Cited by 5,458Personality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 80 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character

Cloninger, C. Robert·1993·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts. Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008

Cites

80 of 80 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
Motivation and Personality
(1997) · Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found its Language · doi:10.4135/9781446221815.n7 · Cited by 15,148
Untitled work
(1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 15,136
Untitled work
(1962) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,856
The antecedents of self-esteem
Coopersmith, S. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,649
The Architecture of Complexity
Simon, H. A. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0718-9_31 · Cited by 4,479
Childhood and Society
Perry, J. B., & Erikson, E. H. (1965) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/349827 · Cited by 3,847
Untitled work
(1971) · Cited by 3,838
A Systematic Method for Clinical Description and Classification of Personality Variants: A Proposal
Cloninger, C. R. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014 · Cited by 3,678
Self-citation

Show all 81 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,049

Non-completion of personality disorder treatments: A systematic review of correlates, consequences, and interventions
McMurran, M., Huband, N., & Overton, E. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.002 · Cited by 192
Comorbidity of personality disorders and unipolar major depression: A review
Corruble, E., Ginestet, D., & Guelfi, J. (1996) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00091-7 · Cited by 191
The research domain criteria framework: The case for anterior cingulate cortex
Holroyd, C. B., & Umemoto, A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.021 · Cited by 187
Depression like characteristics of 5HTTLPR polymorphism and temperament in excessive internet users
Lee, Y. S., Han, D. H., Yang, K. C., Daniels, M. A., Na, C., Kee, B. S., & Renshaw, P. F. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.020 · Cited by 188
The search for dimensional structure differences between normality and abnormality: a statistical review of published data on personality and psychopathology.
O'Connor, B. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.962 · Cited by 188
Development of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA–PQ): A Factor/Facet Version of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ)
Aluja, A., Kuhlman, M. B., & Zuckerman, M. (2010) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.497406 · Cited by 192
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Open-Field Behavior in Mice
Gershenfeld, H. K., Neumann, P. E., Mathis, C., Crawley, J. N., Li, X., & Paul, S. M. (1997) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1025653812535 · Cited by 189
Genetic and Environmental Structure of Cloninger's Temperament and Character Dimensions
Ando, J., Suzuki, A., Yamagata, S., Kijima, N., Maekawa, H., Ono, Y., & Jang, K. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2004.18.4.379 · Cited by 191
Do Psychosexual Factors Play a Role in the Etiology of Provoked Vestibulodynia? A Critical Review
Desrochers, G., Bergeron, S., Landry, T., & Jodoin, M. (2008) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/00926230701866083 · Cited by 185
Biophilia as Evolutionary Adaptation: An Onto- and Phylogenetic Framework for Biophilic Design
Barbiero, G., & Berto, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700709 · Cited by 188
Pathological gambling and the five-factor model of personality
Bagby, R. M., Vachon, D. D., Bulmash, E. L., Toneatto, T., Quilty, L. C., & Costa, P. T. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.011 · Cited by 187
MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC VARIATION IN HUMAN PERSONALITY: TESTING EVOLUTIONARY MODELS BY ESTIMATING HERITABILITY DUE TO COMMON CAUSAL VARIANTS AND INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF DISTANT INBREEDING
Verweij, K. J. H., Yang, J., Lahti, J. M. T., Veijola, J. M., Hintsanen, M., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Heinonen, K., Pouta, A. M., Pesonen, A., Widén, E., et al. (2012) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01679.x · Cited by 187
Familiality of temperament in bipolar disorder: support for a genetic spectrum
