Cited by 837Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung

Shafer, Alan B.·2006·Journal of Clinical Psychology

Abstract

Four separate metaanalyses of factor analyses were conducted for the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). The total number of participants (N) and studies (k) included in each of the metaanalyses were the following: BDI (N = 13,643, k = 33), CES-D (N = 22,340, k = 28), HRSD (N = 2,606, k = 17), and SDS (N = 12,621, k = 13). Metaanalysis results suggest that the specific depression symptom factors within each test appear to be relatively robust and well established and match fairly closely previously hypothesized factor structures. A general Depression Severity factor and a small Somatic Symptoms factor are found in all four tests and two tests had a small Positive Affect factor. There were fewer common specific depression symptom factors across tests than expected.

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Crossref · 10.1002/jclp.20213

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Authors
Shafer, A. B.
Corresponding author
Shafer, Alan B.
Venue
Journal of Clinical Psychology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2005
Volume
62
Issue
1
Pages
123-146
ISSN
  • 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
  • 1097-4679
OpenAlex
W2170701421
Cited by
837
References
111
Citations by year
2026: 31 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 45
FWCI
2.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords
factor structure, Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, depression severity, somatic symptoms, positive affect
MeSH terms
Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires

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