Configuring New Business Models for Circular Economy through Product–Service Systems

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Product-service systems (PSSs) are often outlined as potential enablers of new business models for circular economy.

“Product-service systems (PSSs) are often outlined as potential enablers of new business models for circular economy.”

• Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain

  “Product-Service Systems (PSS) are often outlined as one of the potential enablers for configuring new business models for circular economy, stimulating life-extension and product take-back [10][11][12][13][14][15][16].”

• cites [10] Nußholz, J. (2017). Circular Business Models: Defining a Concept and Framing an Emerging Research Field. Sustainability, 9. sourceSupported
• cites [11] Blomsma, 2018, Enabling circular strategies with different types of product/service-systems, Procedia CIRP sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [12] Lieder, 2016, Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry, J. Clean. Prod. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The purpose of the CE-Driven BM Configurator is to trigger a change of mindset towards circular economy by acting around the dynamic capabilities concept.

“The purpose is to trigger a change of mindset towards CE by acting around the dynamic capabilities concept (individual managerial and organizational skills) [41].”

• cites [41] Teece, 2017, Business models and dynamic capabilities, Long Range Plann. sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Circular economy and product-service systems are indicated as promising approaches to improve the furniture sector.

“CE and PSS are indicated as promising approaches to this end [34,38,39].”

• cites [34] Forrest, A., Hilton, M., Ballinger, A., and Whittaker, D. (2017). Circular Economy Opportunities in the Furniture Sector, European Environmental Bureau.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [38] Bosch, T., Verploegen, K., Grösser, S.N., and van Rhijn, G. (2017). Sustainable Furniture that Grows with End-Users. Dynamics of Long-Life Assets, Springer International Publishing. sourceSupported
• cites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

A few works apply pattern-based approaches for designing business models for product-service systems, but they are still addressing circular economy superficially.

“Although a few works apply pattern-based approaches for designing BMs for PSS [42,43], they are still addressing CE superficially.”

• cites [42] Hellek, K., McAloone, T.C., Avlonitis, V., Garcia i Mateu, A., Andersen, J.B., Mougaard, K., Neugebauer, L., and Hsuan, J. (2013). PSS Tool Book: A Workbook in the PROTEUS Series, PRO-04, Technical University of Denmark (DTU).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [43] Kwon, M., Lee, J., and Hong, Y.S. (2019). Product-service system business modelling methodology using morphological analysis. Sustainability, 11. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Long usage time and technical simplicity of office furniture is a common barrier (AR A and B).

“Long usage time and technical simplicity of office furniture (AR A and B) [39]”

• cites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. sourceSupported

The quote only partly states this claim.

Limited applicability in regions where customers are geographically widespread is a common barrier (AR A).

“Applicability in regions where customers are geographically widespread (AR A) [39]”

• cites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Additional services could help improve the attractiveness of the PSS scenario to lock in customers (AR A and B).

“Additional services could help improve the attractiveness of the PSS scenario to lock in customers (AR A and B-see Tables 1 and 3) [39]”

• cites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The results of this research are consistent with findings of previous literature, confirming common barriers and favorable conditions for the implementation of circular economy-oriented PSS in the furniture sector.

“The results of this research are consistent with findings of previous literature [38,39], confirming common barriers or favorable conditions for the implementation of circular economy-oriented PSS in the furniture sector.”

• cites [38] Bosch, T., Verploegen, K., Grösser, S.N., and van Rhijn, G. (2017). Sustainable Furniture that Grows with End-Users. Dynamics of Long-Life Assets, Springer International Publishing. sourceSupported
• cites [39] Besch, 2005, Product-service systems for office furniture: Barriers and opportunities on the European market, J. Clean. Prod. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The transition to CE through new business models is a learning process that will require more than a tool, but a holistic and systemic approach of continuous change.

“This reinforces that the transition to CE through new business models is a learning process [67], which will require more than a tool, but a holistic and systemic approach of continuous change [9].”

