The Molecular Toolset and Techniques Required to Build Cyanobacterial Cell Factories
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes performing oxygenic photosynthesis, a solar-driven process which allows them to obtain electrons from water to reduce and finally assimilate carbon dioxide. Consequently, they are in the spotlight of biotechnology as photoautotrophic cell factories to generate a large variety of chemicals and biofuels in a sustainable way. Recent progress in synthetic biology has enlarged the molecular toolset to genetically engineer the metabolism of cyanobacteria, mainly targeting common model strains, such as Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, or Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Nevertheless, the accessibility and flexibility of engineering cyanobacteria is still somewhat limited and less predictable compared to other biotechnologically employed microorganisms.This chapter gives a broad overview of currently available methods for the genetic modification of cyanobacterial model strains as well as more recently discovered and promising species, such as Synechococcus elongatus PCC 11801. It comprises approaches based on homologous recombination, replicative broad-host-range or strain-specific plasmids, CRISPR/Cas, as well as markerless selection. Furthermore, common and newly introduced molecular tools for gene expression regulation are presented, comprising promoters, regulatory RNAs, genetic insulators like transcription terminators, ribosome binding sites, CRISPR interference, and the utilization of heterologous RNA polymerases. Additionally, potential DNA assembly strategies, like modular cloning, are described. Finally, considerations about post-translational control via protein degradation tags and heterologous proteases, as well as small proteins working as enzyme effectors are briefly discussed.
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Post-transcriptional elements such as ribosome binding sites [RBS] and translational control sequences are frequently utilised to refine gene expression.
“In addition to transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional elements such as ribosome binding sites [RBS] and translational control sequences are frequently utilised to refine gene expression [106].”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [106]
Recent advances include the development of computationally designed RBS libraries and modular expression systems, which have significantly improved the ability to control protein expression in cyanobacterial hosts.
“Recent advances include the development of computationally designed RBS libraries and modular expression systems, which have significantly improved the ability to control protein expression in cyanobacterial hosts [100,106].”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [106]
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Cyanobacteria as whole-cell factories: Current status and future prospectives
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“In addition to transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional elements such as ribosome binding sites [RBS] and translational control sequences are frequently utilised to refine gene expression [106].”
- Authors
- Opel, F., Axmann, I. M., & Klähn, S.
- Affiliations
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (DE)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Klähn, Stephan
- Venue
- Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 183
- Pages
- 65-103
- ISSN
- 0724-6145 (ISSN-L)
- 1616-8542
- OpenAlex
- W4293317005
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 264
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in biochemical engineering, biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- cyanobacteria, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, homologous recombination, broad-host-range plasmids, CRISPR-Cas, gene expression regulation, promoter, regulatory RNAs, transcription terminator, ribosome binding site, CRISPR interference, DNA assembly, modular cloning, oxygenic photosynthesis, biofuels, synthetic biology
- MeSH terms
- Biotechnology, Photosynthesis, Synechocystis, Synechococcus
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