The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies.
Open accessAbstract
One of the most popular experimental paradigms for functional neuroimaging studies of working memory has been the n‐back task, in which subjects are asked to monitor the identity or location of a series of verbal or nonverbal stimuli and to indicate when the currently presented stimulus is the same as the one presented n trials previously. We conducted a quantitative meta‐analysis of 668 sets of activation coordinates in Talairach space reported in 24 primary studies of n‐back task variants manipulating process (location vs. identity monitoring) and content (verbal or nonverbal) of working memory. We found the following cortical regions were activated robustly (voxelwise false discovery rate = 1%): lateral premotor cortex; dorsal cingulate and medial premotor cortex; dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; frontal poles; and medial and lateral posterior parietal cortex. Subsidiary meta‐analyses based on appropriate subsets of the primary data demonstrated broadly similar activation patterns for identity monitoring of verbal stimuli and both location and identity monitoring of nonverbal stimuli. There was also some evidence for distinct frontoparietal activation patterns in response to different task variants. The functional specializations of each of the major cortical components in the generic large‐scale frontoparietal system are discussed. We conclude that quantitative meta‐analysis can be a powerful tool for combining results of multiple primary studies reported in Talairach space. Here, it provides evidence both for broadly consistent activation of frontal and parietal cortical regions by various versions of the n‐back working memory paradigm, and for process‐ and content‐specific frontoparietal activation by working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 25:46–59, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Two types of tasks are frequently used to measure individual differences in working memory capacity-complex span tasks and the n-back”
From Which “working memory” are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back (2025) · cites this paper as Owen et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“In neuroscientific research, by contrast, the n-back has been the most prevalent measure of working memory capacity (Owen et al., 2005;Wager & Smith, 2003).”
From Which “working memory” are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back (2025) · cites this paper as Owen et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“For working memory, the forward inference map revealed the most consistent associations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior insula and dorsal medial frontal cortex (MFC), replicating previous findings15,20.”
From Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. (2011) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“these tests involve DLPFC (Owen et al. 2005, Zakzanis et al. 2005) and are sensitive to mTBI (Arciniega et al. 2021, Li et al. 2023).”
From Mild traumatic brain injury alters function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS-EEG study (2025) · cites this paper as Owen et al. 2005
In the citing paper
“The n-back task is a common and well-established continuous performance test for measurements of working memory performance [33], [34].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Thus, in the current study we employed a computerized n-back paradigm (2-back version), a well-evaluated sensitive tool to analyze working memory functions [34], [41], [42].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“The n-back task has been studied extensively in the context of traditional activation and connectivity analyses (38, 39), identifying a large (executive) working-memory network dominated by frontal and parietal regions.”
From Dynamic reconfiguration of frontal brain networks during executive cognition in humans (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“We found 46% of the mapped nodes belonging to the frontoparietal module identified by us, whereas 27% belonged to the somatomotor module and 12% belonged to the frontal module.”
From Dynamic reconfiguration of frontal brain networks during executive cognition in humans (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“First, activation studies and metaanalysis of these tasks (39) usually investigate main effects of working-memory load and not within-load dynamics let alone per-trial effects in fMRI data.”
From Dynamic reconfiguration of frontal brain networks during executive cognition in humans (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Attentional control and WM rely on a common set of neural structures, many of which have been implicated as dysfunctional in ADHD.”
From Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses of both the Stroop task (14,15) and WM tasks (16,17) have implicated bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), inferior parietal lobule, and precuneus.”
From Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Prefrontal areas are involved in executive control (Owen et al., 2005) and emotional regulation processes (Ochsner and Gross, 2005), and have an inhibitory effect on limbic brain regions such as the amygdala, insula, hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which are associated with intrinsic emotional reactivity (Drevets and Raichle, 1998; Phillips et al., 2003).”
From Meta-analyses of the neural mechanisms and predictors of response to psychotherapy in depression and anxiety (2018) · cites this paper as Owen et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“this region also being associated with attentional control and emotional regulation (Hofmann et al., 2012; Kane and Engle, 2002; Owen et al., 2005; Wager and Smith, 2003).”