• cites [67] Bocken, 2018, Experimenting with a circular business model: Lessons from eight cases, Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. sourceSupported
• cites [9] Pieroni, 2019, Business model innovation for circular economy and sustainability: A review of approaches, J. Clean. Prod. sourceCould not verify

  The indexed passages retrieved are bibliographic information and keywords, not discussion of the claimed transition. Searches for a learning process, a holistic and systemic approach, and continuous change found no passage in our copy that addresses those points. (LLM, conf=0.73)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ope had limited experience with additional basic services for product life-cycle extension occurring in an informal and ad hoc approach.

“Furthermore, they had limited experience with additional basic services for product life-cycle extension occurring in an informal and ad hoc approach (e.g., repair and maintenance, refurbishment services, buy-back scheme).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vestre offers outdoor furniture to allow the creation of social meeting places.

“Vestre offers outdoor furniture to allow the creation of social meeting places.”

May combine two claims.

Ope's participants selected BM idea 1 because of lower service dependence compared with the alternatives and less complexity and effort (or time) to develop.

“the participants reached consensus and selected 'BM idea 1' due to two criteria (company's choice): (i) lower service dependence when compared to other alternatives; (ii) less complexity and effort (or time) to develop.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ope's product comprises two key parts, MDF panels and plastic connectors.

“The product comprises two key parts, MDF panels and plastic connectors.”

May combine two claims.

Although profitable (positive return on investment), the concept incurs a delayed breakeven of 10 years.

“Although profitable (positive return on investment), the concept incurs in a delayed breakeven of 10 years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vestre had no return or pro-active action with its products when they reach end-of-use or absolute end-of-life.

“no return or 'pro-active action' with the products when they reach end-of-use or absolute end-of-life”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Vestre has a varied portfolio of premium products manufactured in-house and currently sold in B2B and B2G segments.

“They have a varied portfolio of premium products manufactured in-house and currently sold in B2B and B2G (business-to-government) segments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vestre had previous knowledge about the concept of circular economy, with a higher focus on the wider scope of environmental and social sustainability.

“Vestre also had previous knowledge about the concept of CE, with a higher focus on the wider scope of environmental and social sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The technology for guaranteeing the system's modularity was developed and patented by Ope and is fundamental for allowing multiple cycles of disassembly and assembly during use.

“The technology for guaranteeing the system's modularity was developed and patented by Ope and is fundamental for allowing multiple cycles of disassembly and assembly during use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Vestre is a small Norwegian company with headquarters in Oslo.

“This action research cycle occurred during January 2019 in Vestre, which is also a small Norwegian company with headquarters in Oslo.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The brainstorming in the first workshop produced eight business-model ideas, of which three were based on product-service systems.

“leading to the creation of eight BM ideas that were added to the Circular Strategies Scanner, of which three were based on PSS (Table 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vestre's products are mainly composed of wood and stainless steel.

“The different products are mainly composed of wood and stainless steel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ope had previous knowledge about the concept of circular economy and sustainability.

“Ope had previous knowledge about the concept of CE and sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vestre identified an opportunity to increase market share in a specific segment by providing products as services and greener solutions.

“they identified the opportunity for increasing market share in a specific segment by providing products as services and greener solutions”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Ope acknowledged challenges such as the presence of 'non-circular' components in the composition of the product, lack of formalized life-extension or end-of-life services, and no return or 'pro-active action' with the products when they reach end-of-use or absolute end-of-life.

“They also acknowledged some challenges, such as the presence of 'non-circular' components in the composition of the product (e.g., MDF and plastics), lack of formalized life-extension or end-of-life services, no return or 'pro-active action' with the products when they reach end-of-use or absolute end-of-life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ope offers dynamic and modular furniture systems, allowing the creation of working/living spaces.

“The company offers dynamic and modular furniture systems, allowing the creation of working/living spaces.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ope is a small Norwegian furniture manufacturer with headquarters in Stavanger.

“This action research cycle occurred during July 2018 in the company Ope, which is a small Norwegian furniture manufacturer with headquarters in Stavanger.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Vestre provides a guarantee on materials, which highlights the importance of the reliability of their products.

“The company provides a guarantee on materials, which highlights the importance of the reliability of their products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vestre acknowledged potential difficulties with recyclability or biodegradability due to the presence of toxic materials (e.g., lacquer impregnation and coating used in galvanization).