Evans, L. M., Akiskal, H. S., Keck, P. E., McElroy, S. L., Sadovnick, A. D., Remick, R. A., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.015 · Cited by 185
Practice Parameters for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Conduct Disorder
Steiner, H. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199710001-00008 · Cited by 185
Impulse control disorders in eating disorders: clinical and therapeutic implications
Fernández‐Aranda, F., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Álvarez‐Moya, E. M., Granero, R., Vallejo, J., & Bulik, C. M. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.03.002 · Cited by 196
Personality profile and drug of choice; a multivariate analysis using Cloninger’s TCI on heroin addicts, alcoholics, and a random population group
Bon, O. L., Basiaux, P., Streel, E., Tecco, J. M., Hanak, C., Hansenne, M., Ansseau, M., Pelc, I., Verbanck, P., & Dupont, S. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.006 · Cited by 188
Dopamine D2 Receptors in the Insular Cortex and the Personality Trait of Novelty Seeking
Suhara, T., Yasuno, F., Sudo, Y., Yamamoto, M., Inoue, M., Okubo, Y., & Suzuki, K. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0761 · Cited by 184
Neuropsychological performance, impulsivity, ADHD symptoms, and novelty seeking in compulsive buying disorder
Black, D. W., Shaw, M. C., McCormick, B. A., Bayless, J. D., & Allen, J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.003 · Cited by 189
Executive Function and Decision-Making in Women with Fibromyalgia
Verdejo‐García, A., López-Torrecillas, F., Calandre, E. P., Delgado-Rodriguez, A., & Bechara, A. (2009) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acp014 · Cited by 182
Application of a Latent Class Analysis to Empirically Define EatingDisorder Phenotypes
Keel, P. K., Fichter, M., Quadflieg, N., Bulik, C. M., Baxter, M. G., Thornton, L., Halmi, K. A., Kaplan, A. S., Strober, M., Woodside, D. B., et al. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.2.192 · Cited by 181
The role of dopamine in Toxoplasma-induced behavioural alterations in mice: an ethological and ethopharmacological study
Skallová, A., Kodym, P., Frynta, D., & Jaroslav Flegr, A. (2006) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182006000886 · Cited by 180
A proposal for Axis II: Diagnosing personality disorders using the five-factor model.
Widiger, T. A., Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10423-025 · Cited by 180
The HEXACO model of personality structure and indigenous lexical personality dimensions in Italian, Dutch, and English
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., de Vries, R. E., Perugini, M., Gnisci, A., & Sergi, I. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.06.003 · Cited by 179
Relations of serotonin function to personality: Current views and a key methodological issue
Carver, C. S., & Miller, C. J. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.013 · Cited by 186
Anatomical Variability of the Anterior Cingulate Gyrus and Basic Dimensions of Human Personality
Pujol, J., López, A., Deus, J., Cardoner, N., Vallejo, J., Capdevila, A., & Paus, T. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1004 · Cited by 191
Spirituality in the Workplace: Theory and Measurement
Liu, C. H., & Robertson, P. J. (2010) · Journal of Management Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1056492610374648 · Cited by 175
Personality predicts working-memory-related activation in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex
GRAY, J. R., & BRAVER, T. S. (2002) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.2.1.64 · Cited by 175
Integrative Psychobiological Approach to Psychiatric Assessment and Treatment
Cloninger, C. R., & Svrakic, D. M. (1997) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1997.11024793 · Cited by 262
Self-citation
Personality and Differential Treatment Response in Major Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy and Pharmacotherapy
Bagby, R. M., Quilty, L. C., Segal, Z. V., McBride, C., Kennedy, S. H., & Costa, P. T. (2008) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370805300605 · Cited by 180
Why borderline personality disorder is neither borderline nor a personality disorder
Tyrer, P. J. (2009) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.78 · Cited by 172
Differing pathways between religiousness, spirituality, and health: A self-regulation perspective.