From Meta-analyses of the neural mechanisms and predictors of response to psychotherapy in depression and anxiety (2018) · cites this paper as Owen et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“The prefrontal cortex is a key node in the distributed cortical network recruited during WM (Owen et al. 2005;Fuster 2008) and exhibits altered inhibitory microcircuitry in schizophrenia (Lewis et al. 2005;Bitanihirwe et al. 2009).”
From Linking microcircuit dysfunction to cognitive impairment: Effects of disinhibition associated with schizophrenia in a cortical working memory model (2014) · cites this paper as Owen et al. 2005
In the citing paper
“The n-back paradigm is commonly used alongside functional neuroimaging, where it activates a network of frontoparietal areas [51].”
From Wearable technology for high-frequency cognitive and mood assessment in major depressive disorder: longitudinal observational study (2019) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“fNIRS findings in this study were predominantly left-lateralized, consistent with the left prefrontal cortex’s dominant role in verbal working memory, language-related executive processes, and cognitive control—as supported by prior neuroimaging literature 32 , 33 .”
From Naturalistic fNIRS assessment reveals decline in executive function and altered prefrontal activation following social media use in college students (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
Citations
Cites
Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn755 · Cited by 12,881
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands
Duncan, J., & Owen, A. M. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01633-7 · Cited by 2,498
Self-citationTemporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task
Cohen, J. D., Perlstein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J., & Smith, E. E. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386604a0 · Cited by 1,876
A Parametric Study of Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Human Working Memory
Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., & Noll, D. C. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0247 · Cited by 1,694
Building Memories: Remembering and Forgetting of Verbal Experiences as Predicted by Brain Activity
Wagner, A. D., Schacter, D. L., Rotte, M., Koutstaal, W., Maril, A., Dale, A. M., Rosen, B. R., & Buckner, R. L. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5380.1188 · Cited by 1,644
A PET study of visuospatial attention
Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Shulman, G., & Petersen, S. (1993) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-03-01202.1993 · Cited by 1,604
Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: method and validation
Turkeltaub, P. E., Eden, G. F., Jones, K. M., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1131 · Cited by 1,604
Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts
Dias, R., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380069a0 · Cited by 1,527
Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: An event-related functional MRI study
Garavan, H., Ross, T. J., & Stein, E. A. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.14.8301 · Cited by 1,394
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Baddeley AD, 1986, Working memory
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,027
Goal-congruent default network activity facilitates cognitive control
Spreng, R. N., DuPre, E., Selarka, D., Garcia, J., Gojkovic, S., Mildner, J., Luh, W.-M., & Turner, G. R. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2815-14.2014 · Cited by 167
Hu, Y., Chen, X., Gu, H., & Yang, Y. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1973-13.2013 · Cited by 167
Boyatzis, R. E., Rochford, K. C., & Taylor, S. N. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00670 · Cited by 180
Nejati, V., Salehinejad, M. A., Nitsche, M. A., Najian, A., & Javadi, A.-H. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717730611 · Cited by 163
Effects of working memory training on functional connectivity and cerebral blood flow during rest
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Miyauchi, C. M., Sassa, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.09.007 · Cited by 162
Kundu, B., Sutterer, D. W., Emrich, S. M., & Postle, B. R. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5565-12.2013 · Cited by 161
The role of rostral prefrontal cortex in prospective memory: A voxel-based lesion study
Volle, E., Gonen-Yaacovi, G., Costello, A. D. L., Gilbert, S. J., & Burgess, P. W. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.045 · Cited by 169
Gajewski, P. D., Hanisch, E., Falkenstein, M., Thönes, S., & Wascher, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02208 · Cited by 191
Walsh, N., Williams, S., Brammer, M. J., Bullmore, E. T., Kim, J., Suckling, J., Mitterschiffthaler, M. T., Cleare, A. J., Pich, E. M., Mehta, M. A., et al. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.022 · Cited by 161
Self-citationOn how high performers keep cool brains in situations of cognitive overload