“potential difficulties with recyclability or biodegradability due to the presence of toxic materials (e.g., lacquer impregnation and coating used in galvanization)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vestre acknowledged the need to redesign its products to facilitate disassembly or repair.

“the need to redesign the products to facilitate disassembly or repair”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ope was developing a new product for short-term events, also designed with modular technology.

“Ope was developing a new product for short-term events, also designed with modular technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the furniture sector, 13 out of 41 patterns in the configurator address collaborations.

“In the furniture sector, 13 out of 41 patterns address collaborations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vestre was unsure how it could apply its products' characteristics (e.g., durability) to seize new business models for circular economy.

“Nevertheless, they were unsure about how they could apply their products' characteristics (e.g., durability) to seize new business models for CE.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vestre acknowledged that specific requirements from customers could potentially hinder the acceptance of circular-economy business models.

“specific requirements from customers potentially hindering the acceptance of CE BMs”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Even though positive, profitability of the proposed BM concept would occur in the long term, which would require capacity of investment and scalability that were not considered as feasible by Ope.

“Moreover, even though positive, profitability would occur in the long term, which would require capacity of investment and scalability that were not considered as feasible by Ope.”

May combine two claims.

Although the resource decoupling potential for the proposed BM concept showed positive results, the customer value criteria were not fulfilled.

“Although the resource decoupling potential for the proposed BM concept showed positive results, the customer value criteria were not fulfilled.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

From a usability perspective, although enhancements were incorporated after the first AR cycle, further improvements to the configurator are required.

“From the usability perspective, although enhancements were incorporated after the first AR, further improvements are required.”

May combine two claims.

For the concept, the sacrifices were considered larger than the benefits, so the criterion of superior customer value was not fulfilled.

“As sacrifices are considered larger than benefits, this criterion was not fulfilled.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Modular product design was already part of the incumbent BM, which could help avoid burden shifting.

“However, since modular product design was already part of the incumbent BM, this could help avoid burden shifting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After analyzing the assessments, Vestre discussed how to work with both models in parallel to suit different customer segments, but without cannibalizing each other.

“After analyzing the assessments, Vestre discussed how to work with both models in parallel to suit different customer segments, but without cannibalizing each other.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Configuration 2 presented a delayed pay-back period of around 9 years.

“The concept presented delayed pay-back period (around 9 years).”

May combine two claims.

It was not possible to capture the full circularity potential of the product: it could be used/refurbished for 10 cycles, but it reaches 2 cycles in this configuration.

“not possible to capture the 'full circularity potential' of the product (could be used/refurbished for 10 cycles, but it is reaching 2 cycles in this configuration)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From previous experience and initial experiments with this type of business model, Vestre identified that reconsiderations of product design would be necessary to adapt products for easy assembly and in loco customizations.

“Additionally, from previous experience and initial experiments with this type of business model, Vestre identified that reconsiderations of product design would be necessary to adapt products for easy assembly and in loco customizations (i.e., different urban landscape projects require adaptations in the installation procedures and slight modifications/adaptations of the products in loco).”

May combine two claims.

From a usefulness perspective, the CE-Driven BM Configurator showed positive results, supporting the two manufacturers with fast ideation and simulation workshops that provided knowledge about CE and PSS from external sources in an interactive and focused process.

“From a usefulness perspective, the CE-Driven BM Configurator showed positive results, supporting the manufacturers with fast ideation and simulation workshops providing knowledge about CE and PSS from external sources in an interactive and focused process.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' questionnaire responses and testimonials are a valid indicator of the configurator's usefulness.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The volume of returning products is small to justify investments in refurbishing facilities during the beginning of the implementation.

“The volume of returning products is small to justify investments in refurbishing facilities during the beginning of the implementation.”

May combine two claims.

The risks for implementing configuration 2 are higher than in configuration 1, and the effort for executing the mitigation plans is also higher.

“Moreover, the risks for implementing this configuration are higher than in configuration 1 and, likewise, the effort for executing the mitigation plans is also higher.”

May combine two claims.

'BM Pattern 1' was combined with a pattern entitled 'Incentivized product return for next-life sales', implying a buy-back scheme for products reaching the end-of-use but yet with the potential for further use (which could occur in six years for Vestre) in order to refurbish or remanufacture and resell them.

