No Effect of Commercial Cognitive Training on Brain Activity, Choice Behavior, or Cognitive Performance
Open accessAbstract
Increased preference for immediate over delayed rewards and for risky over certain rewards has been associated with unhealthy behavioral choices.Motivated by evidence that enhanced cognitive control can shift choice behavior away from immediate and risky rewards, we tested whether training executive cognitive function could influence choice behavior and brain responses.In this randomized controlled trial, 128 young adults (71 male, 57 female) participated in 10 weeks of training with either a commercial web-based cognitive training program or web-based video games that do not specifically target executive function or adapt the level of difficulty throughout training.Pretraining and post-training, participants completed cognitive assessments and functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of the following validated decision-making tasks: delay discounting (choices between smaller rewards now vs larger rewards in the future) and risk sensitivity (choices between larger riskier rewards vs smaller certain rewards).Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no evidence that cognitive training influences neural activity during decision-making; nor did we find effects of cognitive training on measures of delay discounting or risk sensitivity.Participants in the commercial training condition improved with practice on the specific tasks they performed during training, but participants in both conditions showed similar improvement on standardized cognitive measures over time.Moreover, the degree of improvement was comparable to that observed in individuals who were reassessed without any training whatsoever.Commercial adaptive cognitive training appears to have no benefits in healthy young adults above those of standard video games for measures of brain activity, choice behavior, or cognitive performance.
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Kable et al. (2017) showed that cognitive training (including working memory training) was unable to decrease DD in healthy controls.
“Kable et al. (2017) showed that cognitive training (including working memory training) was unable to decrease DD in healthy controls.”
From Behavioral trainings and manipulations to reduce delay discounting: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Kable et al. (2017)
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Falcone, M., Wileyto, E. P., Ruparel, K., Gerraty, R. T., LaPrate, L., Detre, J. A., Gur, R., Loughead, J., & Lerman, C. (2014) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12051 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationBogg, T., & Lasecki, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01589 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Vaidya, A. R., & Fellows, L. K. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1607-15.2015 · Cited by 37 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and ventral striatum (VS; Hare et al., 2009; Rushworth et al., 2011; Jimura et al., 2013; FitzGerald et al., 2014; Vaidya and Fellows, 2015; Bissonette and Roesch, 2016), biasing choices away from immediate rewards (DelParigi et al., 2007; Hare et al., 2009; Kober…”
BackgroundFitzGerald, T. H. B., Schwartenbeck, P., & Dolan, R. J. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4389-13.2014 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kleiman, T., Yaacov Trope, B., & Amodio, D. M. (2016) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.04.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Grabski, M., Curran, H. V., Nutt, D., Husbands, S. M., Freeman, T. P., Fluharty, M., & Munafo, M. R. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13507 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Motter, J., Devanand, D., Doraiswamy, P. M., & Sneed, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00249 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Diamond, A. D., & Ling, D. S. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199974467.003.0008 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Pallavicini, F., Ferrari, A., & Mantovani, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02127 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Brain Modularity: A Biomarker of Intervention-related Plasticity
Gallen, C. L., & D’Esposito, M. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.014 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Ten-Year Update
Krivanek, T. J., Gale, S. A., McFeeley, B. M., Nicastri, C. M., & Daffner, K. R. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201462 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Additionally, despite evidence supporting cognitive stimulation for brain health, many popular commercial cognitive or memory training platforms have limited supporting evidence [128, 129].”
BackgroundBehavioral trainings and manipulations to reduce delay discounting: A systematic review
Scholten, H., Scheres, A., de Water, E., Graf, U., Granic, I., & Luijten, M. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01629-2 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Yet, the study by Parthasarathi and colleagues (Parthasarathi, McConnell, Luery, & Kable, 2017) employed a visualization training and did not find the expected effects on DD.”
BackgroundCognitive Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Healthy and Clinical Populations
Berryhill, M. E., & Martin, D. M. (2018) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000534 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Ballesteros, S., Mayas, J., Prieto, A. F., Ruiz-Marquez, E., Toril, P., & Avilés, J. M. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00354 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…older adults (e.g., Buschkuehl et al., 2008; Borella et al., 2010, 2014; Heinzel et al., 2014; Toril et al., 2016) while others have reported negative results (e.g., Dahlin et al., 2008; Zinke et al., 2012; von Bastian et al., 2013; Ballesteros et al., 2014; Bürki et al., 2014; Kable et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNumeracy and Risk Literacy: What Have We Learned so Far?
