CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 428Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsBarrier Structure and Function Studies

Human astrocytes: structure and functions in the healthy brain

Open access
Vasile, Flora, Dossi, Elena, Rouach, Nathalie·2017·Brain Structure and Function
DOI 10.1007/s00429-017-1383-5PMC PMC5504258
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Data collected on astrocytes' physiology in the rodent have placed them as key regulators of synaptic, neuronal, network, and cognitive functions. While these findings proved highly valuable for our awareness and appreciation of non-neuronal cell significance in brain physiology, early structural and phylogenic investigations of human astrocytes hinted at potentially different astrocytic properties. This idea sparked interest to replicate rodent-based studies on human samples, which have revealed an analogous but enhanced involvement of astrocytes in neuronal function of the human brain. Such evidence pointed to a central role of human astrocytes in sustaining more complex information processing. Here, we review the current state of our knowledge of human astrocytes regarding their structure, gene profile, and functions, highlighting the differences with rodent astrocytes. This recent insight is essential for assessment of the relevance of findings using animal models and for comprehending the functional significance of species-specific properties of astrocytes. Moreover, since dysfunctional astrocytes have been described in many brain disorders, a more thorough understanding of human-specific astrocytic properties is crucial for better-adapted translational applications.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00429-017-1383-5

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Astrocyte cell projections are critical for cellular communication and for the clearance of toxic oligomers such as tau.

    “Astrocyte cell projections, or extensions, are critical for cellular communication 29 and for the clearance of toxic oligomers such as tau. 30”

    From Protective mechanisms against Alzheimer's disease in APOE3‐Christchurch homozygous astrocytes (2025) · cites this paper as [29]

    The source supports the communication portion, to which citation 29 is attached: its Interlaminar astroglia section describes a possible role for astrocyte projections in long-distance communication. It also says their functional significance is undetermined, so calling them “critical” overstates the evidence. The tau-clearance portion has a separate citation (30) and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 89

  1. Agulhon C Fiacco TA McCarthy KD Hippocampal short- and long-term plasticity are not modulated by astrocyte Ca2+ signaling Science 2010 327 1250 1254 10.1126/science.1184821 20203048 · DOI
  2. Allen NJ Astrocyte regulation of synaptic behavior Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014 30 439 463 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-013053 25288116 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Ammendola A Geiselhöringer A Hofmann F Schlossmann J Molecular determinants of the interaction between the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-associated cGMP kinase substrate (IRAG) and cGMP kinase Ibeta J Biol Chem 2001 276 24153 24159 10.1074/jbc.M101530200 11309393 · DOI
  4. Andriezen WL The neuroglia elements in the human brain Br Med J 1893 2 227 230 10.1136/bmj.2.1700.227 20754383 PMC2422013 · DOI
  5. Aronica E Gorter JA Jansen GH Expression of connexin 43 and connexin 32 gap-junction proteins in epilepsy-associated brain tumors and in the perilesional epileptic cortex Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2001 101 449 459 11484816
  6. Azevedo FAC Carvalho LRB Grinberg LT Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain J Comp Neurol 2009 513 532 541 10.1002/cne.21974 19226510 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Banner SJ Fray AE Ince PG The expression of the glutamate re-uptake transporter excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) in the normal human CNS and in motor neurone disease: an immunohistochemical study Neuroscience 2002 109 27 44 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00437-7 11784698 · DOI
  8. Bardoni R Ghirri A Zonta M Glutamate-mediated astrocyte-to-neuron signalling in the rat dorsal horn J Physiol 2010 588 831 846 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.180570 20083514 PMC2834942 · DOI
  9. Bass NH Hess HH Pope A Thalheimer C Quantitative cytoarchitectonic distribution of neurons, glia, and DNa in rat cerebral cortex J Comp Neurol 1971 143 481 490 10.1002/cne.901430405 4945394 · DOI