Aldwin, C. M., Park, C. L., Jeong, Y.-J., & Nath, R. (2014) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0034416 · Cited by 171
Persistence and brain circuitry
Gusnard, D. A., Ollinger, J. M., Shulman, G. L., Cloninger, C. R., Price, J. L., Essen, D. C. V., & Raichle, M. E. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0538050100 · Cited by 177
Self-citation
The psychological costs and benefits of being highly persistent: Personality profiles distinguish mood disorders from anxiety disorders
Cloninger, C. R., Zohar, A. H., Hirschmann, S., & Dahan, D. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.046 · Cited by 170
Self-citation
Identification of a polymorphism in the promoter region of DRD4associated with the human novelty seeking personality trait
Okuyama, Y., Ishiguro, H., Nankai, M., Shibuya, H., Watanabe, A., & Arinami, T. (2000) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000563 · Cited by 171
Decline of U.S. medical student career choice of psychiatry and what to do about it
Sierles, F. S., & Taylor, M. A. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.10.1416 · Cited by 170
A comparison of psychophysiological and self‐report measures of BAS and BIS activation
Brenner, S. L., Beauchaine, T. P., & Sylvers, P. D. (2005) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00261.x · Cited by 167
Molecular genetics support Gray's personality theory: the interaction of COMT and DRD2 polymorphisms predicts the behavioural approach system
Reuter, M., Schmitz, A. P., Corr, P. J., & Hennig, J. (2005) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145705005419 · Cited by 168
Unemployment in multiple sclerosis: the contribution of personality and disease
Strober, L., Christodoulou, C., Benedict, R., Westervelt, H., Melville, P., Scherl, W., Weinstock-Guttman, B., Rizvi, S., Goodman, A., & Krupp, L. (2012) · Multiple Sclerosis · doi:10.1177/1352458511426735 · Cited by 177
Personality and Depression
Bagby, R., Psych, C., Quilty, L., & Ryder, A. C. (2008) · Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · doi:10.1177/070674370805300104 · Cited by 106
Relationship between Circadian Typology and Big Five Personality Domains
Tonetti, L., Fabbri, M., & Natale, V. (2009) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520902750995 · Cited by 164
Person-centered Therapeutics
Cloninger, C. R., & Cloninger, K. M. (2011) · The International Journal of Person Centered Medicine · doi:10.5750/ijpcm.v1i1.21 · Cited by 166
Self-citation
A genome-wide association study of Cloninger's temperament scales: Implications for the evolutionary genetics of personality
Verweij, K. J. H., Zietsch, B. P., Medland, S. E., Gordon, S. D., Benyamin, B., Nyholt, D. R., McEvoy, B. P., Sullivan, P. F., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.07.018 · Cited by 168
Serotonin Transporter Protein Gene Polymorphism and Personality Measures in African American and European American Subjects
Gelernter, J. E., Kranzler, H. R., Coccaro, E. F., Siever, L. J., & New, A. S. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.10.1332 · Cited by 168
The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism impacts parahippocampal and amygdala volume in healthy humans: incremental support for a genetic risk factor for depression
Montag, C., Weber, B., Fliessbach, K., Elger, C., & Reuter, M. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005509 · Cited by 165
Neuropsychological weaknesses in anorexia nervosa: Set‐shifting, central coherence, and decision making in currently ill and recovered women
Danner, U. N., Sanders, N., Smeets, P. A. M., van Meer, F., Adan, R. A. H., Hoek, H. W., & van Elburg, A. A. (2012) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22007 · Cited by 164
Personality and reinforcement in associative and instrumental learning
Corr, P. J., Pickering, A. D., & Gray, J. A. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00013-v · Cited by 164
Personality Disorders in Substance Abusers: Relation to Substance Use
Rounsaville, B. J., Kranzler, H. R., Ball, S. A., Tennen, H. A., Poling, J. C., & Triffleman, E. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199802000-00004 · Cited by 163
Why we interact: on the functional role of the striatum in the subjective experience of social interaction
Pfeiffer, U. J., Schilbach, L., Timmermans, B., Kuzmanovic, B., Georgescu, A. L., Bente, G., & Vogeley, K. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.061 · Cited by 155
“In addition, it would be helpful to obtain indicators of participants' propensity to engage in social interaction, for example by assessing their social reward dependence using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger et al., 1993).”
