The Gut Microbiota’s Role in Neurological, Psychiatric, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Aim: This article aims to explore the role of the human gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of neurological, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders, highlighting its influence on health and disease, and investigating potential therapeutic strategies targeting GM modulation. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive analysis of the gut microbiota’s composition and its interaction with the human body, particularly, its role in neurological and psychiatric conditions, is provided. The review discusses factors influencing GM composition, including birth mode, breastfeeding, diet, medications, and geography. Additionally, it examines the GM’s functions, such as nutrient absorption, immune regulation, and pathogen defense, alongside its interactions with the nervous system through the gut–brain axis, neurotransmitters, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Results: Alterations in the GM are linked to various disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, and autism. The GM influences cognitive functions, stress responses, and mood regulation. Antibiotic use disrupts GM diversity, increasing the risk of metabolic disorders, obesity, and allergic diseases. Emerging therapies such as probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota transplantation show promise in modulating the GM and alleviating symptoms of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Conclusions. The modulation of the GM represents a promising approach for personalized treatment strategies. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop targeted therapies aimed at restoring GM balance for improved clinical outcomes.
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Disruptions in endocrine signaling due to an imbalanced gut microbiome may contribute to ASD-related behaviors and altered feeding patterns.
“Disruptions in endocrine signaling due to an imbalanced gut microbiome may contribute to ASD-related behaviors and altered feeding patterns [43].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
The endocrine pathway serves as a critical link between ASD and the gut-brain axis, primarily through hormone secretion by enteroendocrine cells.
“The endocrine pathway serves as a critical link between ASD and the gut–brain axis, primarily through hormone secretion by enteroendocrine cells (EECs).”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Młynarska, E., Barszcz, E., Budny, E., Gajewska, A., Kopeć, K., Wasiak, J., Rysz, J., & Franczyk, B. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071135 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Charitos, I. A., Inchingolo, A. M., Ferrante, L., Inchingolo, F., Inchingolo, A. D., Castellaneta, F., Cotoia, A., Palermo, A., Scacco, S., & Dipalma, G.
- Affiliations
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (IT)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Consorziale - Policlinico Bari (IT)
- University of Foggia (IT)
- University of Salento (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Inchingolo, Francesco
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-12-22
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 4404
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11677138
- OpenAlex
- W4405704028
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 224
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 20
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- AIRUS (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, gut-brain axis, neurological disorders, mental illness, neurodevelopmental disorders, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, probiotics, prebiotics, microbiota transplantation, antibiotic use, mode of delivery, breastfeeding, stress response, mood regulation
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Brain-Gut Axis, Mental Disorders, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Probiotics, Prebiotics, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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