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The effect of coffee on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background The effect of coffee and caffeine on blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in hypertensive persons is uncertain.Objective The objective was to summarize the evidence on the acute and longer-term effects of caffeine and coffee intake on BP and on the association between habitual coffee consumption and risk of CVD in hypertensive individuals.Design A systematic review and meta-analysis of publications identified in a PubMed and EMBASE search up to 30 April 2011 was undertaken. Data were extracted from controlled trials on the effect of caffeine or coffee intake on BP change and from cohort studies on the association between habitual coffee consumption and CVD.Results In 5 trials, the administration of 200-300 mg caffeine produced a mean increase of 8.1 mm Hg (95% CI: 5.7, 10.6 mm Hg) in systolic BP and of 5.7 mm Hg (95% CI: 4.1, 7.4 mm Hg) in diastolic BP. The increase in BP was observed in the first hour after caffeine intake and lasted ≥3 h. In 3 studies of the longer-term effect (2 wk) of coffee, no increase in BP was observed after coffee was compared with a caffeine-free diet or was compared with decaffeinated coffee. Last, 7 cohort studies found no evidence of an association between habitual coffee consumption and a higher risk of CVD.Conclusions In hypertensive individuals, caffeine intake produces an acute increase in BP for ≥3 h. However, current evidence does not support an association between longer-term coffee consumption and increased BP or between habitual coffee consumption and an increased risk of CVD in hypertensive subjects.
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“In other contexts, however, it may transiently elevate blood pressure, alter vascular reactivity, and impose additional cardiovascular strain in susceptible populations [21,22].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
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“Acute caffeine-induced blood pressure responses are notably more pronounced in non-habitual users, individuals with borderline elevated blood pressure, and those with latent hypertension [21].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“single caffeine doses of 200 to 300 mg induced a mean increase in SBP and DBP of 8.1 mmHg (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 5.7-10.6 mmHg) and 5.7 mmHg (95 % CI = 4.1-7.4mmHg), respectively, which was observed in the first 60 minutes after intake and persisted up to 180 minutes afterwards.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Mesas et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“However, short-term metabolic studies have shown that caffeine can acutely increase blood pressure by antagonizing the adenosine A1 and A2A receptor,35–37 and could also acutely adversely affect arterial stiffness and endothelium dependent vasodilation.38, 39”
From Long-Term Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and a Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mesas, A. E., Leon-Muñoz, L. M., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., & Lopez-Garcia, E.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- ORCID
- Mesas, Arthur Eumann
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1113-1126
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2121680741
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, caffeine, blood pressure, hypertension, cardiovascular risk, acute blood pressure response, decaffeinated coffee
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Pressure, Caffeine, Cardiovascular Diseases, Coffee, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Young Adult
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