“'BM Pattern 1' (Table 3) was combined with a pattern entitled 'Incentivized product return for next-life sales.'This implies implementing a buy-back scheme for products reaching the end-of-use but yet with the potential for further use (which could occur in six years for Vestre) in order to refurbish or remanufacture and resell them.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ope judged that the sacrifices perceived by customers with the proposed concept, i.e., the need for full-office solutions with a diversified furniture portfolio, would surpass their perception of added benefits, leading to a low perceived value.

“Ope judged that the sacrifices perceived by the customers with the proposed concept, i.e., the need for full-office solutions with a diversified furniture portfolio, would surpass their perception of added benefits, leading to a low perceived value.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The estimated return of products and volumes of sales do not pay off the investment in refurbishing facilities and marketing campaigns required for launching this concept, i.e. the return on investment is negative in the first decade.

“The estimated return of products and volumes of sales do not pay off investment in refurbishing facilities and marketing campaigns required for launching this concept (i.e., negative return on investment in the first decade).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The added benefits considered for the PSS concept are lower upfront investment, more value received for money, convenience, and an environmentally conscious/compliant option for end-of-use.

“Considered added benefits: lower upfront investment; more value received to money; convenience; environmental conscious/compliant option for end-of-use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As an alternative, Ope is experimenting with another use-oriented PSS BM concept (modular furniture systems in a leasing scheme) for two active customers.

“As an alternative, Ope is experimenting with another use-oriented PSS BM concept (i.e., modular furniture systems in a leasing scheme) for two active customers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After further investigations, Ope has decided not to focus on the 'event solutions' since it would demand a complex system in terms of number of product components and add-on features to offer the expected complete solution.

“After further investigations, for instance, Ope has decided not to focus on the 'event solutions' since it would demand a complex system in terms of number of product components and add-on features to offer the expected complete solution.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The calculation of ROI, NPV and profit margins for different contract periods and prices helped adjust a feasible price for service contracts that enables profitability comparable to the current business model in the long term.

“This helped to adjust a feasible price for services contracts to enable comparable profitability to current BM (in the long term).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The CE-Driven BM Configurator still requires further development (e.g., a more flexible/dynamic software; adjustment in the level of information in the design options; refinement in the logic of suggestion of patterns configurations).

“Lastly, the CE-Driven BM Configurator still requires further development (e.g., a more flexible/dynamic software; adjustment in the level of information in the design options; refinement in the logic of suggestion of patterns configurations).”

May combine two claims.

Vestre's BM Concept 1 presented an acceptable pay-back period for the company (around 6 years), but estimated costs have to be reviewed after negotiation with partners.

“The concept presented an acceptable pay-back period for the company (around 6 years), but estimated costs have to be reviewed after negotiation with partners.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The configurator is flexible in terms of customer segments, varying according to the predominance of success cases in each specific sector.

“The configurator is flexible in terms of customers segments, varying according to the predominance of success cases in each specific sector.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sacrifice considered for the PSS concept is the binding of a 10-year contract.

“Sacrifices: binding of 10-year contract (should not be critical).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The binding of a 10-year contract should not be critical for customers.

The quote only partly states this claim.

Results demonstrate a positive uptake by the two companies regarding the outcomes obtained from applying the process model and the CE-Driven BM Configurator.

“Results demonstrate a positive uptake by the companies regarding the obtained outcomes.”

May combine two claims.

PSS business models for circular economy are often niche solutions, fulfilling specific needs and customer segments, and more likely to flourish with certain types/characteristic of products, segments or geographical locations.

“they are often 'niche solutions', fulfilling specific needs and customer segments, and more likely to flourish with certain types/characteristic of products, segments or geographical locations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The CE-Driven BM Configurator introduces sectorial contextualization to enable more precise and in-depth business model configurations for circular economy.

“Introducing a sectorial contextualization to enable more precise and in-depth business model configurations for CE.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

BM idea 3 would require the development of new service-oriented capabilities related to the actual operation and users' behaviour in offices, which are not available today.

“'BM idea 3' would require the development of new service-oriented capabilities, related to the actual operation and users' behavior in offices (e.g., ethnographical and user-centered design) not available today.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the new BM concept, event participants would have the possibility of booking, using and paying-per-use (days, weeks) for full preconfigured spaces.