JAEGGI, S. M., BUSCHKUEHL, M., ETIENNE, A., OZDOBA, C., PERRIG, W. J., & NIRKKO, A. C. (2007) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.7.2.75 · Cited by 159
Heritability of Working Memory Brain Activation
Blokland, G. A. M., McMahon, K. L., Thompson, P. M., Martin, N. G., de Zubicaray, G. I., & Wright, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5334-10.2011 · Cited by 158
Dong, S., Reder, L. M., Yao, Y., Liu, Y., & Chen, F. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.003 · Cited by 157
Cerebellar contributions to working memory
Hayter, A., Langdon, D. W., & Ramnani, N. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.011 · Cited by 159
McCarthy, H., Skokauskas, N., & Frodl, T. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001037 · Cited by 156
Piccoli, T., Valente, G., Linden, D. E. J., Re, M., Esposito, F., Sack, A. T., & Salle, F. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123354 · Cited by 165
Kim, H. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21474 · Cited by 169
Executive functions in decision making: An individual differences approach
Del Missier, F., Mäntylä, T., & Bruine de Bruin, W. (2010) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546781003630117 · Cited by 155
Nagel, I. E., Preuschhof, C., Li, S., Nyberg, L. H., Bäckman, L., Lindenberger, U., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21560 · Cited by 162
Clearing the garden-path: improving sentence processing through cognitive control training
Novick, J. M., Hussey, E. K., Teubner-Rhodes, S. E., Harbison, J. I., & Bunting, M. F. (2013) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/01690965.2012.758297 · Cited by 176
Normative data on the n-back task for children and young adolescents
Pelegrina, S., Lechuga, M. T., García-Madruga, J. A., Elosúa, M. R., Macizo, P., Carreiras, M., Fuentes, L. J., & Bajo, M. T. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01544 · Cited by 178
Neural mechanisms underlying the impact of daylong cognitive work on economic decisions
Blain, B., Hollard, G., & Pessiglione, M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1520527113 · Cited by 170
Li, L., Men, W.-W., Chang, Y., Fan, M., Ji, L., & Wei, G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099222 · Cited by 162
Pavlovian Reward Prediction and Receipt in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Anhedonia
Dowd, E. C., & Barch, D. M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035622 · Cited by 154
Schneider, F. W., Habel, U., Reske, M., Kellermann, T., Stöcker, T., Shah, N. J., Zilles, K., Braus, D. F., Schmitt, A., Schlösser, R. G. M., et al. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.07.021 · Cited by 154
Burgess, G. C., & Braver, T. S. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012861 · Cited by 169
Schweizer, S., Satpute, A. B., Atzil, S., Field, A. P., Hitchcock, C., Black, M., Barrett, L. F., & Dalgleish, T. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000193 · Cited by 170
Sustained striatal activity predicts eudaimonic well-being and cortisol output
Heller, A. S., van Reekum, C. M., Schaefer, S. M., Lapate, R. C., Radler, B. T., Ryff, C. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613490744 · Cited by 150
Sub-processes of working memory in the N-back task: An investigation using ERPs
Chen, Y.-N., Mitra, S., & Schlaghecken, F. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.03.003 · Cited by 150
Emotion regulation, attention to emotion, and the ventral attentional network
Viviani, R. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00746 · Cited by 159
Mechanisms Underlying Age- and Performance-related Differences in Working Memory
Daffner, K. R., Chong, H., Sun, X., Tarbi, E. C., Riis, J. L., McGinnis, S. M., & Holcomb, P. J. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21540 · Cited by 161
Öztekin, I., McElree, B., Staresina, B. P., & Davachi, L. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21016 · Cited by 156
Principles of cognitive control over task focus and task switching
Egner, T. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00234-4 · Cited by 161
Satterthwaite, T. D., Ruparel, K., Loughead, J., Elliott, M. A., Gerraty, R. T., Calkins, M. E., Hakonarson, H., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., & Wolf, D. H. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.060 · Cited by 148
Zhu, D.-F., Wang, Z., Zhang, D.-R., Pan, Z.-L., He, S., Hu, X. P., Chen, X., & Zhou, J. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl215 · Cited by 150
Dynamic difficulty using brain metrics of workload
Afergan, D., Peck, E. M., Solovey, E. T., Jenkins, A., Hincks, S. W., Brown, E. T., Chang, R., & Jacob, R. J. K. (2014) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557230 · Cited by 148
Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Burgess, G. C., Depue, B. E., Ruzic, L., Willcutt, E. G., Du, Y. P., & Banich, M. T. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.036 · Cited by 147
Tamnes, C. K., Walhovd, K. B., Grydeland, H., Holland, D., Østby, Y., Dale, A. M., & Fjell, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00434 · Cited by 160