García‐Retamero, R., Sobków, A., Petrova, D., Garrido, D., & Traczyk, J. (2019) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2019.16 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“For example, a recent study by Kable et al. (2017) revealed that one of the most popular commercial training programs (ten weeks of games designed to enhance executive functions such as working memory, problem solving, or speed) was ineffective at improving performance and altering neural activity…”
BackgroundAmygdala Functional and Structural Connectivity Predicts Individual Risk Tolerance
Jung, W. H., Lee, S., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.019 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Risk tolerances were assessed using a well-validated task (Figure 1A; Kable et al., 2017).”
InfluentialSelf-citationA critical review of research on executive functions in sport and exercise
Furley, P., Schütz, L.-M., & Wood, G. (2023) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2023.2217437 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…fi c fi ndings and marketing claims ’ (Harris et al., 2018, p. 14), and companies like Lumosity had to pay millions in settlement fees for misleading advertising after research had shown (Kable et al., 2017) that the advertised brain training did not result in the promised e ff ect (Ronson, 2017).”
Cognitive ability and risk aversion: A systematic review and meta analysis
Lilleholt, L. (2019) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500004307 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
An fMRI-Based Brain Marker of Individual Differences in Delay Discounting
Koban, L., Lee, S., Schelski, D. S., Simon, M., Lerman, C. E., Weber, B., Kable, J. W., & Plaßmann, H. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1343-22.2022 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Study 2 was conducted in the context of a large cognitive training study at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States (Kable et al., 2017).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationBrainMass: Advancing Brain Network Analysis for Diagnosis With Large-Scale Self-Supervised Learning
Yang, Y., Ye, C., Su, G., Zhang, Z., Chang, Z., Chen, H., Chan, P., Yu, Y., & Ma, T. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2024.3414476 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Commercial video games as a resource for mental health: A systematic literature review
Boldi, A., & Rapp, A. (2021) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2021.1943524 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Lempert, K. M., Mechanic-Hamilton, D. J., Xie, L., Wisse, L. E. M., de Flores, R., Wang, J., Das, S. R., Yushkevich, P. A., Wolk, D. A., & Kable, J. W. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107549 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationRobot-Delivered Cognitive Stimulation Games for Older Adults
Gasteiger, N., Ahn, H. S., Gasteiger, C., Lee, C., Lim, J., Fok, C., MacDonald, B. A., Kim, G. H., & Broadbent, E. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3451882 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Cognitive stimulation broadly refers to any activity that intends to improve cognitive functioning [10], although the benefits of these activities are often critiqued to be non-transferable to everyday function or untrained tasks [11, 12].”
BackgroundCorti, C., Poggi, G., Romaniello, R., Strazzer, S., Urgesi, C., Borgatti, R., & Bardoni, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Oldrati, V., Corti, C., Poggi, G., Borgatti, R., Urgesi, C., & Bardoni, A. (2020) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09429-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…led to conflicting results on this issue: although some studies found that using video-games fosters cognitive abilities (Bejjanki et al., 2014; Kable et al., 2017), such positive findings were replicated only in limited research, with numerous studies leading to opposite conclusions (Bediou…”
ResultStojanoski, B. B., Lyons, K., Pearce, A., & Owen, A. M. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.013 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Effect of Response Inhibition Training on Risky Decision-Making Task Performance
Xu, P., Wu, D., Chen, Y., Wang, Z., & Xiao, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01806 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ganesan, K., Thompson, A., Smid, C. R., Cañigueral, R., Li, Y., Revill, G., Puetz, V. B., Bernhardt, B. C., Dosenbach, N. U. F., Kievit, R., et al. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01672-w · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cognitive consequences of playing brain‐training games in immersive virtual reality
Parong, J. A., & Mayer, R. E. (2019) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3582 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Working Memory Training for Adolescents With Cannabis Use Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Sweeney, M. M., Rass, O., DiClemente, C., Schacht, R. L., Vo, H. T., Fishman, M. J., Leoutsakos, J.-M. S., Mintzer, M. Z., & Johnson, M. W. (2018) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2018.1451793 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“For example, a recent study with more than 100 young adult participants (ages 18 to 35) found no significant effects of 10 weeks of commercial working memory training on neural activity or decision making (Kable et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultThe Effects of Working Memory Training on Brain Activity
Nęcka, E., Gruszka, A., Hampshire, A., Sarzyńska-Wawer, J., Anicai, A.-E., Orzechowski, J., Nowak, M., Wójcik, N., Sandrone, S., & Soreq, E. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020155 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“This conclusion is consistent with some findings [64], although it is inconsistent with others [32,36–38].”
