Neurobiology of PTSD: A Review of Neuroimaging Findings
Open accessAbstract
Neuroimaging serves as an effec-tive way to investigate the neu-rocircuitry involved in the de-velopment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).1-3 A number of models describing functional neuroanatomy of PTSD symp-tom development emerged over the past decade, inspired by both basic animal re-search and an increasing number of human neuroimaging studies. These models have traditionally conceptualized PTSD as a state of heightened responsivity to threat-ening stimuli and later as a state of insuf-fi cient inhibitory control over-exaggerated threat-sensitivity. They emphasize the cen-trality of threat-related processing in the pathophysiology of PTSD and therefore
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PTSD is associated with failure to contextualize emotional memory.
“we have recently proposed that PTSD is associated with failure to contextualize emotional memory,30,44”
From Altered resting-state amygdala functional connectivity in men with posttraumatic stress disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [44]
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“In recent years there has been a growing body of narative reviews providing qualitative syntheses of neuroimaging ndings in the PTSD literature (Bremner, 2004; Francati et al., 2007; arfinkel and Liberzon, 2009; Lanius et al., 2006; Rauch et al., 006; Villarreal and King, 2004).”
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“The pathophysiology of PTSD is characterised by a heightened sensitivity to certain stimuli perceived to be threatening, followed by inability to extinguish the resulting fear (Garfinkel and Liberzon, 2009).”
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Self-citationEstrogen Levels Are Associated with Extinction Deficits in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Glover, E. M., Jovanović, T., Mercer, K. B., Kerley, K. A., Bradley, B., Ressler, K. J., & Norrholm, S. D. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.031 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Sartory, G., Cwik, J. C., Knuppertz, H., Schürholt, B., Lebens, M., Seitz, R. J., & Schulze, R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058150 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Lisieski, M. J., Eagle, A. L., Conti, A. C., Liberzon, I., & Perrine, S. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00196 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“The function of two PFC subregions, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the medial PFC (mPFC), has been found to be altered in PTSD (59, 60).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAcheson, D., Gresack, J., & Risbrough, V. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.029 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“Cortical and subcortical findings Structural MRI and functional MRI studies in PTSD report differences in volume and activation of limbic circuitry mediating stress responding, fear memory, and emotional modulation (Garfinkel and Liberzon, 2009; Rauch et al., 2006).”
Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review
Brewer, R., Murphy, J., & Bird, G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.036 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Malarbi, S., Abu-Rayya, H. M., Muscara, F., & Stargatt, R. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.004 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion and Its Regulation in PTSD
Fitzgerald, J. M., DiGangi, J. A., & Phan, K. L. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000185 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Maltreated Youth: A Review of Contemporary Research and Thought
Kearney, C. A., Wechsler, A., Kaur, H., & Lemos-Miller, A. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0061-4 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Sex differences in fear extinction
Velasco, E., Florido, A., Milad, M., & Andero, R. (2019) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.020 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Brain Network Disturbance Related to Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans
Spielberg, J. M., McGlinchey, R. E., Milberg, W., & Salat, D. H. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.013 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Understanding the Neuropsychological Consequences of Deployment Stress: A Public Health Framework
Vasterling, J. J., & Proctor, S. P. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710001116 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Gender and PTSD: different pathways to a similar phenotype
Pineles, S. L., Hall, K. A. A., & Rasmusson, A. M. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.11.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder: a social-cognitive perspective.
Sharp, C., Fonagy, P., & Allen, J. G. (2012) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“…the functional neuroanatomy of PTSD symptom development emerged over the past decade, these models mainly focus on PTSD as a state of heightened responsivity to threatening stimuli or as a state of insufficient inhibitory control overexaggerated threat-sensitivity (Garfinkel & Liberzon, 2009).”
