Cited by 5,024Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMigration, Health and Trauma

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The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale

Blake, Dudley David, Weathers, Frank W., Nagy, Linda M., Kaloupek, Danny G., Gusman, Fred D., Charney, Dennis S., Keane, Terence M.·1995·Journal of Traumatic Stress

DOI 10.1002/jts.2490080106

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Abstract

Several interviews are available for assessing PTSD. These interviews vary in merit when compared on stringent psychometric and utility standards. Of all the interviews, the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS‐1) appears to satisfy these standards most uniformly. The CAPS‐1 is a structured interview for assessing core and associated symptoms of PTSD. It assesses the frequency and intensity of each symptom using standard prompt questions and explicit, behaviorally‐anchored rating scales. The CAPS‐1 yields both continuous and dichotomous scores for current and lifetime PTSD symptoms. Intended for use by experienced clinicians, it also can be administered by appropriately trained paraprofessionals. Data from a large scale psychometric study of the CAPS‐1 have provided impressive evidence of its reliability and validity as a PTSD interview.

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“The CAPS-IV is a semi-structured interview addressing PTSD symptom clusters recognized by the DSM-IV (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) (Blake et al. 1995; Nagy et al. 1993; Weathers et al. 2001).”
Background
Retracted
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Kelly, M. M., DeBeer, B. B., Meyer, E. C., Kimbrel, N. A., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2019) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000375 · Cited by 33
“The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (CAPS; Blake et al., 1995) is a clinician administered, semistructured diagnostic interview that assesses PTSD symptoms.”
Method
Main and interactive effects of a nonclinical panic attack history and distress tolerance in relation to PTSD symptom severity
Marshall-Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.001 · Cited by 31
Comprehension of affective prosody in women with post-traumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse
Nazarov, A., Frewen, P., Oremus, C., Schellenberg, E. G., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12364 · Cited by 30
Impact of comorbid depression on quality of life in male combat Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Raab, P. A., Mackintosh, M.-A., Gros, D. F., & Morland, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2014.05.0130 · Cited by 29
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) as a Standalone Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Mixed Traumatic Events: A Mixed-Methods Feasibility Study
Müller-Engelmann, M., Wünsch, S., Volk, M., & Steil, R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01407 · Cited by 30
“Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Blake et al., 1995; Schnyder and Moergeli, 2002).”
Method
Prevalence and Significant Determinants of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in a Large Sample of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Ostacoli, L., Carletto, S., Borghi, M., Cavallo, M., Rocci, E., Zuffranieri, M., Malucchi, S., Bertolotto, A., Zennaro, A., Furlan, P. M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-012-9323-2 · Cited by 29
The Hong Kong Survey on the Epidemiology of Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Wu, K. K., Leung, P. W. L., Wong, C. S. M., Yu, P. M. W., Luk, B. T. C., Cheng, J. P. K., Wong, R. M. F., Wong, P. P. S., Lui, J. C. C., Ngan, J. C. F., et al. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22430 · Cited by 29
The relationship of maternal and child methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 during early childhood and subsequent child psychopathology at school-age in the context of maternal interpersonal violence-related post-traumatic stress disorder
Cordero, M. I., Stenz, L., Moser, D. A., Rusconi Serpa, S., Paoloni-Giacobino, A., & Schechter, D. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.919820 · Cited by 27
DEVELOPMENT OF A GUIDED SELF-HELP (GSH) PROGRAM FOR THE TREATMENT OF MILD-TO-MODERATE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD): Research Article: Development of a GSH Program for PTSD
Lewis, C., Roberts, N., Vick, T., & Bisson, J. I. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22128 · Cited by 28
Trauma-related dreams of Australian veterans with PTSD: content, affect and phenomenology
Phelps, A. J., Forbes, D., Hopwood, M., & Creamer, M. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.599314 · Cited by 29
The effect of nicotine and trauma context on acoustic startle in smokers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
Calhoun, P. S., Wagner, H. R., McClernon, F. J., Lee, S., Dennis, M. F., Vrana, S. R., Clancy, C. P., Collie, C. F., Johnson, Y. C., & Beckham, J. C. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2144-9 · Cited by 28
Trauma‐related dissociation: Psychological features and psychophysiological responses to script‐driven imagery in borderline personality disorder
Bichescu‐Burian, D., Steyer, J., Steinert, T., Grieb, B., & Tschöke, S. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12795 · Cited by 27
The threatful self: midbrain functional connectivity to cortical midline and parietal regions during subliminal trauma-related processing in PTSD.
Terpou, B. A., Densmore, M., Théberge, J., Thome, J., Frewen, P., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2019) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547019871369 · Cited by 26
Psychosocial Interventions With Cognitive-Behavioral Components for the Treatment of Cancer-Related Traumatic Stress Symptoms: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Nenova, M., Morris, L., Paul, L., Li, Y., Applebaum, A., & DuHamel, K. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.27.3.258 · Cited by 26
Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with spinal cord injury
Otis, C., Marchand, A., & Courtois, F. (2012) · Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/sci1803-253 · Cited by 26
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-α IN POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: EVIDENCE FROM HUMAN AND ANIMAL STUDIES
Department of Psychological Medicine, K. C. L., Hussein, S., Himmerich, H., Department of Psychiatry, P. A. P., Willmund, G. D., Department of Psychiatry, P. A. P., Ibrahim, M. A. A., Department of Immunological Medicine and Allergy, K. H. P., Dalton, B., & Department of Psychological Medicine, K. C. L. (2017) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2017.407 · Cited by 26