ResultComputer-Based Cognitive Training in Children with Primary Brain Tumours: A Systematic Review
Sciancalepore, F., Tariciotti, L., Remoli, G., Menegatti, D., Carai, A., Petruzzellis, G., Miller, K. P., Priscoli, F. D., Giuseppi, A., Premuselli, R., et al. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14163879 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stojanoski, B. B., Wild, C. J., Battista, M. E., Nichols, E. S., & Owen, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000773 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“For instance, training on video games (Basak et al., 2008), inhibitory control tasks (Enge et al., 2014) and decision making tasks (Kable et al., 2017), have all failed to produce far transfer effects.”
BackgroundBurns, D., Fox, E. L., Greenstein, M., Olbright, G., & Montgomery, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.10.001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pennington, D., Reavis, J. V., Cano, M. T., Walker, E., & Batki, S. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.802711 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lee, S., Parthasarathi, T., Cooper, N., Zauberman, G. S., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2214072119 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In this choice task, participants (n = 166) made choices between a fixed immediate reward of $20 and a future reward that varied in amount ($21 ∼ $85) and delay (20 ∼180 d) across trials (25).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLee, S., Yu, L. Q., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118159 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The subjective value effects, which we have reported previously for this dataset (Kable et al., 2017), include peaks in the vmPFC and ventral striatum that overlap with previous meta-analyses of subjective value correlates (Bartra et al., 2013).”
InfluentialSelf-citationRedlinger, E., Glas, B., & Rong, Y. (2022) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/35295 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, recent studies that report little or no benefit from cognitive training, including screen-based training, also exist in substantial numbers [10-13].”
BackgroundMartínez-Briones, B. J., Bosch‐Bayard, J., Biscay-Lirio, R. J., Albarrán-Cárdenas, L., Silva‐Pereyra, J., & Fernández, T. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11070957 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Maloni, H. (2018) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2017.11.018 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Reduced Segregation Between Cognitive and Emotional Processes in Cannabis Dependence
Manza, P., Kojori, E. S., & Volkow, N. D. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz113 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Although attempts to improve cognition through “brain training” have been largely unsuccessful in healthy young adults (Kable et al. 2017), it is well established that psychotherapy can be very effective in reducing negative emotions (Leichsenring et al.”
BackgroundEffects of Nonaction Videogames on Attention and Memory in Young Adults
Ruiz-Marquez, E., Prieto, A. F., Mayas, J., Toril, P., Avilés, J. M. R., & Ballesteros, S. (2019) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2019.0004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kim, S., Park, E., Cha, H., Jung, J., Jung, T., & Chang, Y. (2020) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs10110175 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Landowska, A., Wilson, M. L., Craven, M. P., & Harrington, K. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103206 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jung, W. H., Lee, T. Y., Yoon, Y. B., Choi, C., & Kwon, J. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00319 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Felton, J. W., Collado, A., Ingram, K. M., Doran, K., & Yi, R. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“With respect to the extant literature, these findings are consistent with another published study that also failed to find a main effect of cognitive treatment on rates of discounting [54]; however, inconsistent with the current results, the other study also did not find a direct effect of cognitive training on rates…”
ResultExecutive functioning moderates neural reward processing in youth
Kryza‐Lacombe, M., Christian, I. R., Liuzzi, M. T., Owen, C. E., Hernandez, B. N., Dougherty, L. R., & Wiggins, J. L. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00851-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Few Effects of a 5-Week Adaptive Computerized Cognitive Training Program in Healthy Older Adults
Rabipour, S., Morrison, C., Crompton, J., Petrucelli, M., Germano, M. D. O. G., Popescu, A., & Davidson, P. S. R. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-019-00147-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, these results join with others in suggesting caution regarding the effectiveness of such short-term computerized programs on cognitive and behavioral outcomes (e.g., Kable et al. 2017; Wentink et al. 2016; for a review, see Simons et al. 2016).”
