The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 29 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Background There is evidence that reducing blood glucose concentrations, inducing weight loss, and improving the lipid profile reduces cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes.Objective We assessed the effect of various diets on glycemic control, lipids, and weight loss.Design We conducted searches of PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar to August 2011. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with interventions that lasted ≥6 mo that compared low-carbohydrate, vegetarian, vegan, low-glycemic index (GI), high-fiber, Mediterranean, and high-protein diets with control diets including low-fat, high-GI, American Diabetes Association, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and low-protein diets.Results A total of 20 RCTs were included (n = 3073 included in final analyses across 3460 randomly assigned individuals). The low-carbohydrate, low-GI, Mediterranean, and high-protein diets all led to a greater improvement in glycemic control [glycated hemoglobin reductions of -0.12% (P = 0.04), -0.14% (P = 0.008), -0.47% (P < 0.00001), and -0.28% (P < 0.00001), respectively] compared with their respective control diets, with the largest effect size seen in the Mediterranean diet. Low-carbohydrate and Mediterranean diets led to greater weight loss [-0.69 kg (P = 0.21) and -1.84 kg (P < 0.00001), respectively], with an increase in HDL seen in all diets except the high-protein diet.Conclusion Low-carbohydrate, low-GI, Mediterranean, and high-protein diets are effective in improving various markers of cardiovascular risk in people with diabetes and should be considered in the overall strategy of diabetes management.
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“with an increase in HDL seen in all diets except the high-protein diet.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Abstract
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“Low-GI diets were effective in increasing HDL (WMD: +0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.07 mmol/L; P , 0.0001)”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Change in lipids
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“but the reductions in LDL and triglycerides were not significant compared with those for control diets (for low-GI diets, WMD: 20.07 mmol/L; 95% CI: 20.16, 0.02 mmol/L; P = 0.15”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Change in lipids
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“Salas-Salvado ´et al (31) compared 2 variations of the Mediterranean diet with a low-fat diet in 1224 participants with high cardiovascular risk.Approximately two-thirds of participants had diabetes, and the major significant finding was a greater reduction in triglycerides in the group who consumed the Mediterranean diet with nut supplementation.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Studies excluded from meta-analyses
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“Data pooled from 2 studies showed no benefit of high-protein diet compared with control diets for achieving weight loss (WMD: +0.44 kg; 95% CI: -0.96, 1.84; P = 0.54).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Weight loss
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“Four studies (31, 35-37) compared Mediterranean diets with low fat and the ADA diet”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Intervention
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“pooled data from the other studies showed no significant reduction in LDL (WMD: 20.08 mmol/L; 95% CI; 20.24, 0.08 mmol/L; P = 0.34).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Change in lipids
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“Low-carbohydrate diets appeared to be beneficial in increasing HDL (WMD +0.08 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.11 mmol/L; P , 0.00001)”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Change in lipids
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“or triglycerides (WMD: 20.04 mmol/L; 95% CI: 20.15, 0.07 mmol/L; P = 0.47).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Change in lipids
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“and increased HDL (WMD: +0.04 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.07 mmol/L; P = 0.004).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Change in lipids
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“Low-carbohydrate, low-GI ,and Mediterranean diets led to significant improvements in the lipid profile with up to a 4-10% increase in HDL (4% in Mediterranean, 5% in low-GI, and 10% in low-carbohydrate diets), 1-4% reduction in LDL (1% in lowcarbohydrate, 3% in low-GI, and 4% in Mediterranean diets), and 9% reduction in triglycerides.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
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“The Mediterranean diet significantly reduced triglycerides (WMD: 20.21 mmol/L; 95% CI: 20.29, 20.14 mmol/L; P , 0.00001)”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Change in lipids
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“The Mediterranean diet was more effective in achieving weight loss that control diets were with a WMD in weight loss of 21.84 kg (95% CI: 2.54, 21.15 kg; P , 0.00001).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Weight loss
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“The 16 studies included in the quantitative analysis were RCTs with dietary interventions that ranged from 6 mo (30, 32, 34, 35, 42) to 4 y (36).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > TABLE 1
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“Barnard et al (36) compared a vegan diet with the low-fat ADA diet and showed a significantly greater reduction in total cholesterol, LDL, and Hb A 1c in the vegan group after 74 wk.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Studies excluded from meta-analyses
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“A total of 20 RCTs were included (n = 3073 included in final analyses across 3460 randomly assigned individuals).”