“Participants of the events would have the possibility of booking, using, and paying-per-use (days, weeks) of full preconfigured spaces.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Facilities for recycling and coalitions for collecting ocean plastics will need to be established for the concept.

“Moreover, facilities for recycling and coalitions for collecting ocean plastics will need to be established.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The CE-Oriented BMI Process allows a holistic approach to companies, suggesting activities from design to implementation of CE-oriented business models.

“The process model allows a holistic approach to companies, in the sense that it suggests activities from design to implementation of CE-oriented BMs [23].”

• cites [23] Pieroni, M.P.P., McAloone, T.C., and Pigosso, D.C.A. Business model innovation for circular economy: Integrating literature into a conceptual process model. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED19), Manuscript In Press.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is one work applying the pattern-based approach for circular economy [25]; however, it is still conceptual and generic.

“There is one work applying the pattern-based approach for CE [25]; however, it is still conceptual (i.e., lacking clarity about how the implementation of the framework could occur in practice) and generic (i.e., lacking sectorial specificity or contextualization, which is relevant for CE [26]).”

• cites [25] Gold, 2019, A Review and Typology of Circular Economy Business Model Patterns, J. Ind. Ecol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [26] Wells, 2016, Economies of Scale Versus Small Is Beautiful, Organ. Environ. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The CE-Driven BM Configurator facilitates the proposal of business models based on PSS and with a focus on circular economy, including patterns that address economic and resource decoupling problems/opportunities.

“Facilitating the proposal of business models based on PSS and with a focus on CE, including patterns that address economic and resource decoupling problems/opportunities (section 3.2);”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the initial BM concept, after the agreed period the products would be picked up by the providers, who could facilitate reuse of the systems in nine further users/cycles before moving them back to the regional refurbishment/remanufacturing centre.

“the products would be pick-up by the providers, who could facilitate the reuse of system(s) in other nine users/cycles before moving them back to the regional refurbishment/remanufacturing center.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For the manufacturer, the event-spaces configuration would require less effort with logistics and facilitate scalability.

“For the manufacturer, this configuration would require less effort with logistics and facilitate scalability.”

• Also stated in: § 3.3.2. Action Research Cycle B · hedged

  “For the manufacturer, this configuration would require less effort with logistics and facilitate scalability.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The CE-Driven BM Configurator seeks to incentivize more individual actors acting in the position of manufacturers to change their perspectives and way of operating and inevitably to influence others.

“The Configurator seeks to incentivize more of those individual actors acting in the position of manufacturers to change their perspectives and way of operating and inevitably to influence others.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CE-Oriented BMI Process allows a systemic approach that integrates four tangible and intangible perspectives for CE-oriented business model innovation.

“Moreover, it allows a systemic approach that integrates four tangible and intangible perspectives for CE-oriented BM innovation: (i) activities and tools; (ii) business processes and sustainability performance interdependence; (iii) strategic decision-making procedures; and (iv) consideration of social traits and capabilities [23].”

• cites [23] Pieroni, M.P.P., McAloone, T.C., and Pigosso, D.C.A. Business model innovation for circular economy: Integrating literature into a conceptual process model. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED19), Manuscript In Press.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Circular economy will require 'breaking industry recipes' and the silo/organizational-centric view.

“CE will require 'breaking industry recipes' [46] and the silo/organizational-centric view.”

• cites [46] Matthyssens, 2006, Value innovation in business markets: Breaking the industry recipe, Ind. Mark. Manag. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the new BM concept, the systems could be used ten times before being collected and taken by the manufacturer to regional refurbishment/remanufacturing centres.

“the systems could be used ten times before being collected and taken by the manufacturer to regional refurbishment/remanufacturing centers.”

May combine two claims.

The CE-Driven BM Configurator tackles the identified gaps and advances knowledge in respect to the aforementioned research.

“The CE-Driven BM Configurator tackles those gaps and advances knowledge in respect to the aforementioned research by:”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Collaborations with service providers or dealers will be fundamental to enable the service-delivery and marketplace capabilities required by the concept.