BackgroundPretreatment biomarkers predicting PTSD psychotherapy outcomes: A systematic review
Colvonen, P. J., Glassman, L. H., Crocker, L., Buttner, M., Orff, H. J., Schiehser, D., Norman, S. B., & Afari, N. (2017) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.027 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Campbell, R., Feeney, H., Fehler‐Cabral, G., Shaw, J., & Horsford, S. R. (2015) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838015622436 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Avoidant symptoms in PTSD predict fear circuit activation during multimodal fear extinction
Sripada, R. K., Garfinkel, S. N., & Liberzon, I. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00672 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationConsidering PTSD from the perspective of brain processes: A psychological construction approach
Suvak, M. K., & Barrett, L. F. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20618 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“The authors contend that existing neural accounts fail to provide a viable model that explains the emergence and maintenance of PTSD and the associated heterogeneity in the expression of this disorder (cf. Garfinkel & Liberzon, 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWhite matter integrity alterations in post‐traumatic stress disorder
O'Doherty, D. C. M., Ryder, W., Paquola, C., Tickell, A. M., Chan, C., Hermens, D. F., Bennett, M. R., & Lagopoulos, J. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23920 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“They may also exhibit heightened responses to stimuli perceived as threatening, and subsequent inability to extinguish fear (Garfinkel and Liberzon, 2009).”
BackgroundFrontal and subcortical grey matter reductions in PTSD
O'Doherty, D. C. M., Tickell, A. M., Ryder, W., Chan, C., Hermens, D. F., Bennett, M. R., & Lagopoulos, J. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.05.008 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The common hyper-aroused type of PTSD is characterised by heightened responses to stimuli perceived by certain individuals as threatening, followed the inability to extinguish fear (Garfinkel and Liberzon, 2009).”
BackgroundDisner, S. G., Marquardt, C. A., Mueller, B. A., Burton, P. C., & Sponheim, S. R. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23886 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“In addition, there are several putatively maladaptive processes involved with PTSD, including hyper-responsivity to trauma-related cues and impaired top-down regulation of emotional states, that are shown to involve regions not present in the current meta-analysis (Garfinkel & Liberzon, 2009).”
BackgroundBrenner, L. (2011) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2011.13.3/lbrenner · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Studies often involve diverse cohorts (eg, mild TBI, combat veterans), and employ different paradigms (symptom provocation, cognitive activation) and modalities (eg, diffusion tensor imaging [DTI], functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI], single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]).(50) As such, findings…”
BackgroundInfluentialRabinak, C. A., Blanchette, A., Zabik, N. L., Peters, C., Marusak, H. A., Iadipaolo, A. S., & Elrahal, F. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05499-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…to insufficient top-down regulation from the mPFC/rACC, consequently leading to hyperarousal and an inability to suppress attention and responses to traumarelated stimuli (Pitman et al. 2001; Liberzon and Martis 2006; Garfinkel and Liberzon 2009; Fenster et al. 2018; Andrewes and Jenkins 2019).”
BackgroundMapping PTSD symptoms to brain networks: a machine learning study
Zandvakili, A., Barredo, J., Swearingen, H. R., Aiken, E., Berlow, Y. A., Greenberg, B. D., Carpenter, L. L., & Philip, N. S. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00879-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hien, D. A., López‐Castro, T., Fitzpatrick, S., Ruglass, L. M., Fertuck, E. A., & Melara, R. D. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.022 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A critical review of negative affect and the application of CBT for PTSD
Brown, W. J., Dewey, D., Bunnell, B. E., Boyd, S. J., Wilkerson, A. K., Mitchell, M. A., & Bruce, S. E. (2018) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838016650188 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“There is a substantial body of neuroscience literature that evinces the impact of dysregulated fear circuitry within the development of PTSD (Garfinkel & Liberzon, 2009; Johnson, McGuire, Lazarus, &Palmer, 2012; VanElzakker, Dahlgren, Davis, Dubois, & Shin, 2014).”