- Also stated in: § Participants · plain
“The 20 studies included 3460 patients with final analyses in 3073 patients.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Abstract
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“A total of 1801 records were identified from the initial electronic search, with an additional 64 records from other sources (references of reviews and other articles).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Study selection
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“The Mediterranean diet was more effective in achieving weight loss that control diets were with a WMD in weight loss of 21.84 kg (95% CI: 2.54, 21.15 kg; P , 0.00001).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Weight loss
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“Yancy et al (32) compared a low-carbohydrate diet with a lowfat diet in 146 patients, 45 of whom had diabetes.There was no significant difference in the amount of weight loss or glycemic control in the whole group (41).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Studies excluded from meta-analyses
plainn = 146- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Six studies were excluded from meta-analyses; 4 of these studies had no other studies for comparison within their subgroup (5,(28)(29)(30), and 2 studies included participants with and without diabetes with no separate data provided for subjects with diabetes (31,41).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Studies excluded from meta-analyses
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In the paper
“Additional analysis at 18 mo (29) showed an advantage of vegetarian diets in terms of glycemic control and lipid profile but not in weight loss (48).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
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“There was a significant decrease in the percentage of Hb A 1c in subjects who consumed low-carbohydrate compared with other diets (WMD: 20.12%; 95% CI: 20.24%, 20.00%; P = 0.04, I 2 = 75%).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Glycemic control
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“2 studies (40, 44) compared a high-protein diet with low-protein and highcarbohydrate diets, respectively.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Intervention
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“Data from the 3 studies that compared low-GI with other diets (34,38,39) showed a 20.14% decrease in Hb A 1c in subjects who consumed low-GI compared with control diets (95% CI: 20.23%, 20.03%; P = 0.008, I 2 = 80%).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Glycemic control
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“A similar-sized study (30) that compared a vegetarian diet with the EASD diet showed greater weight loss and reduced requirements for diabetes medication in the vegetarian arm.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Studies excluded from meta-analyses
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“The lowcarbohydrate, low-GI, Mediterranean, and high-protein diets all led to a greater improvement in glycemic control [glycated hemoglobin reductions of 20.12% (P = 0.04), 20.14% (P = 0.008), 20.47% (P , 0.00001), and 20.28% (P , 0.00001), respectively] compared with their respective control diets”
- Also stated in: § Glycemic control · plain
“There was a significant decrease in the percentage of Hb A 1c in subjects who consumed low-carbohydrate compared with other diets (WMD: 20.12%; 95% CI: 20.24%, 20.00%; P = 0.04, I 2 = 75%).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Abstract
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“There was no significant difference in weight loss when low-carbohydrate diets were compared with control diets (WMD: 20.69 kg; 95% CI: 21.77, 0.39 kg; P = 0.21).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Weight loss
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“Data from the 3 studies that compared low-GI with other diets (34,38,39) showed a 20.14% decrease in Hb A 1c in subjects who consumed low-GI compared with control diets (95% CI: 20.23%, 20.03%; P = 0.008, I 2 = 80%).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Glycemic control
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“All participants were $18 y old, and all but one study (35) included both sexes.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Participants
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“with no significant reduction in LDL (WMD: 20.03 mmol/L; 95% CI: 20.12, 0.07 mmol/L; P = 0.57)”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Change in lipids
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“for control diets, WMD: 20.01 mmol/L; 95% CI: 20.04, 0.03 mmol/L; P = 0.69).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Change in lipids
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“High-protein diets had no effects on markers of the lipid profile (LDL WMD: 20.16 mmol/L; 95% CI: 20.41, 0.09 mmol/L; P = 0.22; triglyceride WMD: 20.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: 20.56, 0.33 mmol/L; P = 0.61; HDL WMD: +0.01 mmol/L; 95% CI: 20.08, 0.10 mmol/L; P = 0.89).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DIETS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
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“Low-carbohydrate and Mediterranean diets led to greater weight loss [20.69 kg (P = 0.21) and 21.84 kg (P , 0.00001), respectively]”
- Also stated in: § Weight loss · plain
“There was no significant difference in weight loss when low-carbohydrate diets were compared with control diets (WMD: 20.69 kg; 95% CI: 21.77, 0.39 kg; P = 0.21).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Abstract
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“The 20 studies included 3460 patients with final analyses in 3073 patients.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Participants
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“Four of the studies (31)(32)(33)41) included patients with and without diabetes, and one of these studies (32) provided data on the change in glycemic control in the diabetic group, and another study (33) was included in quantitative analysis despite not having separate data for the diabetic group because .80% of the study population had diabetes.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Participants
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“The 3 studies that compared Mediterranean with other diets (35)(36)(37) showed a WMD in Hb A 1c of 20.47% in favor of the Mediterranean diet (95% CI: 20.64%, 20.30%; P , 0.00001, I 2 = 82%).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Glycemic control
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“No significant benefit was shown in studies that compared highcarbohydrate with high-MUFA diets (5) and high-fiber with lowfat diets (28).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Studies excluded from meta-analyses
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“Other studies compared vegan with ADA diets (29), vegetarian with EASD diets (30), highcarbohydrate with high-MUFA diets (5), and high-fiber with low-fat diets (28).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Intervention
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In the paper
“Data pooled from 2 studies that compared high-protein with other diets (40,44) showed a significant decrease in the percentage of Hb A 1c in subjects who consumed high-protein diets (WMD: 20.28%; 95% CI: 20.38%, 20.18%; P , 0.00001, I 2 = 60%).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Glycemic control
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data pooled from 2 studies that compared high-protein with other diets (40,44) showed a significant decrease in the percentage of Hb A 1c in subjects who consumed high-protein diets (WMD: 20.28%; 95% CI: 20.38%, 20.18%; P , 0.00001, I 2 = 60%).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Glycemic control
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Low-GI diets resulted in a lower Hb A 1c and higher HDL but no significant difference in weight loss (34,38,39).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forest plots that show differences in Hb A 1c between low-carbohydrate and other diets (A), low-GI and other diets (B), Mediterranean and other diets (C), and high-protein and other diets (D).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The studies that compared a diet high in carbohydrates to one high in MUFAs and high-fiber with low-fat diets showed no significant differences in weight, glycemic control, and lipid profile (5,28).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Brehm, 2009, One-year comparison of a high monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Milne, 1994, Long-term comparison of three dietary prescriptions in the treatment of NIDDM, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither study showed any significant differences in weight, glycemic control, or lipids, but pooled data showed significantly lower Hb A 1c concentrations in the high-protein-diet group.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Kahleova et al (30) randomly assigned a similar number of participants to receive either a vegetarian or EASD diet and showed significant reductions in diabetes medication, greater weight loss, and increased insulin sensitivity in the vegetarian arm but no significant difference in Hb A 1c .”