In vitro and in vivo characterization of porous poly‐L‐lactic acid coatings for subcutaneously implanted glucose sensors
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that porous poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA) sensor coatings reduce fibrosis and promote blood microvessel formation in tissue adjacent to the sensor surface. Porous PLLA coatings were produced using ammonium bicarbonate as the gas foaming/salt leaching agent, and deployed on functional and nonfunctional sensors. The porous coatings minimally affected sensor accuracy and response rate in vitro. Three‐week subcutaneous rat studies of nonfunctional glucose sensors showed the anticipated effect of porous coatings enhancing vascularity and decreasing collagen deposition. In contrast, percutaneous functional sensors with and without porous coatings showed no significant difference in terms of histology or sensor response. In spite of the observation that texturing increases the vascularity of the tissue that surrounds implanted sensors, other factors such as the additional mechanical stresses imposed by percutaneous tethering may override the beneficial effects of the porous coatings. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
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Subcutaneous histology of a porous PLLA coating showed a threefold increase in vascularization and about a 65% reduction in collagen compared with bare glucose sensors at 3 weeks.
“Subcutaneous histology of a porous poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) coating showed a threefold increase in vascularization and a ~65% reduction in collagen compared to bare glucose sensors at 3 weeks.121”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [121]
When the same materials were implanted percutaneously, histological differences were less apparent, with porous coatings giving a twofold increase in vascularization and a twofold increase in collagen content compared with bare sensors at 2 weeks.
“when the same materials were implanted percutaneously, histological differences were less apparent, with porous coatings giving a twofold increase in vascularization and a twofold increase, rather than decrease, in collagen content compared to bare sensors at 2 weeks.121”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [121]
Subcutaneous implants had no blood vessels or collagen inside the porous material, while percutaneous experiments showed significant collagen and vascularization, indicating a differential FBR depending on whether the implant was purely subcutaneous or percutaneous.
“While examination of the subcutaneous implant noted no blood vessels or collagen within the interior of the porous material, the percutaneous experiments revealed significant levels of collagen and vascularization, indicating a differential FBR dependent on the nature (i.e., purely subcutaneous vs. percutaneous) of the implant.121”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [121]
Micromotion effects overrode the benefits of porosity because of the continual movement of the percutaneously implanted sensor in the tissue.
“These effects overrode the benefits of porosity due to the continual movement of the percutaneously implanted sensor in the tissue.”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [121]
Incorporating strategies that reduce micromotion may be critical to fully realize the potential of porous membranes on percutaneous sensors.
“Thus, incorporating strategies that reduced the effects of micromotion may be critical to fully realize the potential of porous membranes on percutaneous sensors.”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [121]
Coatings on percutaneous sensors did not produce similar histological or sensor performance improvements compared with bare sensors.
“However, coatings on percutaneous sensors did not lead to similar histological or sensor performance improvements versus control (i.e., bare) sensors.”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [121]
PLLA foams on non-functioning sensors implanted subcutaneously showed decreased collagen capsule thickness and increased capillary density compared with bare non-functional sensors.
“When coated onto non-functioning sensors and implanted subcutaneously, the PLLA foams exhibited the expected decrease in collagen capsule thickness and increased capillary density compared to bare non-functional sensors.”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [121]
The difference in performance between the two implant modes was attributed to micromotion.
“The difference in performance between the two implant modes was attributed by the authors to micromotion.”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [121]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Koschwanez, H. E., Yap, F. Y., Klitzman, B., & Reichert, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reichert, W. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-01-15
- Volume
- 87A
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 792-807
- ISSN
- 1549-3296 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4965
- PMC
- PMC4031458
- OpenAlex
- W2071543700
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK054932, DK054932, R56DK054932)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- poly(L-lactic acid), porous coatings, glucose sensor, subcutaneous implantation, fibrosis, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, salt leaching, biodegradable polymers, implant surface modification
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood Glucose, Male, Polyesters, Polymers, Surface Properties, Biosensing Techniques, Porosity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Lactic Acid, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, Rats
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