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Role of the normal gut microbiota
Open accessAbstract
Relation between the gut microbiota and human health is being increasingly recognised. It is now well established that a healthy gut flora is largely responsible for overall health of the host. The normal human gut microbiota comprises of two major phyla, namely Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Though the gut microbiota in an infant appears haphazard, it starts resembling the adult flora by the age of 3 years. Nevertheless, there exist temporal and spatial variations in the microbial distribution from esophagus to the rectum all along the individual's life span. Developments in genome sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have now enabled scientists to study these microorganisms and their function and microbe-host interactions in an elaborate manner both in health and disease. The normal gut microbiota imparts specific function in host nutrient metabolism, xenobiotic and drug metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Several factors play a role in shaping the normal gut microbiota. They include (1) the mode of delivery (vaginal or caesarean); (2) diet during infancy (breast milk or formula feeds) and adulthood (vegan based or meat based); and (3) use of antibiotics or antibiotic like molecules that are derived from the environment or the gut commensal community. A major concern of antibiotic use is the long-term alteration of the normal healthy gut microbiota and horizontal transfer of resistance genes that could result in reservoir of organisms with a multidrug resistant gene pool.
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“The host-microbiota relationship has been defined as the synergistic effect of microbial metabolites on host immunity, health and disease, energy metabolism, and cellular communication.59, 60, 61, 62, 63,64”
From Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites (2021) · cites this paper as [59]
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“The gut microbiota has a key role in metabolic, nutritional, physiological, defensive and immunological processes in the human body, and its composition is closely connected to individuals’ health and the diseases they experience[12,13].”
From Proton pump inhibitors and dysbiosis: current knowledge and aspects to be clarified (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
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The Gluten-Free Diet for Celiac Disease and Beyond
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Involvement of Probiotics and Postbiotics in the Immune System Modulation
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Clos‐Garcia, M., Andrés, N., Fernández‐Eulate, G., Abecia, L., Lavín, J. L., Liempd, S. M. V., Cabrera, D., Royo, F., Valero, A., Errazquin, N., et al. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.031 · Cited by 202
Gut Microbiota Resilience: Definition, Link to Health and Strategies for Intervention
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Intestinal Microbiome Shifts, Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
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Lee, K.-E., Kim, J.-K., Han, S., Lee, D.-Y., Lee, H.-J., Yim, S., & Kim, D. (2020) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-020-00881-2 · Cited by 194
Molecular link between dietary fibre, gut microbiota and health
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Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Diet Polyphenols and Their Modulation of Gut Microbiota
Lippolis, T., Cofano, M., Caponio, G. R., Nunzio, V. D., & Notarnicola, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043813 · Cited by 220
Causality of small and large intestinal microbiota in weight regulation and insulin resistance
Scheithauer, T. P. M., Dallinga-Thie, G. M., de Vos, W. M., Nieuwdorp, M., & van Raalte, D. H. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.002 · Cited by 188
“Published by Elsevier paracasei exhibited reduced body fat accompanied with increased circulating levels of Angptl4.”
InfluentialFerro, D., Baratta, F., Pastori, D., Cocomello, N., Colantoni, A., Angelico, F., & Ben, M. D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092762 · Cited by 202
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Maternal exposures and the infant gut microbiome: a systematic review with meta-analysis
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Kuntal, B. K., Chandrakar, P., Sadhu, S., & Mande, S. S. (2018) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0291-x · Cited by 179
Abautret-Daly, Á., Dempsey, E., Parra‐Blanco, A., Medina, C., & Harkin, A. (2017) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2017.3 · Cited by 186
Metadata
- Authors
- Jandhyala, S. M.
- Venue
- World Journal of Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 29
- Pages
- 8787
- ISSN
- 1007-9327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4528021
- OpenAlex
- W1420654867
- Cited by
- 3,001
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 170 · 2025: 382 · 2024: 491 · 2023: 439 · 2022: 391 · 2021: 366 · 2020: 266 · 2019: 205 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 9.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- World Journal of Gastroenterology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, infant gut colonization, nutrient metabolism, gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, pathogen protection, mode of delivery, breast milk, infant formula, diet, antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance genes, horizontal gene transfer, multidrug resistance
- MeSH terms
- Bacillota, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Age Factors, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacteriological Techniques, Diet, Health Status, Homeostasis, Humans, Intestines, Computational Biology, Probiotics, Bacteroidetes, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Prebiotics, Synbiotics
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