ResultImpact of screen size on cognitive training task performance: An HMD study
Redlinger, E., Glas, B., & Rong, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Playing a Video Game and Learning to Think: What’s the Connection?
Wells, A. K., Mayer, R. E., Plass, J. L., & Homer, B. D. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-021-00214-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Kable et al. (2017) reported similar results.”
ConVRgence (VRIC) Virtual Reality International Conference Proceedings
Richir, S. (2020) · International Journal of Virtual Reality · doi:10.20870/ijvr.2020...3316 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Redlinger, E., Glas, B., & Rong, Y. (2021) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR) · doi:10.1145/3480433.3480435 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, recent studies that report little or no benefit from cognitive training also exist in substantial numbers [10, 21].”
BackgroundThe effect of working memory training on situation awareness in a flight simulator
Zhou, Y., Wu, D., Wang, C., Sun, K., Xu, P., Wang, Z., & Xiao, W. (2022) · Cognition Technology & Work · doi:10.1007/s10111-022-00707-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Investigating the Neural Bases of Risky Decision Making Using Multi-Voxel Pattern Analysis
Wang, Y., Peng, X.-R., & Hu, X. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12111488 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“More information about participant and study procedures can be found in the corresponding data paper [28].”
BackgroundYang, L., Gallant, S. N., Wilkins, L. K., & Dyson, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.576744 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Although online programs such as Lumosity have been challenged for their alleged benefits to cognition (Kable et al., 2017), some past research has shown that these programs may have beneficial effects for attention and memory (Hardy et al.”
BackgroundFast construction of interpretable whole-brain decoders
Lee, S., Bradlow, E. T., & Kable, J. W. (2022) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100227 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationMultimedia Learning with Computer Games
Mayer, R. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.049 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Toward Prevention and Reduction of Alzheimer’s Disease
González-Madrid, A., Calfío, C., González, A., Lüttges, V., & Maccioni, R. B. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230454 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Despite this, there are other studies that have found the same effects [105, 106] even considering that it should not be called a “brain training program” [107].”
Xu, P., Wu, D., Zhou, Y., Wu, J., & Xiao, W. (2021) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-021-06055-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Forget, M., & Pertel, N. L. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1002894 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Koloski, M. F., O'Hearn, C. M., Frankot, M. A., Giesler, L. P., Ramanathan, D., & Haar, C. V. (2024) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2023.0448 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“57 Unfortunately, these solutions are still inadequate to the population at large, 58 highlighting the need for rigorous animal experiments that can also explore neuroplastic mechanisms.”
Limits on Training Inhibitory Control with a Focused Video Game
Wells, A. K., Parong, J. A., & Mayer, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-020-00184-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hardy, M., Oprescu, F., Millear, P. M. R., & Summers, M. J. (2018) · Quality in Ageing and Older Adults · doi:10.1108/qaoa-03-2018-0012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stavroulaki, V., Giakoumaki, S. G., & Sidiropoulou, K. (2020) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111415 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Olson, E. A., Ahmad, S., Granger, S. J., Ashraf, A., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Rosso, I. M. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.07.013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Games as Cognitive Recreation: User Perspectives on Brain-Training Apps
Rahman, M. W. U., Foxman, M., & Markowitz, D. M. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2319918 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…of subsequent studies supporting app-industry claims (Cognitive Training Data, 2019), meta-analytic reviews reveal a lack of strong evidence of cognitive benefits from playing games (Sala et al., 2018), specifically for the commercial brain-training genre (Kable et al., 2017; Simons et al., 2016).”
Brei, N. G., Raicu, A., Lee, H. J., & Klein-Tasman, B. (2020) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2020.09.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Beishon, L., Haunton, V. J., Bradbury‐Jones, C., Subramaniam, H., Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B., Panerai, R. B., Robinson, T. G., & Evley, R. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215726 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“A previous study evaluating Lumosity©classified high adherence as > 70% of allocated sessions completed [23].”