BackgroundNeural signatures of auditory hypersensitivity following acoustic trauma
McGill, M., Hight, A. E., Watanabe, Y. L., Parthasarathy, A., Cai, D., Clayton, K. K., Hancock, K. E., Takesian, A. E., Kujawa, S. G., & Polley, D. B. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.80015 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…autism spectrum disorder (Klintwall et al., 2011; Robertson and Baron-Cohen, 2017), post-traumatic stress disorder (Ehlers and Clark, 2000; Garfinkel and Liberzon, 2009), fibromyalgia (Nielsen and Henriksson, 2007; Yunus, 2007), schizophrenia (González-Rodríguez et al., 2021; Luck and…”
BackgroundDisrupted resting-state insular subregions functional connectivity in post-traumatic stress disorder
Zhang, Y., Xie, B., Chen, H., Li, M., Guo, X., & Chen, H. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000004083 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“pathophysiological mechanism of PTSD is essential in the clinical treatment and management of this disorder.([5]) Increased efforts have been dedicated for the neuroimaging studies of PTSD; the insular cortex is suggested to be implicated in”
BackgroundNeurocognition in PTSD: Treatment Insights and Implications
Jak, A. J., Crocker, L. D., Aupperle, R. L., Clausen, A. N., & Bomyea, J. A. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_62 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Maack, D. J., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9362-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Indeed, there is evidence that traumatic exposure can alter the structure and functioning of areas of brain associated with BIS functioning, such as the hippocampus (Cherbuin et al. 2008; Garfinkel and Liberzon 2009 ).”
BackgroundPapini, S., Sullivan, G. M., Hien, D. A., Shvil, E., & Neria, Y. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.10.010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…amygdala, and prefrontal cortex (Glass, Dragunow, & Faull, 1997)—brain regions with key roles in fear acquisition and extinction (Quirk & Mueller, 2008) that have exhibited structural and functional impairments in patients with PTSD (Admon, Milad, & Hendler, 2013; Garfinkel & Liberzon, 2009).”
BackgroundUntangling PTSD and TBI: Challenges and Strategies in Clinical Care and Research
Hendrickson, R. C., Schindler, A. G., & Pagulayan, K. F. (2018) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0908-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Young, D. A., Chao, L. L., Neylan, T. C., O’Donovan, A., Metzler, T. J., & Inslicht, S. S. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Interoception in Fear Learning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Joshi, S. A., Aupperle, R. L., & Khalsa, S. S. (2023) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20230007 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Melara, R. D., Ruglass, L. M., Fertuck, E. A., & Hien, D. A. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.017 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Baclofen Add-on to Citalopram in Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Manteghi, A. A., Hebrani, P., Morteza-Nia, M., Haghighi, M. B., & Javanbakht, A. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000089 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Psychopharmacological treatment for military posttraumatic stress disorder: An integrative review
Tawa, J., & Murphy, S. (2013) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/1745-7599.12016 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Evers (2007), Antai-Otong (2007), Garfinkel and Liberzon (2009), Mirkes (2010), and Robinson and Shergill (2011) examined the differences between people who experienced similar traumatic events and found that individuals who are vulnerable to PTSD have structural abnormalities of the brain,…”
BackgroundBarredo, J., Aiken, E., Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., Greenberg, B. D., Carpenter, L. L., & Philip, N. S. (2018) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2018.0634 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“While these models account for the threat sensitivity and intrusions characteristic of PTSD, they offer an incomplete explanation for the full range of clinical symptoms [e.g., dissociation and avoidance (Garfinkel and Liberzon, 2009)].”
Pharmacological Prevention of Combat-Related PTSD: A Literature Review
Searcy, C. P., Bobadilla, L., Gordon, W. A., Jacques, S., & Elliott, L. (2012) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-11-00390 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Electrophysiological responses to threat in youth with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Grasso, D. J., & Simons, R. F. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.015 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Clausen, A. N., Thelen, J., Francisco, A. J., Bruce, J. M., Martin, L. E., McDowd, J. M., & Aupperle, R. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00062 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nielsen, K., & Ward, T. J. (2020) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354320906462 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Webb, E. K., Huggins, A. A., Belleau, E. L., Taubitz, L. E., Hanson, J. L., deRoon‐Cassini, T. A., & Larson, C. L. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.03.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
There Is More Than One Kind of Extinction Learning
Goodman, J., & Packard, M. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2019.00016 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Traumatic stress: established knowledge, current debates and new horizons
Eagle, G. T., & Kaminer, D. (2014) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246314547124 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tackling hyperarousal: an integrative multimodal approach
Krupnik, V. (2021) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2021.1907177 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In studies of the neurobiology of PTSD, physiological hyper-reactivity to trauma-related cues has consistently been demonstrated in PTSD patients and correlated with hyperactivation of the amygdala and hypoactivation of the prefrontal cortex (Garfinkel & Liberzon, 2009; Weston, 2014).”