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The 3 trials included in the meta-analysis compared a Mediterranean diet with a conventional diet (ie, no change to the current diets of participants) and ADA diet (35)(36)(37) and showed better glycemic control, greater weight loss, and a more-favorable lipid profile in the Mediterranean-diet arm.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is clear that weight loss and reduced total calorie intake are important in the obtainment of good glycemic control (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Except for 3 studies (8,35,37), all other studies reported the method of random assignment, 10 studies reported the method of allocation concealment, and 6 studies were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis (7,32,34,36,39,40).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Quality of studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recently published review by Wheeler et al (47) that looked at literature between 2001 and 2010 also showed that lowcarbohydrate diets appeared to improve markers of glycemic control with nonsignificant improvements in lipoproteins.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wheeler, 2012, Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010, Diabetes Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several trials (8)(9)(10) have documented the potential benefits of carbohydrate restriction and low-glycemic index (GI) and Mediterranean diets on glycemic control and weight loss that are maintained long term (9,(11)(12)(13)(14).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites (8)(9)(10)
- Not checked yetcites (9,(11)(12)(13)(14)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The low-carbohydrate diets appeared to provide superior weight loss, glycemic control, and lipid profile compared with low-fat diets”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis was undertaken for each dietary-intervention subgroup when appropriate (16 of 20 trials) with Revman 5 software (Cochrane Information Management System) when data were available for more than one trial and were of sufficient quality.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown that low-GI, high-fiber, and Mediterranean diets improve glucose metabolism (16)(17)(18).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites (16)(17)(18)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most of these authorities recommend a carbohydrate intake of 50-60% of total energy intake, total fat intake #30% of energy (with moderate polyunsaturated fat and restriction of saturated and trans fat intake).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review provides evidence that modifying the amount of macronutrients can improve glycemic control, weight, and lipids in people with diabetes.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An important difference between the Mediterranean and ADA diets is likely to be the content of MUFAs, which has been shown to have an impact on the lipd profile (54,55), insulin sensitivity (56-58), and postprandial glucose concentrations (59).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Rodríguez-Villar, 2004, Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabet Med source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Garg, 1994, Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Esposito, 2004, Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Schwenke, 2005, Insulin resistance, low-fat diets, and low-carbohydrate diets: time to test new menus, Curr Opin Lipidol source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Lara-Castro, 2004, Diet, insulin resistance, and obesity: zoning in on data for Atkins dieters living in South Beach, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [59] O’Keefe, 2008, Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health, J Am Coll Cardiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Anderson et al (51) performed a meta-analysis that compared low-GI with high-GI diets and showed significant benefits in terms of glycemic control and lipid profile.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Anderson, 2004, Carbohydrate and fiber recommendations for individuals with diabetes: a quantitative assessment and meta-analysis of the evidence, J Am Coll Nutr source
plaindirectn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, there is a suggestion that vegan and vegetarian diets might be beneficial in improving glycemic control and inducing weight loss.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This impact on glycemic control might have been due to previous suggestions that protein has effects on appetite suppression (63) and insulin sensitivity (64)(65)(66)(67)(68).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Weigle, 2005, A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites (64)(65)(66)(67)(68)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Hb A 1c reduction was only 0.14% and might not have been clinically relevant.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our conclusion regarding the Mediterranean diet is similar to that in a review by Esposito et al (60), which showed improved glycemic control, and Kastorini et al (61), whose meta-analysis showed an association between the Mediterranean diet and improved lipid profile and lower blood glucose.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Esposito, 2010, Prevention and control of type 2 diabetes by Mediterranean diet: A systematic review, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [61] Kastorini, 2011, The effect of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome and its components: a meta-analysis of 50 studies and 534,906 individuals, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these studies included subjects those with type 1 diabetes and children and enrolled a mean of just 14 participants for an average of 33 d per trial, which made it difficult to extrapolate the findings to the prevalently older T2D population and made it impossible to predict if these benefits would be sustained over time.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The findings of Wheeler et al (47) were similar to ours with only little differences in glycemic control between low-and high-GI and other diets.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wheeler, 2012, Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The review of judgments of authors about each risk-of-bias item is presented as percentages across all included studies.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This possibility might be of particular relevance when the effect of low-carbohydrate diets is interpreted.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Weight change independently affects glycemic control and lipid profile.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is limited evidence on the optimal dietary approach to control hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
“However, there is limited evidence on the optimal dietary approach to control hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D) 4 .”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ideal proportion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein that should be recommended remains unclear.
“but the ideal proportion of the 3 main food components (carbohydrate, fat, and protein) that should be recommended remains unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is insufficient evidence to justify current recommendations for macronutrient intake in type 2 diabetes.
“However, there is insufficient evidence to justify these recommendations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No systematic review or meta-analysis has compared the effects of different categories of dietary intervention on glycemic control, weight loss, and lipids in type 2 diabetes.
“To our knowledge, there is no systematic review or meta-analysis that has compared the effects of different categories of dietary intervention on glycemic control, weight loss, and lipids in T2D.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Weight change independently affects glycemic control and lipid profile.
“Another major confounder was the independent effect of weight change on the other measured variables (glycemic control and lipid profile).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“All meta-analyses (n = 3) of high-protein diets were of critically low quality [26, 28, 30].”
From Diets for weight management in adults with type 2 diabetes: an umbrella review of published meta-analyses and systematic review of trials of diets for diabetes remission (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“VLCK diets have been shown to have beneficial effects on weight loss, insulin sensitivity and HbA1c in most studies.13, 30”
From Short-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet interventional weight loss program versus hypocaloric diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In fact, the VLCK diet induced a decrease in triglycerides, in line with the improvement in glycemic control as plasma levels of triglycerides is a biomarker of dysfunctional insulin sensitivity.30, 34”
From Short-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet interventional weight loss program versus hypocaloric diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses to date have attempted to pool carbohydrate restricted diets for diabetic populations, reporting mixed results.”