  10. Bazargani N Attwell D Astrocyte calcium signaling: the third wave Nat Neurosci 2016 19 182 189 10.1038/nn.4201 26814587 · DOI
  11. Bedner P Dupper A Hüttmann K Astrocyte uncoupling as a cause of human temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain J Neurol 2015 138 1208 1222 PMC5963418 25765328
  12. Bonder DE McCarthy KD Astrocytic Gq-GPCR-linked IP3R-dependent Ca2+ signaling does not mediate neurovascular coupling in mouse visual cortex in vivo J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 2014 34 13139 13150 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2591-14.2014 PMC4172806 25253859 · DOI
  13. Bordey A Sontheimer H Electrophysiological properties of human astrocytic tumor cells in situ: enigma of spiking glial cells J Neurophysiol 1998 79 2782 2793 9582244
  14. Bouzier-Sore A-K Pellerin L Unraveling the complex metabolic nature of astrocytes Front Cell Neurosci 2013 7 179 10.3389/fncel.2013.00179 24130515 PMC3795301 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Cáceres M Lachuer J Zapala MA Elevated gene expression levels distinguish human from non-human primate brains Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 100 13030 13035 10.1073/pnas.2135499100 14557539 PMC240739 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Cáceres M Suwyn C Maddox M Increased cortical expression of two synaptogenic thrombospondins in human brain evolution Cereb Cortex (NYN 1991) 2007 17 2312 2321 10.1093/cercor/bhl140 17182969 · DOI
  17. Caltabiano R Torrisi A Condorelli D High levels of connexin 43 mRNA in high grade astrocytomas. Study of 32 cases with in situ hybridization Acta Histochem 2010 112 529 535 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.05.008 19604543 · DOI
  18. Carney J Mason SA Viero C Williams AJ The ryanodine receptor pore: is there a consensus view? Curr Top Membr 2010 66 49 67 10.1016/S1063-5823(10)66003-6 22353476 · DOI
  19. Christopherson KS Ullian EM Stokes CCA Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis Cell 2005 120 421 433 10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.020 15707899 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Collignon F Wetjen NM Cohen-Gadol AA Altered expression of connexin subtypes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in humans J Neurosurg 2006 105 77 87 10.3171/jns.2006.105.1.77 16874892 · DOI
  21. Colombo JA Reisin HD Interlaminar astroglia of the cerebral cortex: a marker of the primate brain Brain Res 2004 1006 126 131 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.003 15047031 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Colombo JA Gayol S Yañez A Marco P Immunocytochemical and electron microscope observations on astroglial interlaminar processes in the primate neocortex J Neurosci Res 1997 48 352 357 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19970515)48:4<352::AID-JNR7>3.0.CO;2-A 9169861 · DOI
  23. Colombo JA Quinn B Puissant V Disruption of astroglial interlaminar processes in Alzheimer’s disease Brain Res Bull 2002 58 235 242 10.1016/S0361-9230(02)00785-2 12127023 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Colombo JA Reisin HD Jones M Bentham C Development of interlaminar astroglial processes in the cerebral cortex of control and Down’s syndrome human cases Exp Neurol 2005 193 207 217 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.11.024 15817279 · DOI · Paper page
  25. Dallérac G Rouach N Astrocytes as new targets to improve cognitive functions Prog Neurobiol 2016 144 48 67 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.003 26969413 · DOI
  26. Dallérac G Chever O Rouach N How do astrocytes shape synaptic transmission? Insights from electrophysiology Front Cell Neurosci 2013 24101894 PMC3787198
  27. Deitmer JW A role for CO(2) and bicarbonate transporters in metabolic exchanges in the brain J Neurochem 2002 80 721 726 10.1046/j.0022-3042.2002.00765.x 11948234 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Diniz LP Almeida JC Tortelli V Astrocyte-induced synaptogenesis is mediated by transforming growth factor β signaling through modulation of D-serine levels in cerebral cortex neurons J Biol Chem 2012 287 41432 41445 10.1074/jbc.M112.380824 23055518 PMC3510841 · DOI
  29. Draghici S Khatri P Eklund AC Szallasi Z Reliability and reproducibility issues in DNA microarray measurements Trends Genet TIG 2006 22 101 109 10.1016/j.tig.2005.12.005 16380191 PMC2386979 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Fellin T Communication between neurons and astrocytes: relevance to the modulation of synaptic and network activity J Neurochem 2009 108 533 544 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05830.x 19187090 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Fonseca CG Green CR Nicholson LFB Upregulation in astrocytic connexin 43 gap junction levels may exacerbate generalized seizures in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy Brain Res 2002 929 105 116 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)03289-9 11852037 · DOI