Regional brain activity in women grieving a romantic relationship breakup
Najib, A., Lorberbaum, J. P., Kose, S., Bohning, D. E., & George, M. S. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2245 · Cited by 161
Motivation and the Goal Theory of Current Concerns
Klinger, E., & Cox, W. M. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470979952.ch1 · Cited by 165
Genetic and environmental influences on impulsivity: A meta-analysis of twin, family and adoption studies
Bezdjian, S., Baker, L. A., & Tuvblad, C. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.005 · Cited by 158
‘Autistic’ Traits in Non-Autistic Japanese Populations: Relationships with Personality Traits and Cognitive Ability
Kunihira, Y., Senju, A., Dairoku, H., Wakabayashi, A., & Hasegawa, T. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0094-1 · Cited by 180
What makes people healthy, happy, and fulfilled in the face of current world challenges?
Cloninger, C. R. (2013) · Mens Sana monographs · doi:10.4103/0973-1229.109288 · Cited by 158
Self-citation
Psychological Comparison Processes and Self–Concept in Relation to Five Distinct Frame–Of–Reference Effects: Pan–Human Cross–Cultural Generalizability over 68 Countries
Marsh, H. W., Parker, P. D., Guo, J., Pekrun, R. H., & Basarkod, G. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2232 · Cited by 165
Friendships Moderate an Association Between a Dopamine Gene Variant and Political Ideology
Settle, J. E., Dawes, C. T., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381610000617 · Cited by 173
Cognitive, behavioral, and neuroanatomical assessment of two unrelated male children expressingFRAXE
Abrams, M. T., Doheny, K. F., Mazzocco, M. M. M., Knight, S. J. L., Baumgardner, T. L., Freund, L. S., Davies, K. E., & Reiss, A. L. (1997) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970221)74:1 · Cited by 42
A Nonhuman Primate Model of Type II Alcoholism? Part 2. Diminished Social Competence and Excessive Aggression Correlates with Low Cerebrospinal Fluid 5‐Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Concentrations
Higley, J. D., Suomi, S. J., & Linnoila, M. (1996) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01666.x · Cited by 158
Moderators of the relation between substance use level and problems: Test of a self-regulation model in middle adolescence.
Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., & Yaeger, A. M. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.1.3 · Cited by 159
Familial and temperamental predictors of resilience in children at risk for conduct disorder and depression
Shannon, K. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Brenner, S. L., Neuhaus, E., & Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407000351 · Cited by 167
Personality and meaning in life
Schnell, T., & Becker, P. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.030 · Cited by 156
Investigating the dopaminergic basis of extraversion in humans: A multilevel approach.
Wacker, J., Chavanon, M., & Stemmler, G. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.171 · Cited by 163
Factor Analysis of the DSM-III-R Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria in Psychiatric Inpatients
Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., & McGlashan, T. H. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1629 · Cited by 156
Relationship of relapse with impulsivity, novelty seeking and craving in male alcohol‐dependent inpatients
Evren, C., Durkaya, M., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., & Çetin, R. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00303.x · Cited by 168
Predictors of 1-year treatment outcome in bulimia nervosa
Bulik, C. M., Sullivan, P. F., Joyce, P. R., Carter, F. A., & McIntosh, V. V. W. (1998) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(98)90062-1 · Cited by 156
Substance use risk profiles and associations with early substance use in adolescence
Malmberg, M., Overbeek, G. J., Monshouwer, K., Lammers, J., Vollebergh, W., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-010-9278-4 · Cited by 169
Impulse control disorders in women with eating disorders
Fernández‐Aranda, F., Pinheiro, A. P., Thornton, L. M., Berrettini, W. H., Crow, S. J., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., Kaplan, A. S., Keel, P. K., Mitchell, J. E., et al. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.011 · Cited by 152
The Five-Factor Model of Personality and Borderline Personality Disorder: A Genetic Analysis of Comorbidity
Distel, M. A., Trull, T. J., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Vink, J. M., Derom, C. A., Lynskey, M. T., Martin, N. G., & Boomsma, D. I. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.017 · Cited by 161
Temperament and character personality profiles and personality disorders in chronic pain patients
Conrad, R., Schilling, G., Bausch, C., Nadstawek, J., Wartenberg, H. C., Wegener, I., Geiser, F., Imbierowicz, K., & Liedtke, R. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.07.024 · Cited by 158
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
Soloff, P. H. (2000) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70150-7 · Cited by 154
Applying a biopsychosocial model to migraine: rationale and clinical implications
Rosignoli, C., Ornello, R., Onofri, A., Caponnetto, V., Grazzi, L., Raggi, A., Leonardi, M., & Sacco, S. (2022) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-022-01471-3 · Cited by 138
“According to psychobiological model, migraineurs have high level of harm avoidance and persistence, and a lower level of self-directedness compared to non-migraineurs [85].”