In the citing paper
“Most meta-analyses were of critically low (n = 7; [25–31]) to low quality (n = 5; [32–36]).”
In the citing paper
“Low-glycaemic-index diets [26, 36] were not associated with greater weight loss than control diets.”
In the citing paper
“Pooled results indicated significantly greater weight loss with Mediterranean diets than in control groups, by 0.3 kg (low quality; [32]) to 1.8 kg (critically low quality; [26]), over durations of 4–24 weeks.”
In the citing paper
“The remaining critically low- to low-quality meta-analyses showed differences of <1 kg between the two diets [26, 27, 31, 33, 34].”
In the citing paper
“Two meta-analyses, of low and critically low quality, considered weight loss from Mediterranean diets [26, 32].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Glycemic control
“Data from 8 studies (7, 8, 32, 33, 38, 39, 43, 44) were pooled and compared low-carbohydrate with a variety of control diets.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
“Ma et al (39) defined low GI as "choosing predominantly low-GI foods," which translated to foods that had, on average, a 3-point lower GI than those in the control arm (the ADA diet)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Studies excluded from meta-analyses
“Barnard et al (36) compared a vegan diet with the low-fat ADA diet”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
“The study that compared a vegan diet to the low-fat ADA diet showed significantly lower total cholesterol, LDL, and Hb A 1c in the vegan arm (29).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Studies excluded from meta-analyses
“Yancy et al (32) compared a low-carbohydrate diet with a lowfat diet in 146 patients, 45 of whom had diabetes.”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > DISCUSSION
“Samaha, 2003 (32)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > TABLE 1
“The 16 studies included in the quantitative analysis were RCTs with dietary interventions that ranged from 6 mo (30, 32, 34, 35, 42) to 4 y (36).”
§ Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes 1-3 > Studies excluded from meta-analyses
“Six studies were excluded from meta-analyses; 4 of these studies had no other studies for comparison within their subgroup (5,(28)(29)(30), and 2 studies included participants with and without diabetes with no separate data provided for subjects with diabetes (31,41).”
Citations
Cites
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873 · cited 1×
“INTRODUCTION There is good evidence that complex interventions, including dietary changes, can prevent the progression of impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes (1, 2).”
BackgroundStratton, I. M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405 · Cited by 9,059
Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange
Jenkins, D. J., Wolever, T. M., Taylor, R. H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J. M., Bowling, A. C., Newman, H. C., Jenkins, A. L., & Goff, D. V. (1981) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.3.362 · Cited by 3,857
Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating
Willett, W., Sacks, F., Trichopoulou, A., Drescher, G., Ferro-Luzzi, A., Helsing, E., & Trichopoulos, D. (1995) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.6.1402s · Cited by 2,461
Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet
Shai, I., Schwarzfuchs, D., Henkin, Y., Shahar, D. R., Witkow, S., Greenberg, I., Golan, R., Fraser, D., Bolotin, A., Vardi, H., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0708681 · Cited by 2,143
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Sorted by citations
Davies, M. J., D’Alessio, D. A., Fradkin, J., Kernan, W. N., Mathieu, C., Mingrone, G., Rossing, P., Tsapas, A., Wexler, D. J., & Buse, J. B. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci18-0033 · Cited by 3,518
Davies, M. J., D’Alessio, D. A., Fradkin, J., Kernan, W. N., Mathieu, C., Mingrone, G., Rossing, P., Tsapas, A., Wexler, D. J., & Buse, J. B. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4729-5 · Cited by 1,455
Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies
Ley, S. H., Hamdy, O., Mohan, V., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60613-9 · Cited by 1,301
Dinu, M., Pagliai, G., Casini, A., & Sofi, F. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.58 · Cited by 1,016
Augustin, L. S. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., Willett, W. C., Astrup, A., Barclay, A. W., Björck, I., Brand-Miller, J. C., Brighenti, F., Buyken, A. E., et al. (2015) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.005 · Cited by 707
“Findings from recently completed clinical trials provide further support for the utility of the GI and GL [40,77].”
Trichopoulou, A., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Tong, T. Y. N., Forouhi, N. G., Khandelwal, S., Prabhakaran, D., Mozaffarian, D., & de Lorgeril, M. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-112 · Cited by 696
“Mediterranean diets also improve glycemic control [125] and reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes [31].”
BackgroundEffect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review
Khazrai, Y. M., Defeudis, G., & Pozzilli, P. (2013) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2515 · Cited by 640
“[3] of studies on various diets such as low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, high-protein and low glycemic index diets found that the Mediterranean diet was the only one to significantly reduce weight as well as being the most effective in lowering glycemic levels and triglycerides in the blood.”
BackgroundInfluentialLi-ya, W., & Parhofer, K. G. (2014) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.08.010 · Cited by 543
A journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analyses
Esposito, K., Maiorino, M. I., Bellastella, G., Chiodini, P., Panagiotakos, D., & Giugliano, D. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008222 · Cited by 501
“HbA1c reduction appear to be lower than that of the Mediterranean diet.(18) To date, no head-to-head trial compared these beneficial dietary patterns, as they used a lower fat, highly carbohydrate diet as a control diet.”
BackgroundDietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review
Castro‐Barquero, S., Ruiz-León, A. M., Sierra-Pérez, M., Estruch, R., & Casas, R. M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12102983 · Cited by 530
“Likewise, low-CH diets showed greater effects on the control of glycated hemoglobin and blood lipid levels than low-fat diets in a short to medium term intervention [52,112,119,120].”