  32. Fraser CM Sills GJ Butler E Effects of valproate, vigabatrin and tiagabine on GABA uptake into human astrocytes cultured from foetal and adult brain tissue Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape 1999 1 153 157 10937147
  33. Friede R Quantitative share of the glia in development of the cortex Acta Anat (Basel) 1954 20 290 296 10.1159/000140905 13137775 · DOI
  34. Fritsch RM Saur D Kurjak M InsP3R-associated cGMP kinase substrate (IRAG) is essential for nitric oxide-induced inhibition of calcium signaling in human colonic smooth muscle J Biol Chem 2004 279 12551 12559 10.1074/jbc.M313365200 14729908 · DOI
  35. Fu W Ruangkittisakul A MacTavish D Activity and metabolism-related Ca2+ and mitochondrial dynamics in co-cultured human fetal cortical neurons and astrocytes Neuroscience 2013 250 520 535 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.029 23876319 · DOI
  36. Gegelashvili M Rodriguez-Kern A Sung L Glutamate transporter GLAST/EAAT1 directs cell surface expression of FXYD2/gamma subunit of Na, K-ATPase in human fetal astrocytes Neurochem Int 2007 50 916 920 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.12.015 17316900 · DOI
  37. Giannini G Conti A Mammarella S The ryanodine receptor/calcium channel genes are widely and differentially expressed in murine brain and peripheral tissues J Cell Biol 1995 128 893 904 10.1083/jcb.128.5.893 7876312 PMC2120385 · DOI
  38. Goodman M Sterner KN Islam M Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009 106 20824 20829 10.1073/pnas.0911239106 19926857 PMC2791620 · DOI
  39. Hakamata Y Nakai J Takeshima H Imoto K Primary structure and distribution of a novel ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel from rabbit brain FEBS Lett 1992 312 229 235 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80941-9 1330694 · DOI
  40. Han X Chen M Wang F Forebrain engraftment by human glial progenitor cells enhances synaptic plasticity and learning in adult mice Cell Stem Cell 2013 12 342 353 10.1016/j.stem.2012.12.015 23472873 PMC3700554 · DOI · Paper page
  41. Hawkins A Olszewski J Glia/nerve cell index for cortex of the whale Science 1957 126 76 77 10.1126/science.126.3263.76 13442648 · DOI · Paper page
  42. Haydon PG Carmignoto G Astrocyte control of synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling Physiol Rev 2006 86 1009 1031 10.1152/physrev.00049.2005 16816144 · DOI
  43. Herculano-Houzel S Scaling of brain metabolism with a fixed energy budget per neuron: implications for neuronal activity, plasticity and evolution PloS One 2011 6 e17514 10.1371/journal.pone.0017514 21390261 PMC3046985 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Herculano-Houzel S The glia/neuron ratio: how it varies uniformly across brain structures and species and what that means for brain physiology and evolution Glia 2014 62 1377 1391 10.1002/glia.22683 24807023 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Hinterkeuser S Schröder W Hager G Astrocytes in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy display changes in potassium conductances Eur J Neurosci 2000 12 2087 2096 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00104.x 10886348 · DOI
  46. Hur YS Kim KD Paek SH Yoo SH Evidence for the existence of secretory granule (dense-core vesicle)-based inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Ca2+ signaling system in astrocytes PloS One 2010 5 e11973 10.1371/journal.pone.0011973 20700485 PMC2916839 · DOI
  47. Kim SY Park SM Lee S-T Apolipoprotein C-II is a novel substrate for matrix metalloproteinases Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006 339 47 54 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.182 16314153 · DOI
  48. Korzhevskii DE Otellin VA Grigor’ev IP Glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes in the human neocortex Neurosci Behav Physiol 2005 35 789 792 10.1007/s11055-005-0125-y 16132257 · DOI
  49. Lee HS Ghetti A Pinto-Duarte A Astrocytes contribute to gamma oscillations and recognition memory Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014 111 E3343 3352 10.1073/pnas.1410893111 25071179 PMC4136580 · DOI
  50. Lee SH Magge S Spencer DD Human epileptic astrocytes exhibit increased gap junction coupling Glia 1995 15 195 202 10.1002/glia.440150212 8567071 · DOI