Background
Normative data and factor structure of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in the French version
Pélissolo, A., & Lépine, J.-P. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00127-x · Cited by 152
Sex differences in Cloninger's temperament dimensions—a meta-analysis
Miettunen, J., Veijola, J. M., Lauronen, E., Kantojärvi, L., & Joukamaa, M. I. (2007) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.10.007 · Cited by 153
Behaviour in the elevated plus-maze predicts coping after subchronic mild stress in mice
Ducottet, C., & Belzung, C. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.01.013 · Cited by 163
The Neurobiology of Suicide and Suicidality
van Heeringen, K. (2003) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370304800504 · Cited by 152
When Desire Collides with Reason: Functional Interactions between Anteroventral Prefrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens Underlie the Human Ability to Resist Impulsive Desires
Diekhof, E. K., & Gruber, O. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4690-09.2010 · Cited by 150
Clinical and Molecular Genetics of ADHD and Tourette Syndrome
Comings, D. E. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05773.x · Cited by 152
Temperament, character and suicide attempts in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and major depression
Bulik, C. M., Sullivan, P. F., & Joyce, P. R. (1999) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10910.x · Cited by 151
An Alternative Way to Individualized Medicine: Psychological and Physical Traits of Sasang Typology
Chae, H., Lyoo, I. K., Lee, S., Cho, S., Bae, H., Hong, M., & Shin, M. (2003) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/107555303322284811 · Cited by 149
Personality characteristics in obesity and relationship with successful weight loss
Sullivan, S. A., Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., & Klein, S. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803464 · Cited by 150
Self-citation
Five-factor model personality disorder research.
Widiger, T. A., & Costa, P. T. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10423-005 · Cited by 150
ADHD and personality: a meta-analytic review
Gomez, R., & Corr, P. J. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.002 · Cited by 151
A new taxonomy of Dutch personality traits based on a comprehensive and unrestricted list of descriptors.
Raad, B. D., & Barelds, D. P. H. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.347 · Cited by 154
Personality assessments and outcomes in medical education and the practice of medicine: AMEE Guide No. 79
Hojat, M., Erdmann, J. B., & Gonnella, J. S. (2013) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2013.785654 · Cited by 158
Psychopathology in great apes: Concepts, treatment options and possible homologies to human psychiatric disorders
Brüne, M., Brüne-Cohrs, U., McGrew, W. C., & Preuschoft, S. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.09.002 · Cited by 154
Personality traits and brain dopaminergic function in Parkinson's disease
Kaasinen, V., Nurmi, E., Bergman, J., Eskola, O., Solin, O., Sonninen, P., & Rinne, J. O. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.231313198 · Cited by 148
Personality and risk for Alzheimer's disease in adults 72 years of age and older: A 6-year follow-up.
Duberstein, P. R., Chapman, B. P., Tindle, H. A., Sink, K. M., Bamonti, P., Robbins, J., Jerant, A. F., & Franks, P. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0021377 · Cited by 146
Reliability and validity of TEMPS-A in a Japanese non-clinical population: application to unipolar and bipolar depressives
Matsumoto, S., Akiyama, T., Tsuda, H., Miyake, Y., Kawamura, Y., Noda, T., Akiskal, K. K., & Akiskal, H. S. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.001 · Cited by 148
In search of predictive endophenotypes in addiction: insights from preclinical research
Belin, D., Belin‐Rauscent, A., Everitt, B. J., & Dalley, J. W. (2015) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12265 · Cited by 156
“…multifaceted behavioral construct (Arnett 1994) defined as the tendency to pursue intense emotional experiences (Zuckerman 1974) and conceptualized as a heritable tendency toward exploration and Genes, Brain and Behavior (2016) 15: 74–88 77 excitement in response to novelty (Cloninger et al. 1993).”