“Collaborations with service providers or dealers will be fundamental to enable these capabilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Financing enablers are required for the concept, for instance the possibility to collaborate with existing customers for sharing risks and initial investments.

“Lastly, financing enablers are required, for instance, the possibility to collaborate with existing customers for sharing risks and initial investments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Event organizers and venue owners interested in providing the solution to their customers without much effort in services would be able to request the system for their venues by paying a deposit for the initial stocks.

“Event organizers and venue owners interested in providing this solution for their customers (i.e., event participants) without putting too much effort into services would be able to request the system for their venues by paying a deposit for the initial stocks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the initial BM concept proposed by Ope, companies seeking temporary workspace or event solutions would be able to access and temporarily use the furniture by subscribing to a service package or agreeing on a rental/lease contract directly from the provider's digital platform.

“companies (that are seeking temporary workspace or event solutions) would be able to access and temporarily use the furniture by either subscribing to a service package or agreeing on a determined rental/lease contract directly from the provider's digital platform (application).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

According to recent research in circular economy, some actor in the value chain has to take the lead and start thinking about circular economy first internally, then absorb the concepts, and then influence other actors and lead the initiatives that will occur collaboratively.

“However, according to recent research in CE [47], some actor in the value chain has to take the lead and start thinking about CE first internally, then absorb the concepts, and then influence other actors and lead the initiatives that will occur collaboratively.”

• cites [47] Perey, 2018, The place of waste: Changing business value for the circular economy, Bus. Strateg. Environ. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

BM idea 2 would require expanding the available furniture portfolio to provide convenient and comprehensive solutions, probably requiring collaboration with other furniture manufacturers or the creation of new product lines, and would take long-term to implement.

“'BM idea 2' would require the expansion of the available furniture portfolio to provide convenient and comprehensive solutions for customers.This would probably require collaboration with other furniture manufacturers or the creation of new product lines, which would require long-term for implementation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The CE-Driven BM Configurator enables practical application and provides guidance on how to use and combine patterns along the stages of ideation, design, and evaluation of business models for circular economy, including simulation of different configurations.

“Enabling practical application and providing guidance on how to use and combine the patterns along the stages of ideation, design, and evaluation of business models for CE, including simulation of different configurations (scenarios) (Figures 1 and 2; and section 3.2);”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Module 4 of the configurator provides companies the opportunity to check the affinity of proposed concepts with circular-economy outcomes, so they can either improve the concept or start designing another concept.

“provides the opportunity for companies to check the affinity of the proposed concepts with CE outcomes, so they can either improve the concept or decide to start the design/configuration of another concept.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Configuration 1 should be the target for dissemination in the case that cannibalization is inevitable, mainly taking into consideration the market representativeness of customer segments.

“They also discussed that configuration 1 should be the target for dissemination in the case that cannibalization is inevitable, mainly taking into consideration the market representativeness of customer segments.”

May combine two claims.

Rebound with the increased demand for resources could occur either if 2nd life furniture (refurbished or remanufactured) is perceived as of inferior functionality or if it is priced lower when compared to new ones.

“Rebound with the increased demand for resources could occur either if 2nd life furniture (refurbished or remanufactured) is perceived as of inferior functionality or if it is priced lower when compared to new ones [60].”

• cites [60] Zink, 2017, Circular Economy Rebound, J. Ind. Ecol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

By not having the upfront investment, customers (especially in the case of offices or project-based organizations) could spend these savings on other resources.

“By not having the upfront investment, customers (especially in the case of offices or project-based organizations) could spend these savings with other resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As a mitigation for the delayed pay-back period of configuration 2, the company would self-finance initial projects for strategic purposes.

“Mitigation: the company would self-finance initial projects for strategic purposes.”

May combine two claims.

Although legislation is still lagging behind, environmental practices and public policies seem to be advancing, at least in the Nordic context.

“Although legislation is still lagging behind, environmental practices and public policies seem to be advancing, at least in the Nordic context.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The furniture needs to be designed for easy disassembly, which could have an effect on durability.

“The furniture needs to be designed for easy disassembly.This could have an effect on durability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Because modular product design was already part of the incumbent business model, this could help avoid burden shifting.