Сognitive rehabilitation of cardiac surgery patients: problems and prospects
Tarasova, I. V., Trubnikova, O. A., & Kupriyanova, D. S. (2020) · Siberian medical review · doi:10.20333/2500136-2020-5-23-30 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cognitive tasks, anatomical MRI, and functional MRI data evaluating the construct of self-regulation
Bissett, P. G., Eisenberg, I. W., Shim, S., Rios, J. A. H., Jones, H. M., Hagen, M. P., Enkavi, A. Z., Li, J. K., Mumford, J. A., MacKinnon, D. P., et al. (2024) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03636-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In the delayed-discounting task 12 , subjects are presented with a dollar amount and a number of days.”
BackgroundFalcone, M., Loughead, J., & Lerman, C. E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20992-6_4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationTechnological Tools for the Intervention and Computerized Dynamic Assessment of Executive Functions
Bustamante, J. C., & Navarro, J. J. (2022) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9075-1.ch014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Towards a Choice of Correctional Computer Programs for Cognitive Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients
Витальевич, С. А., Yanitskiy, M. S., & Серый, А. В. (2020) · Российский психологический журнал · doi:10.21702/rpj.2020.1.1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Motivated Memory for What Matters Most
Whatley, M. C., Murphy, D. H., Silaj, K. M., & Castel, A. D. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197528976.003.0003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An fMRI-based brain marker predicts individual differences in delay discountingPreprint
Koban, L., Lee, S., Schelski, D. S., Simon, M., Lerman, C. E., Weber, B., Kable, J. W., & Plaßmann, H. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-538708/v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationSutton, E., Catling, J. C., Zanten, J. V., & Segaert, K. (2025) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-025-02110-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unresolved ethical questions of mHealth apps for Alzheimer’s disease prevention
Korecky, K., & Schicktanz, S. (2025) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-025-10272-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“6 This case highlighted widespread criticism of brain fitness apps among neuroscientists and spurred further research into their effec - tiveness (Kable et al. 2017).”
Tagliabue, C. F., Varesio, G., & Mazza, V. (2022) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-022-02580-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Moreover, one participant was identified as an outlier (±3 SD) based on his performance during the first session (Kable et al., 2017).”
BackgroundWillingness to wait outperforms delay discounting in predicting drinking severity
Miller, P., Kable, J. W., & Lempert, K. M. (2024) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.4210 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationGehirn und Geist am Computer trainieren?
Spitzer, M. (2019) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-0847-8627 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cognitive tasks, anatomical MRI, and functional MRI data evaluating the construct of self-regulationPreprint
Bissett, P. G., Eisenberg, I. W., Shim, S., Rios, J. A. H., Jones, H. M., Hagen, M. P., Enkavi, A. Z., Li, J. K., Mumford, J. A., MacKinnon, D. P., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559869 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Delay-discounting task (DDT) In the delayed-discounting task 11 , subjects are presented with a dollar amount and a number of days.”
BackgroundControl beliefs and susceptibility to the promises of memory improvement
Rickenbach, E. H., Agrigoroaei, S., Hughes, M. L., & Lachman, M. E. (2019) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3544 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flexible Utility Function Approximation via Cubic Bezier Splines
Lee, S., Glaze, C. M., Bradlow, E. T., & Kable, J. W. (2020) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-020-09723-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“We utilize ITC and RC data collected in Kable et al. (2017).”
MethodSelf-citationYe, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1037294 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Discount rates (k) in this experiment were estimated by fitting a logistic regression to data (Kable et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMamayson, R. F., & Lacanaria, M. G. C. (2023) · Acta Medica Philippina · doi:10.47895/amp.vi0.7162 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“18 Moreover, it was found that the gamified cognitive training implemented in one study have not improved the cognitive performance of the respondents greatly.”
BackgroundBergström, F., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00143 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In this study, we used previously published data acquired for the Retraining Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Cancer Risk Behavior (RNMCRB) study ( Kable et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationApplication of Neuroscience Methods in HRDM for Brain-Based Human Capital Optimization
Patangia, B., Rithani, J. M., & Alfonso, T. (2024) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1858-4.ch013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Functional brain network properties correlate with individual risk tolerance in young adults
Jung, W. H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35873 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Accumulating evidence from neuroimaging studies has identified several brain areas in which differences may be associated with differential risk tolerance [4,11 – 18].”