Hovens, I. B., Schoemaker, R. G., van der Zee, E. A., Heineman, E., Izaks, G. J., & van Leeuwen, B. L. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.06.004 · Cited by 146
Dettwiler, A., Murugavel, M., Putukian, M., Cubon, V. A., Furtado, J., & Osherson, D. N. (2013) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2013.2983 · Cited by 159
Tuning the mind: Exploring the connections between musical ability and executive functions
Slevc, L. R., Davey, N. S., Buschkuehl, M., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.03.017 · Cited by 170
Estimating Cognitive Workload in an Interactive Virtual Reality Environment Using EEG
Tremmel, C., Herff, C., Sato, T., Rechowicz, K. J., Yamani, Y., & Krusienski, D. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00401 · Cited by 161
Working Memory-Related Neural Activity Predicts Future Smoking Relapse
Loughead, J., Wileyto, E. P., Ruparel, K., Falcone, M., Hopson, R. D., Gur, R. C., & Lerman, C. E. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.318 · Cited by 149
Aricò, P., Borghini, G., Di Flumeri, G., Colosimo, A., Pozzi, S., & Babiloni, F. (2016) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.021 · Cited by 145
Barr, M. S., Farzan, F., Rajji, T. K., Voineskos, A. N., Blumberger, D. M., Arenovich, T., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.020 · Cited by 144
Alcaro, A., Panksepp, J., Witczak, J., Hayes, D. J., & Northoff, G. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.023 · Cited by 144
Fritz, H.-C., McAuley, J. H., Wittfeld, K., Hegenscheid, K., Schmidt, C. O., Langner, S., & Lotze, M. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.003 · Cited by 144
Improving prefrontal cortex function in schizophrenia through focused training of cognitive control
Edwards, B. G. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00032 · Cited by 144
Role of the Default Mode Network in Cognitive Transitions
Smith, V., Mitchell, D. J., & Duncan, J. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy167 · Cited by 151
Antagonistic neural networks underlying differentiated leadership roles
Boyatzis, R. E., Rochford, K. C., & Jack, A. I. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00114 · Cited by 148
Stanley, J. A., & Raz, N. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00076 · Cited by 160
Effects of chronic stress on cognitive function – From neurobiology to intervention
Girotti, M., Bulin, S. E., & Carreno, F. R. (2024) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100670 · Cited by 170
Association between Early Life Exposure to Air Pollution and Working Memory and Attention
Rivas, I., Basagaña, X., Cirach, M., López-Vicente, M., Suades-González, E., Garcia-Esteban, R., Álvarez-Pedrerol, M., Dadvand, P., & Sunyer, J. (2019) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp3169 · Cited by 140
Compensation in Preclinical Huntington's Disease: Evidence From the Track-On HD Study
Klöppel, S., Gregory, S., Scheller, E., Minkova, L., Razi, A., Dürr, A., Roos, R. A. C., Leavitt, B. R., Papoutsi, M., Landwehrmeyer, G. B., et al. (2015) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.08.002 · Cited by 140
Yarkoni, T., & Braver, T. S. (2010) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1210-7_6 · Cited by 145
Oliveira, J. F., Zanão, T. A., Valiengo, L., Lotufo, P. A., Benseñor, I. M., Fregni, F., & Brunoni, A. R. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.023 · Cited by 138
Mozolic, J. L., Long, A. B., Morgan, A. R., Rawley‐Payne, M., & Laurienti, P. J. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.013 · Cited by 148
Age-Related Shifts in Brain Activity Dynamics during Task Switching
Jimura, K., & Braver, T. S. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp206 · Cited by 147
Sachs, M. E., Kaplan, J., Sarkissian, A. D., & Habibi, A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187254 · Cited by 153
Passarotti, A. M., Sweeney, J. A., & Pavuluri, M. N. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.07.009 · Cited by 137
Kobel, M., Bechtel, N., Specht, K., Klarhöfer, M., Weber, P., Scheffler, K., Opwis, K., & Penner, I. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.03.010 · Cited by 142
Functional neuroimaging of visual creativity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Pidgeon, L. M., Grealy, M., Duffy, A. H. B., Hay, L., McTeague, C. P., Vuletic, T., Coyle, D., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.540 · Cited by 143
Thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and working memory
Watanabe, Y., & Funahashi, S. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.003 · Cited by 144
Frontal Structural Neural Correlates of Working Memory Performance in Older Adults
Nissim, N. R., O’Shea, A. M., Bryant, V. E., Porges, E. C., Cohen, R. A., & Woods, A. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00328 · Cited by 153
Gerjets, P. H., Walter, C., Rosenstiel, W., Bogdan, M., & Zander, T. O. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00385 · Cited by 145
Control of interference during working memory updating.