  51. Leuba G Garey LJ Comparison of neuronal and glial numerical density in primary and secondary visual cortex of man Exp Brain Res 1989 77 31 38 10.1007/BF00250564 2792267 · DOI
  52. McPherson PS Campbell KP Characterization of the major brain form of the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel J Biol Chem 1993 268 19785 19790 7690041
  53. Navarrete M Araque A Endocannabinoids mediate neuron-astrocyte communication Neuron 2008 57 883 893 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.029 18367089 · DOI
  54. Navarrete M Perea G Maglio L Astrocyte calcium signal and gliotransmission in human brain tissue Cereb Cortex (NYN 1991) 2013 23 1240 1246 10.1093/cercor/bhs122 22581850 · DOI
  55. Nichols NR Day JR Laping NJ GFAP mRNA increases with age in rat and human brain Neurobiol Aging 1993 14 421 429 10.1016/0197-4580(93)90100-P 8247224 · DOI · Paper page
  56. Nimchinsky EA Gilissen E Allman JM A neuronal morphologic type unique to humans and great apes Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 96 5268 5273 10.1073/pnas.96.9.5268 10220455 PMC21853 · DOI · Paper page
  57. Nissen JD Lykke K Bryk J Expression of the human isoform of glutamate dehydrogenase, hGDH2, augments TCA cycle capacity and oxidative metabolism of glutamate during glucose deprivation in astrocytes Glia 2017 65 474 488 10.1002/glia.23105 28032919 · DOI
  58. Nizar K Uhlirova H Tian P In vivo stimulus-induced vasodilation occurs without IP3 receptor activation and may precede astrocytic calcium increase J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 2013 33 8411 8422 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3285-12.2013 PMC3712855 23658179 · DOI
  59. Oberheim NA Wang X Goldman S Nedergaard M Astrocytic complexity distinguishes the human brain Trends Neurosci 2006 29 547 553 10.1016/j.tins.2006.08.004 16938356 · DOI · Paper page
  60. Oberheim NA Takano T Han X Uniquely hominid features of adult human astrocytes J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 2009 29 3276 3287 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4707-08.2009 PMC2819812 19279265 · DOI · Paper page
  61. Oikonomou G Shaham S The glia of Caenorhabditis elegans Glia 2011 59 1253 1263 10.1002/glia.21084 21732423 PMC3117073 · DOI
  62. Omichi K Hase S Identification of the characteristic amino-acid sequence for human alpha-amylase encoded by the AMY2B gene Biochim Biophys Acta 1993 1203 224 229 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90087-8 8268204 · DOI
  63. Pannasch U Rouach N Emerging role for astroglial networks in information processing: from synapse to behavior Trends Neurosci 2013 36 405 417 10.1016/j.tins.2013.04.004 23659852 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Parri HR Gould TM Crunelli V Spontaneous astrocytic Ca2+ oscillations in situ drive NMDAR-mediated neuronal excitation Nat Neurosci 2001 4 803 812 10.1038/90507 11477426 · DOI
  65. Pelvig DP Pakkenberg H Stark AK Pakkenberg B Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains Neurobiol Aging 2008 29 1754 1762 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013 17544173 · DOI · Paper page
  66. Perea G Araque A Properties of synaptically evoked astrocyte calcium signal reveal synaptic information processing by astrocytes J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 2005 25 2192 2203 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3965-04.2005 PMC6726085 15745945 · DOI · Paper page
  67. Peters A Josephson K Vincent SL Effects of aging on the neuroglial cells and pericytes within area 17 of the rhesus monkey cerebral cortex Anat Rec 1991 229 384 398 10.1002/ar.1092290311 2024779 · DOI
  68. Petravicz J Fiacco TA McCarthy KD Loss of IP3 receptor-dependent Ca2+ increases in hippocampal astrocytes does not affect baseline CA1 pyramidal neuron synaptic activity J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 2008 28 4967 4973 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5572-07.2008 PMC2709811 18463250 · DOI
  69. Petravicz J Boyt KM McCarthy KD Astrocyte IP3R2-dependent Ca(2+) signaling is not a major modulator of neuronal pathways governing behavior Front Behav Neurosci 2014 8 384 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00384 25429263 PMC4228853 · DOI
  70. Picker S Pieper CF Goldring S Glial membrane potentials and their relationship to [K+]o in man and guinea pig. A comparative study of intracellularly marked normal, reactive, and neoplastic glia J Neurosurg 1981 55 347 363 10.3171/jns.1981.55.3.0347 6267226 · DOI
