Interventions for promoting physical activity

Foster, Charles; Hillsdon, Melvyn; Thorogood, Margaret; Kaur, Asha; Wedatilake, Thamindu

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003180.pub2

Cited by 692Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyBehavioral Health and Interventions

Interventions for promoting physical activity

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Foster, Charles, Hillsdon, Melvyn, Thorogood, Margaret, Kaur, Asha, Wedatilake, Thamindu·2005·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd003180.pub2PMC PMC4164373

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effectiveness of strategies to enable people to achieve an increase in their physical activity. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of interventions for promoting physical activity in adults aged 16 years and older, not living in an institution. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched CENTRAL (Issue 4, 2001), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychLIT, BIDS ISI, SPORTDISCUS, SIGLE, SCISEARCH (from earliest date available to December 2001) and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised, controlled, trials comparing different interventions to encourage sedentary adults not living in an institution to become physically active. Studies required a minimum of six months follow up from the start of the intervention to the collection of final data and either used an intention to treat analysis or, failing that, had no more than 20% loss to follow up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two reviewers independently assessed each study quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information where necessary. Standardised mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for continuous measures of self reported physical activity and cardio-respiratory fitness. For studies with dichotomous outcomes, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. MAIN RESULTS: The effect of interventions on self reported physical activity (11 studies; 3940 participants) was positive and moderate, with a pooled standardised mean difference of 0.31 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.50), as was the effect on cardio-respiratory fitness (7 studies; 1406 participants) pooled SMD 0.4 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.70). The effect of interventions in achieving a predetermined threshold of physical activity (6 studies; 2313 participants) was not significant with an odds ratio of 1.30 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.95). There was significant heterogeneity in the reported effects as well as heterogeneity in characteristics of the interventions. The heterogeneity in reported effects was reduced in higher quality studies, when physical activity was self-directed with some professional guidance and when there was on-going professional support. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Our review suggests that physical activity interventions have a moderate effect on self reported physical activity and cardio-respiratory fitness, but not on achieving a predetermined level of physical activity. Due to the clinical and statistical heterogeneity of the studies, only limited conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of individual components of the interventions. Future studies should provide greater detail of the components of interventions.

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Evidence regarding the long-term effectiveness of traditional structured lifestyle interventions is limited.
“however, evidence regarding their long-term effectiveness is limited [15-17].”
From Consumer-based wearable activity trackers increase physical activity participation: systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Hillsdon 2005 reported similar results among adults for physical activity promotion interventions.
“An additional review by Hillsdon 2005 also reported similar results among adults for interventions to promote physical activity.”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Hillsdon 2005

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Authors: Foster, C., Hillsdon, M., Thorogood, M., Kaur, A., & Wedatilake, T.
Affiliations: University of Oxford; BHF Health Promotion Research Group, Department of Public Health; IHS, Old Road Headington Oxford UK OX3 7LF
University of Exeter (GB)
University of Warwick (GB)
University of Oxford (GB)
Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre (GB)
ORCID: Hillsdon, Melvyn
Kaur, Asha
Wedatilake, Thamindu
Venue: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005-01-24
Volume: 2013
Issue: 1
Pages: CD003180-CD003180
ISSN: 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
1465-1858
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003180.pub2
PMC: PMC4164373
OpenAlex: W1805775836
Cited by: 692
References: 254
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 3.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research (SRP/12/183/21)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords: physical activity interventions, sedentary adults, physical activity promotion, cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity, physical activity thresholds, professional support, self-directed exercise, intervention effectiveness, exercise intervention, health promotion interventions, health behavior change interventions, health education intervention, health information interventions
MeSH terms: Health Promotion, Humans, Physical Fitness, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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Interventions for promoting physical activity

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