Szmalec, A., Verbruggen, F., Vandierendonck, A., & Kemps, E. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/a0020365 · Cited by 133
Reporting and Interpreting Working Memory Performance in n-back Tasks
Meule, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00352 · Cited by 153
Poldrack, R. A., & Devlin, J. T. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.019 · Cited by 133
Cromheeke, S., & Mueller, S. C. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0549-z · Cited by 132
Hilbert, S., Nakagawa, T., Puci, P., Zech, A., & Bühner, M. (2014) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000223 · Cited by 148
Baldo, J. V., Katseff, S., & Dronkers, N. F. (2011) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2011.602391 · Cited by 141
Cognitive fatigue effects on physical performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis
McMorris, T., Barwood, M. J., Hale, B. J., Dicks, M., & Corbett, J. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.01.029 · Cited by 144
How the motor system integrates with working memory
Marvel, C. L., Morgan, O. P., & Kronemer, S. I. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.017 · Cited by 142
Architecture of cognitive flexibility revealed by lesion mapping
Barbey, A. K., Colom, R., & Grafman, J. H. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.087 · Cited by 141
Schmidt, A., Cappucciati, M., Raduà, J., Rutigliano, G., Rocchetti, M., Dell’Osso, L., Politi, P., Borgwardt, S., Reilly, T. J., Valmaggia, L., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw098 · Cited by 131
Working memory in older adults declines with age, but is modulated by sex and education
Pliatsikas, C., Veríssimo, J., Babcock, L., Pullman, M. Y., Glei, D. A., Weinstein, M., Goldman, N., & Ullman, M. T. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021818791994 · Cited by 143
Primary and Secondary Rewards Differentially Modulate Neural Activity Dynamics during Working Memory
Beck, S. M., Locke, H., Savine, A. C., Jimura, K., & Braver, T. S. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009251 · Cited by 131
Dissociable Neural Routes to Successful Prospective Memory
McDaniel, M. A., LaMontagne, P., Beck, S. M., Scullin, M. K., & Braver, T. S. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613481233 · Cited by 130
Changes in Brain Network Efficiency and Working Memory Performance in Aging
Stanley, M. L., Simpson, S. L., Dagenbach, D., Lyday, R. G., Burdette, J. H., & Laurienti, P. J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123950 · Cited by 137
Blokland, G. A. M., McMahon, K. L., Hoffman, J., Zhu, G., Meredith, M., Martin, N. G., Thompson, P. M., de Zubicaray, G. I., & Wright, M. J. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.03.006 · Cited by 135
Cohen, K., & Weinstein, A. M. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8030040 · Cited by 136
Marvel, C. L., & Desmond, J. E. (2012) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2011.08.005 · Cited by 130
Hill, A. T., Rogasch, N. C., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Hoy, K. E. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.006 · Cited by 131
Frequency effects on memory: A resource-limited theory.
Popov, V., & Reder, L. M. (2019) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000161 · Cited by 138
The role of working memory in decoding emotions.