Enhancing exposure therapy for PTSD with yohimbine HCL: protocol for a double-blind, randomized controlled study implementing subjective and objective measures of treatment outcome
Wangelin, B. C., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., & Tuerk, P. W. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.08.003 · Cited by 26
Limbic brain responses in mothers with post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid dissociation to video clips of their children
Moser, D. A., Aue, T., Wang, Z., Rusconi Serpa, S., Favez, N., Peterson, B. S., & Schechter, D. S. (2013) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2013.816280 · Cited by 26
Social support moderates the association between posttraumatic stress disorder treatment duration and treatment outcomes in telemedicine-based treatment among rural veterans
Campbell, S. B., Erbes, C., Grubbs, K., & Fortney, J. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22542 · Cited by 27
Measurement Issues: Measurement of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and young people—Lessons from research and practice
Leigh, E., Yule, W., & Smith, P. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12124 · Cited by 26
Assessing the Effectiveness of Yoga as a Complementary and Alternative Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review and Synthesis
Sciarrino, N. A., DeLucia, C., O'Brien, K., & McAdams, K. (2017) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2017.0036 · Cited by 24
A systematic review of interleukin-1β in post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence from human and animal studies
Waheed, A., Dalton, B., Wesemann, U., Ibrahim, M. A. A., & Himmerich, H. (2018) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2017.0088 · Cited by 23
A randomized controlled trial of Deep Brain Reorienting: a neuroscientifically guided treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder
Kearney, B. E., Corrigan, F. M., Frewen, P. A., Nevill, S., Harricharan, S., Andrews, K., Jetly, R., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2240691 · Cited by 23
A Preliminary Investigation of the Relationship Between Emotion Dysregulation and Partner Violence Perpetration Among Individuals with PTSD and Alcohol Dependence
Watkins, L. E., Schumacher, J. A., & Coffey, S. F. (2016) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1129657 · Cited by 23
Anxiety sensitivity and sleep disturbance: Investigating associations among patients with co-occurring anxiety and substance use disorders
Dixon, L. J., Lee, A. A., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.10.009 · Cited by 23
Are adult offspring reliable informants about parental PTSD? A validation study
YEHUDA, R., LABINSKY, E., TISCHLER, L., BRAND, S. R., LAVIN, Y., BLAIR, W., BIERER, L. M., GOODMAN, R. Z., & GROSSMAN, R. A. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1364.047 · Cited by 22
Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report Using Virtual Reality Graded Exposure Therapy With Physiological Monitoring With a Female Seabee
Wood, D. P., Webb-Murphy, J., Center, K., McLay, R., Koffman, R., Johnston, S., Spira, J., Pyne, J. M., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2009) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-03-4408 · Cited by 22
Combat PTSD and implicit behavioral tendencies for positive affective stimuli: A brief report
Clausen, A. N., Youngren, W., Sisante, J.-F. V., Billinger, S. A., Taylor, C., & Aupperle, R. L. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00758 · Cited by 21
Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Associated Characteristics Among Patients With Chronic Pain Conditions in a Norwegian University Hospital Outpatient Pain Clinic
Linnemørken, L. T. B., Granan, L.-P., & Reme, S. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00749 · Cited by 21
Comparing PTSD treatment retention among survivors of military sexual trauma utilizing clinical video technology and in-person approaches
Valentine, L. M., Donofry, S. D., Broman, R. B., Smith, E. R., Rauch, S. A., & Sexton, M. B. (2020) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x19832419 · Cited by 21
Double-blind randomized controlled study of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of eszopiclone vs placebo for the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and insomnia
Dowd, S. M., Zalta, A. K., Burgess, H. J., Adkins, E. E., Valdespino-Hayden, Z., & Pollack, M. H. (2020) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v10.i3.21 · Cited by 19
Startle amplitude during unpleasant pictures is greater in veterans with a history of multiple‐suicide attempts and predicts a future suicide attempt
Hazlett, E. A., Blair, N. J., Fernandez, N., Mascitelli, K., Perez‐Rodriguez, M. M., New, A. S., Goetz, R. R., & Goodman, M. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12698 · Cited by 20
Prevalence of auditory pseudohallucinations in adult survivors of physical and sexual trauma with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Clifford, G., Dalgleish, T., & Hitchcock, C. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.10.015 · Cited by 20

Authors: Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M.
Affiliations: VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
Tufts University (US)
Yale University (US)
Corresponding author: Blake, Dudley David
ORCID: Weathers, Frank W.
Kaloupek, Danny G.
Charney, Dennis S.
Keane, Terence M.
Venue: Journal of Traumatic Stress
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1995-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 75-90
ISSN: 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
1573-6598
DOI: 10.1002/jts.2490080106
OpenAlex: W2093982682
Cited by: 5,024
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 43 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 174 · 2021: 209 · 2020: 263 · 2019: 272 · 2018: 254 · 2017: 310 · 2016: 356 · 2015: 353 · 2014: 368 · 2013: 319 · 2012: 264
FWCI: 22.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4071 d)
Locations: Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, PTSD assessment, structured interviews, psychometric properties, reliability statistics, validity, symptom rating scales
MeSH terms: Humans, Interview, Psychological, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results

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The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale

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