BackgroundDiet and exercise in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Magkos, F., Hjorth, M. F., & Astrup, A. V. (2020) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0381-5 · Cited by 507
Dietary and nutritional approaches for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes
Forouhi, N. G., Misra, A., Mohan, V., Taylor, R., & Yancy, W. S. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k2234 · Cited by 513
Goldenberg, J. Z., Day, A., Brinkworth, G. D., Sato, J., Yamada, S., Jönsson, T., Beardsley, J., Johnson, J. A., Thabane, L., & Johnston, B. C. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m4743 · Cited by 428
Chlorinated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes
Lee, D., Porta, M. S., Jacobs, D. R., & Vandenberg, L. N. (2014) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2013-1084 · Cited by 436
Mediterranean dietary pattern and depression: the PREDIMED randomized trial
Sánchez-Villegas, A., Martínez-González, M. A., Estruch, R., Salas-Salvadó, J., Corella, D., Covas, M. I., Arós, F., Romaguera, D., Gómez-Gracia, E., Lapetra, J., et al. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-208 · Cited by 403
“In fact, a beneficial role of supplementation with a Mediterranean diet enriched with olive oil in various processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, or weight regulation for patients with DM2 or multiple sclerosis has been described in several epidemiological studies [52-54].”
BackgroundSnorgaard, O., Poulsen, G. M., Andersen, H. K., & Astrup, A. (2017) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000354 · Cited by 351
“The predefined criteria for entering the analysis and the issues we address were fulfilled in only one high-quality review.(6) Furthermore, only part of this review was relevant for the present analysis, so we entered data from individual studies rather than using estimates from the review.”
MethodCradock, K. A., ÓLaighin, G., Finucane, F. M., Gainforth, H. L., Quinlan, L. R., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0436-0 · Cited by 343
β-hydroxybutyrate: Much more than a metabolite
Newman, J. C., & Verdin, E. M. (2014) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.08.009 · Cited by 347
“But such data as so far exists suggests that very-low carbohydrate and ketogenic diets may provide disproportionate benefit in weight loss and improved insulin resistance [90-92].”
Buckwheat as a Functional Food and Its Effects on Health
Giménez‐Bastida, J. A., & Zieliński, H. (2015) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02498 · Cited by 327
The Mediterranean Diet: From an Environment-Driven Food Culture to an Emerging Medical Prescription
Lăcătușu, C.-M., Grigorescu, E.-D., Floria, M., Onofriescu, A., & Mihai, B. M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16060942 · Cited by 323
Huo, R., Du, T., Xu, Y., Xu, W., Chen, X., Sun, K., & Yu, X. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.243 · Cited by 296
Weight gain and obesity in schizophrenia: epidemiology, pathobiology, and management
Manu, P., Dima, L., Shulman, M., Vancampfort, D., Hert, M. A. F. D., & Correll, C. U. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12445 · Cited by 302
“The macronutrient composition is less important than the caloric restriction (79), but low carbohydrate and Mediterranean diets led to greater weight loss than high-protein or low-glycemic index regimens (80).”
BackgroundSchwingshackl, L., Chaimani, A., Hoffmann, G., Schwedhelm, C., & Boeing, H. (2018) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0352-x · Cited by 273
Sainsbury, E., Kizirian, N. V., Partridge, S. R., Gill, T., Colagiuri, S., & Gibson, A. A. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.026 · Cited by 268
A Very Low-Carbohydrate, Low–Saturated Fat Diet for Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Randomized Trial
Tay, J., Luscombe‐Marsh, N. D., Thompson, C. H., Noakes, M., Buckley, J. D., Wittert, G., Yancy, W. S., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-0845 · Cited by 269
Schwingshackl, L., Missbach, B., Dias, S., König, J., & Hoffmann, G. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3303-z · Cited by 264
Goday, A., Bellido, D., Sajoux, I., Crujeiras, A. B., Burguera, B., García-Luna, P. P., Oleaga, A., Moreno, B., & Casanueva, F. F. (2016) · Nutrition & Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2016.36 · Cited by 258
Nutritional ketosis for weight management and reversal of metabolic syndrome
Gershuni, V. M., Yan, S. L., & Medici, V. (2018) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-018-0235-0 · Cited by 239
Protective Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
Salas‐Salvadó, J., Guasch‐Ferré, M., Lee, C., Estruch, R., Clish, C. B., & Ros, E. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.218487 · Cited by 245
“In accordance with these results, a recent meta-analysis that included 20 RCTs with interventions that lasted$6mo found a greater improvement in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity for the MedDiet arms compared with control diets such as low-carbohydrate or vegetarian diets (53).”
ResultWhole Grains and Pulses: A Comparison of the Nutritional and Health Benefits
Rebello, C. J., Greenway, F. L., & Finley, J. W. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf500932z · Cited by 241
Mendes-Soares, H., Raveh-Sadka, T., Azulay, S., Edens, K., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Cohen, Y., Ofek, T., Bachrach, D., Stevens, J., Colibaseanu, D., et al. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.8102 · Cited by 212
Tay, J., Thompson, C. H., Luscombe‐Marsh, N. D., Wycherley, T. P., Noakes, M., Buckley, J. D., Wittert, G. A., Yancy, W. S., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2018) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13164 · Cited by 215
“In Asians, the rising risk of T2D has been attributed to inadequate compensatory β-cell response to increasing insulin resistance.50 In African Americans, dietary glycaemic load has been shown to interact with insulin sensitivity to predict greater increases in adiposity.51 By reducing the glycaemic load to insulin-re…”
BackgroundInfluentialMechanistic targeting of advanced glycation end-products in age-related diseases
Rowan, S., Bejarano, E., & Taylor, A. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.036 · Cited by 219
“A Mediterranean diet also shows efficacy in treating diabetes, particularly in improving glycemic control [132,133].”