BackgroundFacco, E., Mendozzi, L., Bona, A., Motta, A., Garegnani, M., Costantini, I., Dipasquale, O., Cecconi, P., Menotti, R., Coscioli, E., et al. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109274 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rubin, M., Hien, D. A., Das, D., & Melara, R. D. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7020016 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bomyea, J. A., Simmons, A. N., Shenton, M. E., Coleman, M. J., Sylvain Bouix, A., Yogesh Rathi, A., Pasternak, O., Coimbra, R. S. M., Shutter, L., George, M. S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.012 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Feola, B., Flook, E. A., Gardner, H., Phan, K. L., Gwirtsman, H. E., Olatunji, B. O., & Blackford, J. U. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22918 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Clausen, A. N., Billinger, S. A., Sisante, J.-F. V., Suzuki, H., & Aupperle, R. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02151 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Violence Exposure Is Associated With Atypical Appraisal of Threat Among Women: An EEG Study
Perizzolo, V. C., Moser, D. A., Vital, M., Serpa, S. R., Todorov, A. T., & Schechter, D. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576852 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Inferences, such as threat evaluation, could be positively and/or negatively affected by one’s own history of stressful interpersonal experiences and adverse life events, such as childhood maltreatment (Gibb et al., 2009; Nazarov et al., 2014; Neukel et al., 2019).”
BackgroundKnight, L. K., Naaz, F., Stoica, T., & Depue, B. E. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.07.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
López‐Castro, T., Martin, L., Nickley, S., Saraiya, T. C., & Melara, R. D. (2021) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594211046703 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Deficits in inhibitory control in PTSD have been traced in part to dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex (PFC).(9) Yet little is known about the prefrontal processes linking cognitive deficits to PTSD symptomatology.”
Affect and neural activity in women with PTSD during a task of emotional interference
Brown, W. J., Wojtalik, J. A., Dewey, D., Bruce, S. E., Yang, Z., & Sheline, Y. I. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.065 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Maja, R. A., Kilshaw, R. E., García-Barrera, M. A., & Karr, J. E. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120979690 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Supporting this model, researchers have observed PTSD-related abnormalities in fronto-limbic regions (Garfinkel & Liberzon, 2009; Hayes et al., 2012; Patel et al., 2012; Rauch et al., 1998) and reduced volumes in the left amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex…”
ResultRosada, C., Bauer, M., Golde, S., Metz, S., Roepke, S., Otte, C., Buß, C., & Wingenfeld, K. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106118 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Regional Gray Matter Volume Related to High Occupational Stress in Firefighters
Lee, D., Kim, W., Lee, J. E., Lee, J., Lee, S., Chang, S. J., Jeung, D.-Y., Hyun, D.-S., Ryu, H.-Y., Kim, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e335 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cannabis for posttraumatic stress disorder
Krumm, B. A. (2015) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000434091.34348.3c · Cited by 6 · see citing works
PTSD and other operational stress injuries among police officers
Faulkner, B., Fuss, S., & Couperthwaite, L. M. Z. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817872-0.00009-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kapteijn, C. M., van der Borg, J. A. M., Vinke, C. M., & Endenburg, N. (2021) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-bja10123 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress and decision-making: research prospects in the paradigm of neuroeconomics
Bogolyubova, O., & Шестакова, А. Н. (2015) · Experimental Psychology (Russia) · doi:10.17759/exppsy.2015080206 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Brain Structural Abnormalities in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Relations with Sleeping Problems
Liberzon, I., Wang, X., & Xie, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7148-0_12 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroanatomical Correlates of PTSD: Risk, Resiliency, and Sequelae
Stillman, A. N., & Aupperle, R. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_22-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Schmidt, N. B., Short, N. A., Stanley, I. H., Allan, N. P., & Albanese, B. J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Carletto, S., Panero, M., Cavallo, M., & Pagani, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57231-0_11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Korkmaz, B., & Soygüt, G. (2022) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12526 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Traumatic Stress and Pediatric Pain: Towards a Neurobiological Stress-Health Perspective
Kao, G. S., Bhandari, R. P., Huestis, S. E., & Golianu, B. J. (2017) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-017-0145-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
TOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY AND EXECUTIVE DYSFUNCTION IN PEOPLE WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA
Lytvyn, S. (2020) · INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY JOURNAL Web of Scholar · doi:10.31435/rsglobal_wos/30062020/7125 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Thus, it can be stated that persons with a history of psychological trauma have manifestations of executive dysfunctions [1, 3, 4, 7, 19, 24, 27].”