Phillips, L. H., Channon, S., Tunstall, M. L., Hedenstrom, A., & Lyons, K. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.184 · Cited by 128
Losing Neutrality: The Neural Basis of Impaired Emotional Control without Sleep
Simon, E. B., Oren, N., Sharon, H., Kirschner, A., Goldway, N., Okon‐Singer, H., Tauman, R., Deweese, M. M., Keil, A., & Hendler, T. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1314-15.2015 · Cited by 132
Hemispheric lateralization of verbal and spatial working memory during adolescence
Nagel, B. J., Herting, M. M., Maxwell, E. C., Bruno, R. L., & Fair, D. A. (2013) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.02.007 · Cited by 137
Forgács, B., Bohrn, I. C., Baudewig, J., Hofmann, M., Pléh, C., & Jacobs, A. M. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.029 · Cited by 127
Orbitofrontal Contributions to Human Working Memory
Barbey, A. K., Koenigs, M. R., & Grafman, J. H. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq153 · Cited by 139
Different Varieties of Uncertainty in Human Decision-Making
Bland, A. R., & Schaefer, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00085 · Cited by 145
Perception of suffering and compassion experience: Brain gender disparities
Mercadillo, R. E., Díaz, J. L., Pasaye, E. H., & Barrios, F. A. (2011) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2011.03.019 · Cited by 126
Working Memory Load-Dependent Brain Response Predicts Behavioral Training Gains in Older Adults
Heinzel, S., Lorenz, R. C., Brockhaus, W., Wüstenberg, T., Kathmann, N., Heinz, A., & Rapp, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2463-13.2014 · Cited by 134
Vermeij, A., Kessels, R. P. C., Heskamp, L., Simons, E. M. F., DAUTZENBERG, P. L. J., & Claassen, J. A. H. R. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9508-7 · Cited by 134
Cousijn, J., Wiers, R. W., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22342 · Cited by 125
Baseline brain function in the preadolescents of the ABCD Study
Chaarani, B., Hahn, S., Allgaier, N. A., Adise, S., Owens, M. M., Juliano, A., Yuan, D., Loso, H., Ivanciu, A., Albaugh, M. D., et al. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-021-00867-9 · Cited by 130
Kable, J. W., Caulfield, M. K., Falcone, M., McConnell, M., Bernardo, L., Parthasarathi, T., Cooper, N., Ashare, R., Audrain-McGovern, J., Hornik, R., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2832-16.2017 · Cited by 124
Mavilidi, M. F., Drew, R., Morgan, P. J., Lubans, D. R., Schmidt, M., & Riley, N. (2020) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.14892 · Cited by 124
Murphy, C., Wang, H.-T., Konu, D., Lowndes, R., Margulies, D. S., Jefferies, E., & Smallwood, J. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.009 · Cited by 128
Postconcussion syndrome after minor head injury: Brain activation of working memory and attention
Smits, M., Dippel, D. W. J., Houston, G. C., Wielopolski, P. A., Koudstaal, P. J., Hunink, M. G. M., & van der Lugt, A. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20709 · Cited by 131
Neural mechanisms for illusory filling-in of degraded speech
Shahin, A. J., Bishop, C. W., & Miller, L. M. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.045 · Cited by 127
Loughead, J., Ray, R., Wileyto, E. P., Ruparel, K., Sanborn, P. M., Siegel, S. J., Gur, R. C., & Lerman, C. E. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.016 · Cited by 123
Metadata
- Authors
- Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A. R., & Bullmore, E.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-04-21
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-59
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6871745
- OpenAlex
- W2000697043
- Cited by
- 3,560
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 175 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 242 · 2023: 206 · 2022: 200 · 2021: 234 · 2020: 204 · 2019: 230 · 2018: 243 · 2017: 218 · 2016: 195 · 2015: 207 · 2014: 191 · 2013: 181 · 2012: 161
- FWCI
- 24.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- n-back task, working memory, functional neuroimaging, brain activation, prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, premotor cortex
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Memory, Psychomotor Performance, Meta-Analysis as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