BackgroundDietary Protein to Carbohydrate Ratio and Caloric Restriction: Comparing Metabolic Outcomes in Mice
Solon-Biet, S. M., Mitchell, S. J., Coogan, S. C. P., Cogger, V. C., Gokarn, R., McMahon, A. C., Raubenheimer, D., de Cabo, R., Simpson, S. J., & Le Couteur, D. G. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.007 · Cited by 207
“Overall, reducing food intake and body weight improves the manifestations of metabolic syndrome and fatty liver (Ajala et al., 2013; Nseir et al., 2014).”
BackgroundChiavaroli, L., Lee, D., Ahmed, A., Cheung, A., Khan, T. A., Blanco, S., Mejia, Mirrahimi, A., Jenkins, D. J. A., Livesey, G., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1651 · Cited by 215
Nutrition and Female Fertility: An Interdependent Correlation
Silvestris, E., Lovero, D., & Palmirotta, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00346 · Cited by 221
“A 2013 Cochrane review performed on 52,044 randomized participants showed limited positive effects of the MedDiet on cardiovascular risk (66), whereas in the same year a metaanalysis performed on 3,073 randomly assigned individuals with different dietary regimes showed that the MedDiet as well as diets characterized b…”
BackgroundThe impact of low-protein high-carbohydrate diets on aging and lifespan
Le Couteur, D. G., Solon-Biet, S., Cogger, V. C., Mitchell, S. J., Senior, A., de Cabo, R., Raubenheimer, D., & Simpson, S. J. (2016) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-015-2120-y · Cited by 209
Teasdale, S. B., Ward, P. B., Rosenbaum, S., Samaras, K., & Stubbs, B. (2017) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.177139 · Cited by 198
“demonstrating the crucial role of nutrition in weight management [19] and the prevention and treatment of metabolic disease in the general population [20, 21], a comprehensive assessment of various nutritional intervention strategies employed to assist a highly vulnerable and challenging populations is a priority.”
BackgroundChuruangsuk, C., Hall, J., Reynolds, A., Griffin, S. J., Combet, E., & Lean, M. E. J. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05577-2 · Cited by 204
“…weeks to 2 years 6 months to 1 year 2−52 weeks 4−15 months 4 weeks to 2 years 1 year High-protein diet Qian et al, 2016 [29] High-MUFA diet Huo et al, 2015 [32] Ajala et al, 2013 [26] Mediterranean diet Zafar et al, 2019 [36] Ajala et al, 2013 [26] Low-glycaemic-index diet Viguiliouk et al,…”
InfluentialCombating the dual burden: therapeutic targeting of common pathways in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Scheen, A. J., & Gaal, L. F. V. (2014) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70004-x · Cited by 193
Sievenpiper, J. L., Chan, C. B., Dworatzek, P. D., Freeze, C., & Williams, S. L. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.009 · Cited by 200
Mediterranean diet in the management and prevention of obesity
Dominguez, L. J., Veronese, N., Bella, G. D., Cusumano, C., Parisi, A., Tagliaferri, F., Ciriminna, S., & Barbagallo, M. (2023) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112121 · Cited by 208
Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: A narrative review
Noakes, T. D., & Windt, J. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096491 · Cited by 178
Phung, T. L., Anothaisintawee, T., Chaikledkaew, U., Briones, J. R., Reutrakul, S., & Thakkinstian, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092722 · Cited by 204
“For instance, low-calories and low carbohydrate diets that aim to reduce body weight, a well-known associated factor of insulin resistance had beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and blood sugar level [65,66].”
BackgroundBonaccio, M., Castelnuovo, A. F. D., Bonanni, A., Costanzo, S., Lucia, F. D., Pounis, G., Zito, F., Donati, M. B., de Gaetano, G., & Iacoviello, L. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003003 · Cited by 169
“oil and red wine, monounsaturated (olive oil) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly from fish and nuts(5)), dietary fibre(18) 19 or low glycaemic index.(20) Our study aimed to test the association of MD and other dietary patterns with mental and physical health to examine the possible role played by total food antiox…”
BackgroundFasting for weight loss: an effective strategy or latest dieting trend?
Johnstone, A. M. (2014) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.214 · Cited by 173
Mediterranean Diet and Diabetes: Prevention and Treatment
Georgoulis, M., Kontogianni, M. D., & Yiannakouris, N. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6041406 · Cited by 185
“[37] of twenty RCTs (overall 3073 diabetic patients) exploring the effect of different dietary approaches for DM treatment, also including three of the aforementioned RCTs [30,33,34].”