BackgroundGrey Matter Changes in the Brain Following Stress and Trauma
Bennett, M. R., & Lagopoulos, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91116-8_1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pupillary Response to Affective Voices: Physiological Responsivity and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Rubin, M., & Telch, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22574 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Correlates of PTSD: Risk, Resiliency, and Sequelae
Clausen, A. N., & Aupperle, R. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_22 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dunn, N., Esplin, J. A., & Fitzgerald, M. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2066956 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“These same brain regions are impacted by both childhood maltreatment 57 and PTSD; 8 likewise, yoga promotes regulation of the autonomic nervous system which is often a problem among adults who were maltreated in childhood.”
BackgroundShahkaram, H., Bakhtiari, M., Ganjali, A., & Kianimoghadam, A. S. (2025) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1014_24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gillavry, D. W. M., & Ullrich, D. C. (2020) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2020.1730111 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Stocco, A., Smith, B. M., PeConga, E. K., & Zoellner, L. A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rwz6u · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Garfinkel, S. N., & Critchley, H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00121-4
Self-citationNicotine and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Acheson, D. T., & Glenn, D. E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802574-1.00016-8
Brown, W. J. (2015) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis)
Neurobiology and Neuroimaging of PTSD
Milad, M. R., & Moore, K. N. (2018) · doi:10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0015
Complex Assessment of Combat Neurotrauma
Bowen, M., & Chang, A. (2018) · Journal of Neurology and Neurological Disorders · doi:10.15744/2454-4981.4.107
“Aupperle and colleagues (2012) summarized investigations regarding executive function and PTSD, and identified subtle impairments in response inhibition and attention regulation among those with PTSD [37].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on executive functioning
Kock, D., & Johannes, C. (2019)
A mixed-methods analysis of Iraqi refugees with potential trauma histories
Ibrahim, A. Y., & Herbert, J. D. (2013) · doi:10.17918/etd-4472
Transcranial Doppler (TCD): Role for Patients After Concussion
Razumovsky, A. Y. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81419-9_71
Ehrenreich, H., Krampe, H., & Sirén, A. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119159322.ch24
Incorporating a neuropsychological perspective into practice: A practical guide
Fairfax, H. (2017) · Counselling Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpscpr.2017.32.4.29
A Comprehensive study on the application of deep brain stimulation in PTSD
Zhang, J. (2023) · Theoretical and Natural Science · doi:10.54254/2753-8818/22/20230987
PTSD and Violence: Understanding the Connection and Implications for Treatment
Robinson, L. K. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1007488
James, L. M., Engdahl, B. E., Leuthold, A. C., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2025) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00560.2025
Feingold, D., Quiquempoix, M., Remadi, M., Sipahimalani, G., Lahutte, B., Léger, D., Gomez-Mérino, D., Chennaoui, M., & Saguin, E. (2026) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.70038
Trauma-related nightmares: A Comprehensive and Integrative review
Feingold, D., Roseau, J.-B., Verdonk, C., Richards, A. L., Chennaoui, M., Saguin, E., & Léger, D. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102259
Lipschutz, R. S., Dahlgren, K., Santos, J., Chambers, K., McAfee, E., Abrams, C., Merrill, N. A., Brennan, P. A., Rilling, J. K., Michopoulos, V., et al. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.04.009
- Authors
- Garfinkel, S. N., & Liberzon, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Houston Methodist (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Annals
- Publisher
- SLACK, Inc.
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 370-381
- ISSN
- 0048-5713 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2456
- OpenAlex
- W2100532508
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychiatric Annals (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, neurobiology of PTSD, neuroimaging findings, threat processing, threat sensitivity, inhibitory control, functional neuroanatomy, PTSD pathophysiology
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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