It takes guts to grow a brain: Increasing evidence of the important role of the intestinal microflora in neuro‐ and immune‐modulatory functions during development and adulthood
Open accessAbstract
A new study entitled “Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior”, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, requires that we reconsider the notion that the brain is an immune‐privileged site. The authors demonstrate that intestinal microbiota must be present within a set time‐frame for normal synaptogenesis to occur in the brain. In the absence of intestinal microbiota, histopathological and behavioral abnormalities arise. These observations necessitate a new look at the many interconnections of the immune system and the brain, suggesting new frontiers for research and new therapeutic strategies for neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Rodents lacking all gut bacteria from birth have memory deficits and behavioral abnormalities compared to animals with normal gut microbiota.
“These studies show that rodents lacking all gut bacteria from birth (germ-free animals) have memory deficits28 and behavioral abnormalities29, 30 when compared to animals with normal gut microbiota.”
From The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
These cognitive deficits in rodents can be corrected through colonization of the intestine via a fecal transplant from the control group, but only if it occurs early in life.
“Interestingly, these cognitive deficits in rodents can be corrected through the colonization of the intestine via a fecal transplant from the control group, but only if it occurs early in life.”
From The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
Developmental abnormalities found in germ-free mice are totally reversible by colonization with intestinal bacteria early in life but not in adulthood, suggesting that the microbiome influences brain development.
“The developmental abnormalities found in GF mice are totally reversible by colonization with intestinal bacteria early in life but not in adulthood, suggesting that the microbiome influences brain development.9,10”
From The Gut Microbiome and the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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Hong, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Su, H., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Shao, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26716870
Hong, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Su, H., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Shao, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25770353
Hong, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Su, H., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Shao, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26716873
Hong, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Su, H., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Shao, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26716840
Hong, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Su, H., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Shao, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26716843
Hong, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Su, H., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Shao, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26716876
Hong, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Su, H., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Shao, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25770461
Hong, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Su, H., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Shao, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26716864
Hong, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Su, H., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Shao, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26716837
Hong, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Su, H., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Shao, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26716822
Fischer, N. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7ecf88e2z7851z4354zb134z317e666a94cb
- Authors
- Diamond, B., Huerta, P. T., Tracey, K., & Volpe, B. T.
- Affiliations
- Northwell Health (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Diamond, Betty
- Venue
- BioEssays
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-06-16
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 588-591
- ISSN
- 0265-9247 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-1878
- PMC
- PMC4532368
- OpenAlex
- W1892012164
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- BioEssays (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM089807, R01GM057226)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P01AI073693)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR018535)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, brain development, synaptogenesis, neurodevelopmental disorders, immune privilege, gut-brain axis, behavioral abnormalities, histopathology, microbiota depletion
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Brain, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Intestines, Synaptic Transmission, Receptors, Immunologic, Synapses, Neuroimmunomodulation, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I, Cytokines, Long-Term Potentiation, Metagenome
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