  71. Poskanzer KE Yuste R Astrocytes regulate cortical state switching in vivo Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016 113 E2675 2684 10.1073/pnas.1520759113 27122314 PMC4868485 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Prabhakar S Noonan JP Pääbo S Rubin EM Accelerated evolution of conserved noncoding sequences in humans Science 2006 314 786 10.1126/science.1130738 17082449 · DOI · Paper page
  73. Pu P Xia Z Yu S Huang Q Altered expression of Cx43 in astrocytic tumors Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2004 107 49 54 10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.03.006 15567553 · DOI
  74. Rusakov DA Bard L Stewart MG Henneberger C Diversity of astroglial functions alludes to subcellular specialisation Trends Neurosci 2014 37 228 242 10.1016/j.tins.2014.02.008 24631033 · DOI
  75. Sherwood CC Stimpson CD Raghanti MA Evolution of increased glia-neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006 103 13606 13611 10.1073/pnas.0605843103 16938869 PMC1564260 · DOI · Paper page
  76. Sherwood MW Arizono M Hisatsune C Astrocytic IP3 Rs: Contribution to Ca(2+) signalling and hippocampal LTP Glia 2017 65 502 513 10.1002/glia.23107 28063222 · DOI
  77. Shigetomi E Bowser DN Sofroniew MV Khakh BS Two forms of astrocyte calcium excitability have distinct effects on NMDA receptor-mediated slow inward currents in pyramidal neurons J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 2008 28 6659 6663 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1717-08.2008 PMC2866443 18579739 · DOI
  78. Shigetomi E Kracun S Sofroniew MV Khakh BS A genetically targeted optical sensor to monitor calcium signals in astrocyte processes Nat Neurosci 2010 13 759 766 10.1038/nn.2557 20495558 PMC2920135 · DOI
  79. Shigetomi E Tong X Kwan KY TRPA1 channels regulate astrocyte resting calcium and inhibitory synapse efficacy through GAT-3 Nat Neurosci 2011 15 70 80 10.1038/nn.3000 22158513 PMC3282183 · DOI
  80. Srinivasan R Huang BS Venugopal S Ca(2+) signaling in astrocytes from Ip3r2(-/-) mice in brain slices and during startle responses in vivo Nat Neurosci 2015 18 708 717 10.1038/nn.4001 25894291 PMC4429056 · DOI
  81. Sun W McConnell E Pare J-F Glutamate-dependent neuroglial calcium signaling differs between young and adult brain Science 2013 339 197 200 10.1126/science.1226740 23307741 PMC3569008 · DOI
  82. Volterra A Liaudet N Savtchouk I Astrocyte Ca2+ signalling: an unexpected complexity Nat Rev Neurosci 2014 15 327 335 10.1038/nrn3725 24739787 · DOI · Paper page
  83. y Cajal SR Histology of the nervous system of man and vertebrates. Reprint (Swanson N, Swanson LW, translator) 1897 Oxford Oxford UP
  84. Yamaguchi M Role of regucalcin in brain calcium signaling: involvement in aging Integr Biol Quant Biosci Nano Macro 2012 4 825 837 22652898
  85. Yáñez IB Muñoz A Contreras J Double bouquet cell in the human cerebral cortex and a comparison with other mammals J Comp Neurol 2005 486 344 360 10.1002/cne.20533 15846784 · DOI
  86. Zalk R Clarke OB des Georges A Structure of a mammalian ryanodine receptor Nature 2015 517 44 49 10.1038/nature13950 25470061 PMC4300236 · DOI
  87. Zamanian JL Xu L Foo LC Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 2012 32 6391 6410 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6221-11.2012 PMC3480225 22553043 · DOI · Paper page
  88. Zhang Y Barres BA A smarter mouse with human astrocytes BioEssays News Rev Mol Cell Dev Biol 2013 35 876 880 10.1002/bies.201200162 23897758 · DOI
  89. Zhang Y Sloan SA Clarke LE Purification and characterization of progenitor and mature human astrocytes reveals transcriptional and functional differences with mouse Neuron 2016 89 37 53 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.013 26687838 PMC4707064 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Vasile, F., Dossi, E., & Rouach, N.
Affiliations
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
Corresponding author
Rouach, Nathalie
ORCID
Venue
Brain Structure and Function
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-03-09
Volume
222
Issue
5
Pages
2017-2029
ISSN
  • 1863-2653 (ISSN-L)
  • 1863-2661
DOI
10.1007/s00429-017-1383-5
PMC
PMC5504258
OpenAlex
W2593787260
Cited by
428
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 8
FWCI
3.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Brain Structure and Function (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • INSERM
  • CNRS
  • Collège de France (FR)
  • Observatoire B2V des memoires
  • Neuropôle de Recherche Francilien
  • Ligue Francaise contre l’Epilepsie
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Keywords
human astrocytes, astrocyte gene expression
MeSH terms
Animals, Astrocytes, Brain, Brain Diseases, Cognition, Humans, Neurons, Synapses

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review