Background
Clinical Utility of Dimensional Models for Personality Pathology
Verheul, R. (2005) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2005.19.3.283 · Cited by 147
Evaluating the state dependency of the Temperament and Character Inventory dimensions in patients with major depression: a methodological contribution
Hirano, S., Sato, T., Narita, T., Kusunoki, K., Ozaki, N., Kimura, S., Takahashi, T., Sakado, K., & Uehara, T. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00329-3 · Cited by 146
Temperament dimensions explain the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders
Battaglia, M., Przybeck, T. R., Bellodi, L., & Cloninger, C. R. (1996) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(96)90008-5 · Cited by 146
Self-citation
Multiple addictive behaviors in young adults: Student norms for the Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire
MacLaren, V. V., & Best, L. A. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.023 · Cited by 145
Temperament, character and symptoms of anxiety and depression in the general population
Jylhä, P. J., & Isometsä, E. T. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.09.003 · Cited by 145
A Neurogenetic Approach to Impulsivity
Congdon, E. L., & Canli, T. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00528.x · Cited by 150
NIMH genetics initiative millennium schizophrenia consortium: Linkage analysis of African-American pedigrees
Kaufmann, C. A., Suarez, B. K., Malaspina, D., Pepple, J. R., Švrakić, D. M., Markel, P. D., Meyer, J. M., Zambuto, C. T., Schmitt, K., Matise, T. C., et al. (1998) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980710)81:4 · Cited by 266
Self-citation
Temperament and character during the course of unipolar depression among inpatients
Richter, J., Eisemann, M. R., & Richter, G. (2000) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/pl00007538 · Cited by 145
High harm avoidance and low self-directedness in euthymic young adults with recurrent, early-onset depression
Smıth, D. J., Duffy, L. S., Stewart, M. E., Muir, W. J., & Blackwood, D. (2005) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.03.014 · Cited by 145
Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the temperament and character inventory
Sung, S. M., Kim, J. H., Yang, E., ABRAMS, K. Y., & Lyoo, I. K. (2002) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1053/comp.2002.30794 · Cited by 144
The psychobiological theory of temperament and character: Comment on Farmer and Goldberg (2008).
Cloninger, C. R. (2008) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0012933 · Cited by 149
Self-citation
Novelty Seeking and Drug Addiction in Humans and Animals: From Behavior to Molecules
Wingo, T., Nesil, T., Choi, J.-S., & Li, M. D. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-015-9636-7 · Cited by 144
“Briefly, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) measures personality dimensions (harm avoidance, novelty seeking, and reward dependence) in a 100-item, self-administered, true/false test format (Cloninger 1987; Cloninger et al. 1993).”

Authors: Cloninger, C. R.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author: Cloninger, C. Robert
ORCID: Cloninger, C. Robert
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1993-12-01
Volume: 50
Issue: 12
Pages: 975
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008
OpenAlex: W1989844817
Cited by: 5,458
References: 81
Citations by year: 2026: 86 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 152 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 195 · 2020: 314 · 2019: 210 · 2018: 187 · 2017: 219 · 2016: 246 · 2015: 272 · 2014: 244 · 2013: 283 · 2012: 274
FWCI: 57.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01aa007982-05, 5r01aa008028-05)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA07982, AA08028)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 31302)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: temperament, character, personality structure, personality development, Temperament and Character Inventory, self-concept, self-direction, cooperativeness, self-transcendence, novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, heritability, psychobiological model, personality assessment
MeSH terms: Character, Humans, Models, Biological, Models, Psychological, Personality Assessment, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Temperament, Reproducibility of Results

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks