – a follow-up investigation
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Authors: Mobley, C., Haun, C., Roberson, P., Mumford, P., Romero, M., Kephart, W., Anderson, R., Vann, C., Osburn, S., Pledge, C., Martin, J., Young, K., Goodlett, M., Pascoe, D., Lockwood, C., & Roberts, M.
Affiliations: Auburn University (US)
Lockwood, LLC, Draper, UT 84020, USA
Corresponding author: Roberts, Michael
ORCID: Mobley, C.
Haun, Cody
Roberson, Paul
Mumford, Petey
Romero, Matthew
Vann, Christopher
Osburn, Shelby
Martin, Jeffrey
Young, Kaelin
Venue: Nutrients
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2017-09-04
Volume: 9
Issue: 9
Pages: 972
ISSN: 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/nu9090972
PMC: PMC5622732
OpenAlex: W2751566108
Cited by: 103
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 6.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Gift donation, BNRG (to M.D.R.)
Gift donation, Hilmar Ingredients (to M.D.R.)
Resource donation, JW Nutritional (to M.D.R.)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords: whey protein, soy protein, leucine supplementation, resistance training, muscle strength, body composition, satellite cells, subcutaneous adipose tissue, adipocyte size, protein intake, muscle hypertrophy, fat loss, protein degradation, muscle protein degradation
MeSH terms: Whey Proteins, Alabama, Biopsy, Energy Intake, Dietary Proteins, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Leucine, Male, Protein Hydrolysates, Time Factors, Ultrasonography, Absorptiometry, Photon, Treatment Outcome, Dietary Supplements, Soybean Proteins, Subcutaneous Fat, Adiposity, Quadriceps Muscle, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training, Young Adult

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Effects of Whey, Soy or Leucine Supplementation with 12 Weeks of Resistance Training on Strength, Body Composition, and Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue Histological Attributes in College-Aged Males

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