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Plasma sex steroid hormones and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study
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Aims/hypothesis Prospective data directly investigating the role of endogenous sex hormones in diabetes risk have been scant, particularly in women. We aimed to examine comprehensively plasma sex hormones in connection with risk of developing type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women.Methods We conducted a prospective, nested case-control study of plasma oestradiol, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and risk of type 2 diabetes in a cohort of women health professionals with a mean age of 60.3 and 12.2 years since menopause. Among women not using hormone therapy and free of baseline cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes, 359 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were matched with 359 controls during an average follow-up of 10 years.Results Oestradiol and testosterone were each strongly and positively associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for BMI, family history, lifestyle and reproductive variables, the multivariable relative risks (95% CI) comparing the highest vs lowest quintile were 12.6 (2.83-56.3) for total oestradiol (p = 0.002 for trend), 13.1 (4.18-40.8) for free oestradiol (p < 0.001 for trend), 4.15 (1.21-14.2) for total testosterone (p = 0.019 for trend) and 14.8 (4.44-49.2) for free testosterone (p < 0.001 for trend). These associations remained robust after adjusting and accounting for other metabolic syndrome components and baseline HbA(1c) levels.Conclusions/interpretation In postmenopausal women, higher plasma levels of oestradiol and testosterone were strongly and prospectively related to increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. These prospective data indicate that endogenous levels of sex hormones may play important roles in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. ClinicalTrials.gov ID no.: NCT00000479.
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“However, hyperandrogenism in PCOS could worsen glucose tolerance by stimulating low-grade inflammation [17, 18].”
From From Prediabetes to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Lifestyle and Pharmacological Management (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ding, E. L., Song, Y., Manson, J. E., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., & Liu, S.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ding, E. L.
- Liu, S.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2007-08-14
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2076-2084
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W2134314425
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 8.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl043851-10)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL43851)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-47988, R01CA047988)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK066401, R01DK066401)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, sex hormones, estradiol, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, postmenopausal women, endogenous sex hormones, diabetes risk
- MeSH terms
- Aspirin, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Double-Blind Method, Estradiol, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Testosterone, Vitamin E, Body Mass Index, Postmenopause, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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