Enhancing memory performance in older adults through socially engaging cognitive training
Izhak, S. B., Yemini, A., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2025) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2025.2458142 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…2014; Simon et al., 2020; Sipilä et al., 2021; Vermeij et al., 2016; von Bastian & Oberauer, 2013; Zinke et al., 2014), other studies claimed not to find any indicative changes of cognitive improvement (e.g. Chooi & Thompson, 2012; Kable et al., 2017; Redick et al., 2013; Sprenger et al., 2013).”
Multimedia Learning with Media
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.045 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Larson, K. G., Kaleda, K., & Fenstermacher, L. H. (2019) · Signal processing, sensor fusion, and target recognition. Conference · doi:10.1117/12.2522278 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“While we know it is difficult to train cognitive ability [46], it might be possible to train some of the variables related to perspective and identity.”
BackgroundBergström, F., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557368 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…cortical complexity are deeply rooted in genetics and early neurodevelopment, and may therefore be temporally more stable in adults than grey matter volume (Armstrong et al., 1995; Kochunov et al., 2010; Zilles et al., 1988), but decline with age-93 related atrophy (Madan & Kensinger, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBergström, F., Schu, G. G., Lee, S., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.04.602046 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The main trial outcomes have been described in a previous report but found no effect of cognitive training relative to active control on brain activity, decision-making, or cognitive performance (Kable et al., 2017b).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationGodefroy, V., Durand, A., Simon, M., Weber, B., Kable, J. W., Lerman, C. E., Bergström, F., Luijten, M., Groefsema, M., Sescousse, G., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612706 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In Study 2, we also used the log(k) values at baseline (see 36 ).”
MethodSelf-citationGovernmentality, Playbor, and Peak Performance
Bowman, N. D., & Condis, M. A. (2020) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3487-8.ch008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Liu, C., & Li, G. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16010078 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Across the 15 studies included in this meta-analysis [16–20, 23 , 32, 33 ,35– 41”
Li, G., Liu, C., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-026-00338-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
John, M. E. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing and Health Care Research · doi:10.29011/2688-9501.101256 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zdolności numeryczne jako kluczowe zdolności poznawcze w procesie podejmowania decyzji
Sobków, A., Figol, J., & Traczyk, J. (2020) · Decyzje · doi:10.7206/dec.1733-0092.139 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Value Are Intrinsically History DependentPreprint
Lee, S., Lerman, C., & Kable, J. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.080754 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, S., Parthasarathi, T., Cooper, N., Zauberman, G. S., Lerman, C. E., & Kable, J. W. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431095 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“These scores were then correlated with the delay until the receipt of the delayed reward (in days), and the delayed amount (for Kable et al. 2017 only, since the delayed amount is constant in Cooper et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThresholded Partial Least Squares: Fast Construction of Interpretable Whole-brain DecodersPreprint
Lee, S., Bradlow, E. T., & Kable, J. W. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430524 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLempert, K. M., Wolk, D. A., & Kable, J. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vb743 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond Nudging: Generalisable and transferable learning in human decision-makingPreprint
Jarvstad, A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9q6xk · Cited by 1 · see citing works
VIDEO-GAME TRAINING EFFECTS ON ATTENTION AND MEMORY IN YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS. BEHAVIORAL RESULTSPreprint
Ruiz-Marquez, E. (2023) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/wt9ru · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Krause, J., & Baumann, L. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4634178 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kable, J. W., Caulfield, M. K., Falcone, M., McConnell, M., Bernardo, L., Parthasarathi, T., Cooper, N., Ashare, R., Audrain-McGovern, J., Hornik, R., Diefenbach, P., Lee, F. J., & Lerman, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2017-07-10
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 7390-7402
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC5546110
- OpenAlex
- W2736288670
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 16.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh017168-34)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH-017168)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA170297, R35CA197461)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- cognitive training, executive function, delay discounting, risk sensitivity, decision-making, brain activity, video games, adaptive training, cognitive performance, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Reward, Task Performance and Analysis, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Executive Function
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