“However, since modular product design was already part of the incumbent BM, this could help avoid burden shifting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Venue owners could act as partners and potentially share investment and profits to offer the solution for participants.

“It was discussed that venue owners could act as partners and potentially share investment and profits to offer the solution for participants (e.g., companies attending the events and in need of organizing their presentation stands/spaces).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The rebound mitigation from customers spending savings could be absent in the case of events' solutions because currently, the venue owners are not necessarily the owners of modular furniture/materials for space creation of stands.

“Mitigation: this could be absent in the case of events' solutions because currently, the venue owners are not necessarily the owners of modular furniture/materials for space creation of stands.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The mitigation actions for configuration 1 would rely on establishing collaborative/strategic partnerships, as well as reviewing considerations (trade-offs) for product design and pricing strategies.

“The mitigation actions would rely on establishing collaborative/strategic partnerships, as well as reviewing considerations (trade-offs) for product design and pricing strategies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

One potential risk is shifting the burden to the end-of-life by substituting the current raw material MDF to ocean plastics, in case that recyclability of the latter is not possible.

“One potential risk is shifting the burden to the end-oflife by substituting the current raw material MDF to ocean plastics, in case that recyclability of the latter is not possible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

By not having the upfront investment, customers (especially in the case of offices or project-based organizations) could spend these savings with other resources.

“By not having the upfront investment, customers (especially in the case of offices or project-based organizations) could spend these savings with other resources.”

May combine two claims.

Return on investment, net present value and profit margins (including profit per asset/product) for different buy-back fees and an average of substitution were calculated, which helped to adjust a feasible price for products or services contracts to enable comparable profitability to the current BM in the long term.

“Return on investment, net present value and profit margins (including profit per asset/product) for different buy-back fees and an average of substitution were calculated.This helped to adjust a feasible price for products or services contracts to enable comparable profitability to current BM (in the long term).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For value creation and delivery in configuration 2, beyond the new capabilities previously mentioned for configuration 1, Vestre will have to review its sales model and create standard contracts with service level agreements.

“For value creation and delivery, beyond the new capabilities previously mentioned for configuration 1, Vestre will have to review its sales model and create standard contracts with service level agreements.”

May combine two claims.

Ope concluded that the evaluated BM concept could work more adequately when the new product is ready for launching, since it will be directed to events with considerably shorter use cycles and could compose synergy with the current products.

“Based on this assessment (Table 2), Ope concluded that the evaluated BM concept could work more adequately when the new product is ready for launching, since it will be directed to events with considerably shorter use cycles (e.g., ranging from days to a couple of weeks) and could compose synergy with the current products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the case of B2G, the rebound risk from customers spending savings is considered as a mitigated risk since they are already with 'limited budget for investment' upfront.

“In the case of B2G, this is considered as a mitigated risk since they are already with 'limited budget for investment' upfront.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The furniture needs to be designed for easy disassembly and high durability.

“The furniture needs to be designed for easy disassembly and high durability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The rebound effect could be absent in the case of events' solutions because currently the venue owners are not necessarily the owners of the modular furniture/materials for space creation of stands.

“Mitigation: this could be absent in the case of events' solutions because currently, the venue owners are not necessarily the owners of modular furniture/materials for space creation of stands.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Venue owners are not necessarily the owners of the modular furniture/materials used for creating stands at events.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

One potential risk is shifting the burden to the end-of-life by substituting the current raw material MDF with ocean plastics, in case the recyclability of the latter is not possible.

“One potential risk is shifting the burden to the end-oflife by substituting the current raw material MDF to ocean plastics, in case that recyclability of the latter is not possible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The systems could be used ten times before being collected and taken by the manufacturer to regional refurbishment/remanufacturing centers.

“As in the previous concept, the systems could be used ten times before being collected and taken by the manufacturer to regional refurbishment/remanufacturing centers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Building on previous research, this research advances knowledge about when (or under which conditions) PSS can lead to enhanced circularity.

“Building on previous research, it advances knowledge about when (or under which conditions) PSS can lead to enhanced circularity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The key contribution of this research is consolidated in a framework to support identifying conditions for configuring 'CE-Oriented PSS business models'.