BackgroundDinu, M., Pagliai, G., Angelino, D., Rosi, A., Dall'Asta, M., Bresciani, L., Ferraris, C., Guglielmetti, M., Godos, J., Del Bo', C., et al. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa006 · Cited by 164
Yubero‐Serrano, E. M., Fernández-Gandara, C., García‐Ríos, A., Rangel-Zúñiga, O. A., Gutierrez-Mariscal, F. M., Torres-Peña, J. D., Marı́n, C., López-Moreno, J., Castano, J. P., Delgado‐Lista, J., et al. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003282 · Cited by 169
Effects of total fat intake on body weight
Hooper, L., Abdelhamid, A. S., Bunn, D. K., Brown, T. J., Summerbell, C., & Skeaff, C. M. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011834 · Cited by 170
Skytte, M. J., Samkani, A., Petersen, A. D., Thomsen, M. N., Astrup, A. V., Chabanova, E., Frystyk, J., Holst, J. J., Thomsen, H. S., Madsbad, S., et al. (2019) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4956-4 · Cited by 163
Berryman, C., Lieberman, H., Fulgoni, V., & Pasiakos, S. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy088 · Cited by 127
Vitale, M., Masulli, M., Calabrese, I., Rivellese, A. A., Bonora, E., Signorini, S. G., Perriello, G., Squatrito, S., Buzzetti, R., Sartore, G., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10081067 · Cited by 162
“Nutritional recommendations have been issued by several scientific societies to support clinicians in the choice of the most suitable dietary intervention(s) in people with diabetes [1].”
BackgroundLee, Y., & Park, K. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9060603 · Cited by 151
Shakeri, H., Hadaegh, H., Abedi, F., Tajabadi‐Ebrahimi, M., Mazroii, N., Ghandi, Y., & Asemi, Z. (2014) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-014-3901-z · Cited by 145
“For instance, our previous study among patients with T2DM did not show any significant difference in lipid profiles following the consumption of a synbiotic food containing L. sporogenes (1 9 107 CFU) and 0.04 g inulin as prebiotic per 1 g after 6 weeks [21].”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, Y., Kim, S.-A., Lee, I., Kim, J., Park, K., Jeong, J.-Y., Jeon, J., Shin, J.-Y., & Lee, D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155918 · Cited by 149
“glycemic control in T2D patients with various diet interventions, including a vegan or vegetarian diet [12].”
BackgroundDietary and policy priorities to reduce the global crises of obesity and diabetes
Mozaffarian, D. (2020) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-019-0013-1 · Cited by 135
Guo, X., Yang, B., Tan, J., Jiang, J., & Li, D. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.142 · Cited by 141
Weight loss is a critical factor to reduce inflammation
Bianchi, V. E. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.08.007 · Cited by 142
“[215] found that weight loss improved the markers of inflammation in patients with cardiovascular risk independently from the type of diet, both a low-carbohydrate, low-glycemic index, Mediterranean, and high-protein diets.”
BackgroundVegan-vegetarian diets in pregnancy: danger or panacea? A systematic narrative review
Piccoli, G., Clari, R., Vigotti, F., Leone, F., Attini, R., Cabiddu, G., Mauro, G. D., Castelluccia, N., Colombi, N., Capizzi, I., et al. (2015) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13280 · Cited by 141
Mediterranean diet for type 2 diabetes: cardiometabolic benefits
Esposito, K., Maiorino, M. I., Bellastella, G., Panagiotakos, D. B., & Giugliano, D. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1018-2 · Cited by 144
Boniol, M., Dragomir, M., Autier, P., & Boyle, P. (2017) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-017-1037-3 · Cited by 141
Non-pharmacological Treatment Options in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Raveendran, A. V. (2018) · European Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2018.14.2.31 · Cited by 122
“Diets with low GL have also shown benefits in managing T2DM and reducing complications in several studies.(12,13,16,17)”
BackgroundHorn, L. V., Lenders, C. M., PRATT, C. A., Beech, B. M., Carney, P. A., Dietz, W. H., DiMaria-Ghalili, R. A., Harlan, T. S., Hash, R. B., Kohlmeier, M., et al. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz083 · Cited by 130
Korsmo‐Haugen, H., Brurberg, K. G., Mann, J., & Aas, A. (2019) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13499 · Cited by 115
“However, three recent meta-analyses of trials undertaken in individuals with T2DM reached different conclusions regarding the merits of carbohydrate restriction in this patient group.(16,20,21) In order to provide information for an update of current European Guidelines for the management and prevention of diabetes, w…”
BackgroundSteckhan, N., Hohmann, C.-D., Keßler, C. S., Dobos, G., Michalsen, A., & Cramer, H. (2015) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.010 · Cited by 118
“[62] concluded that lowcarbohydrate, low-glycemic index (GI), Mediterranean, and high-protein diets may be effective in improving variousmarkers of cardiovascular risk in people with diabetes.”
BackgroundInsulin-associated weight gain in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: What can be done?
Brown, A., Guess, N., Dornhorst, A., Taheri, S., & Frost, G. (2017) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13009 · Cited by 113
Barazzoni, R., Deutz, N. E. P., Biolo, G., Bischoff, S., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Cuerda, C., Delzenne, N., Leon Sanz, M., Ljungqvist, O., et al. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.010 · Cited by 112
Sleep apnoea and metabolic dysfunction
Bonsignore, M. R., Borel, A., Cayanan, E. A., & Grunstein, R. R. (2013) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/09059180.00003413 · Cited by 116
A critical review of low‐carbohydrate diets in people with Type 2 diabetes
van Wyk, H. J., Davis, R. E., & Davies, J. S. (2016) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12964 · Cited by 105
Fogelholm, M., Larsen, T. M., Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S., Macdonald, I. A., Martínez, J. A., Boyadjieva, N. I., Poppitt, S. D., Schlicht, W. M., Stratton, G., Sundvall, J., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9060632 · Cited by 109
“Protein intake is higher and CHO intake is lower than the recommended range for prevention of T2D [16,17].”
BackgroundJing, T., Zhang, S., Bai, M., Chen, Z., Gao, S., Li, S., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15143156 · Cited by 120
“However, there is no evidence-based census demonstrating the best dietary pattern for T2DM patients [10].”