“Connected to our first key findings, our key contribution is consolidated in a framework to support identifying conditions for configuring 'CE-Oriented PSS business models.'”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Manufacturing companies planning to engage in CE through PSS need guidance on where and how to start.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the furniture sector, the generated business model concepts could be applied for B2B, B2C, or B2G.

“In the furniture sector, for instance, the generated business model concepts could be applied for B2B, B2C, or B2G.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Favorable upscaling conditions (existing infrastructure or possibility to invest in creating or accessing collection points, reverse logistics, or reprocessing facilities) can be facilitated by the correct selection of a market segment.

“or favorable upscaling conditions (i.e., existing infrastructure or possibility to invest on creating or accessing collection points, reverse logistics, or reprocessing facilities for the products and materials) can be facilitated by the correct selection of a market segment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The new capabilities required by the less-complex CE-oriented solutions would be realistic to achieve, despite already being challenging for the companies' context.

“First, the new capabilities required by these solutions would be realistic to achieve, despite already challenging for their context.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The key limitations of this research are the sample (number of companies) and time constraints for the generalization/verification of the long-term success of CE-Oriented PSS BM concepts.

“The key limitations of this research are the sample (i.e., number of companies) and time constraints for the generalization of assumption/verification of the long-term success of CE-Oriented PSS BM concepts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Since the tool incorporates the learnings from the two key findings, it can help manufacturing companies focus on problem-solving for CE instead of only trying out any type of PSS concept.

“Moreover, since the tool incorporates the learnings from the two aforementioned key findings, it can help manufacturing companies to focus on problem-solving for CE, instead of only trying out any type of PSS concept (which are not necessarily impactful for CE).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The configurator and the findings derived from two Nordic furniture manufacturers transfer to manufacturing companies and sectors beyond the two case companies.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The configuration of CE-Oriented PSS business models involves identifying sources of structural waste in the current configurations, occurring simultaneously with new (and synergistic) customer needs, and being able to generate positive economic results for the company.

“As exemplified in the AR cycles, the configuration of CE-Oriented PSS business models involves identifying sources of structural waste in the current configurations, occurring simultaneously to new (and synergistic) customer needs, and being able to generate positive economic results for the company.”

May combine two claims.

CE-Oriented PSS BMs are often (but not exclusively) 'niche solutions' in the sense that they fulfil very specific needs and customer segments, and are more likely to succeed with certain types of products or geographical locations.

“Finding 2: CE-Oriented PSS BMs are often (but not exclusively) 'niche solutions' in the sense that they fulfil very specific needs and customer segments, and are more likely to succeed with certain types of products or geographical locations.”

• Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · hedged

  “(ii) CE-Oriented PSS BMs are often (but not exclusively) 'niche solutions' in the sense that they fulfil very specific needs and customer segments, and are more likely to succeed with certain types of products or geographical locations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Based on finding 2, a condition entitled 'Market Potential' was added to the category 'superior customer value', related to the existence of representativeness of a customer in terms of generated revenues (e.g., large contracts) or enough volume of several potential interested customers.

“Based on this finding, another condition was added to the category 'superior customer value' on top of the one evaluated in the case companies.This condition, entitled 'Market Potential,' is related to the existence of representativeness of a customer in terms of generated revenues (e.g., large contracts) or enough volume of several potential interested customers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Finding 2 could be considered a consequence of finding 1, which imposes many conditions to fulfil the three expected outcomes of CE.

“This finding could be considered a consequence of finding 1, which imposes many conditions to fulfil the three expected outcomes of CE.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Applying higher prices to avoid rebound effects could bring difficulties for the company to withstand competition.

“One can argue that applying higher prices for avoiding rebound effects could bring difficulties for the company to withstand competition.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A successful implementation of these less-complex concepts could work as 'steppingstones' and help convince internal or external actors that CE-oriented BMs can generate business results or additional value and are worth expanding into more sophisticated solutions.

“Additionally, a successful implementation of these concepts could work as 'steppingstones' and help in convincing internal (e.g., sponsors and board members) or external actors (e.g., new investors, suppliers, new partners in the value chain, customers) that CE-oriented BMs can generate business results or additional value, and are worth expanding into more sophisticated solutions.”