BackgroundPrevalence of persons following a vegetarian diet in Germany
Koch-Institut, R. (2016) · PubMed Central · doi:10.17886/rki-gbe-2016-039 · Cited by 109
“The concept and design of DEGS 1 are described in detail elsewhere [12, 32, 33].”
MethodAlonso‐Domínguez, R., García‐Ortiz, L., Patino-Alonso, M. C., Sánchez‐Aguadero, N., Gómez-Marcos, M. Á., & Recio-Rodriguez, J. I. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010162 · Cited by 98
Jonasson, L., Guldbrand, H., Lundberg, A. K., & Nyström, F. H. (2014) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.894286 · Cited by 97
“This is not in agreement with previous randomized studies reporting a greater weight loss with LCD than with LFD (36).”
ResultA Call for an End to the Diet Debates
Pagoto, S., & Appelhans, B. M. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.8601 · Cited by 100
Mendes‐Soares, H., Raveh-Sadka, T., Azulay, S., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Cohen, Y., Ofek, T., Stevens, J., Bachrach, D., Kashyap, P., Segal, L., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz028 · Cited by 104
“Balanced glycemic concentrations are associated with an improvement in a variety of health markers (6, 7), and although a variety of nutrition interventions exist which aim to reduce the glycemic response to food, all have shown limited efficacy and/or compliance.”
BackgroundThe Effect of the Traditional Mediterranean-Style Diet on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis
Garcia, M., Bihuniak, J. D., Shook, J., Kenny, R. A., Kerstetter, J. E., & Huedo-Medina, T. B. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8030168 · Cited by 106
“Several recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses published on the MedSD and CVD risk have reported similar positive effects on HDL cholesterol [59], triglycerides [59], systolic blood pressure [60,61], diastolic blood pressure [60,61], and fasting blood glucose [60].”
BackgroundBoers, I., Muskiet, F. A. J., Berkelaar, E., Schut, E., Penders, R., Hoenderdos, K., Wichers, H. J., & Jong, M. (2014) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-13-160 · Cited by 100
“Also other low-carbohydrate, high-protein or Mediterranea n diets have demonstrated to be effective in improving various markers of cardiovas cular risk in diabetic patients [37].”
BackgroundDiversity of fibers in common foods: Key to advancing dietary research
Khorasaniha, R., Olof, H., Voisin, A., Armstrong, K., Wine, E., Vasanthan, T., & Armstrong, H. (2023) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108495 · Cited by 104
Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Archundia Herrera, M. C., Subhan, F. B., & Chan, C. B. (2017) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0284-5 · Cited by 98
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Esposito, K., & Giugliano, D. (2014) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2516 · Cited by 96
“Another systematic review with meta-analysis included 21 randomized controlled trials with interventions lasting 6 or more months and compared low carbohydrate, vegetarian, vegan, low glycaemic index, high fibre, Mediterranean and high protein diets with control diets in type 2 diabetes [42].”
BackgroundLifestyle Changes After a Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
Chong, S., Ding, D., Byun, R., Comino, E. J., Bauman, A. E., & Jalaludin, B. B. (2017) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds15-0044 · Cited by 106
“Weight management (11) and dietary modification such as adoption of a Mediterranean or low– glycemic index eating pattern (12,13) have been shown to be effective in improving markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.”
BackgroundManaging temptation in obesity treatment: A neurobehavioral model of intervention strategies
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Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution
Martínez, J. A., Navas‐Carretero, S., Saris, W. H. M., & Astrup, A. V. (2014) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.175 · Cited by 95
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“An unhealthy diet and lack of exercise were associated with a significantly increased risk of diabetes [4,5].”
BackgroundManagement of diabesity: Current concepts
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“analyses: [1] suggesting lowGI as one of four effective dietary approaches to reducing CVD risk in people with diabetes [46],”
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“weight representing 20 RCTs (n = 3073 subjects) failed to show any other RCT achieving improved health metrics with handson cooking and nutrition education [27].”
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Dietary Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes: How Millet Comes to Help
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“Protein has been repeatedly identified as an important component for dietary strategies for diabetics (Ezeogu et al., 2008; Ben-Avraham et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2010; Ajala et al., 2013).”
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“[73] Concerns have been raised regarding the use of DPP4 inhibitors, a common treatment for diabetes with a relatively lower incidence of dementia, concerning heart failure and other cardiovascular complications.”
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“Meta-analyses of RCTs have suggested that the Mediterranean diet can induce weight loss and reduce HbA1c levels in adults with T2DM [58-60].”
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“Other diets—low- carbohydrate (13–45% of energy from carbohydrate), high-protein, and Mediterranean (24–35% fat, high in unsaturated fats)—were more effective in achieving weight loss than low-fat, low-GI diets (60).”
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“A recent systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that low carbohydrate, low glycemic index (GI), Mediterranean, and high protein diets all showed greater improvements in glycemic control than control diets [16].”
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“Recent metaanalyses report that low-carbohydrate and low-GI diets have promising effects in diabetes management((8)).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ajala, O., English, P., & Pinkney, J.
- Affiliations
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (GB)
- Derriford Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 505-516
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2099244083
- Semantic Scholar
- e4d5824fa11cd712a63bb7bf472781a82f8d88f3
- Cited by
- 821
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 34
- FWCI
- 8.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, dietary intervention, glycemic control, HbA1c, low-carbohydrate diet, Mediterranean diet, low glycemic index diet, high-protein diet, weight loss, lipid profile, HDL cholesterol, cardiovascular risk, vegetarian diet, vegan diet, high-fiber diet
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fiber, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Lipids, Risk Factors, Diet, Vegetarian, Weight Loss, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Glycemic Index, Diet, Mediterranean, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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