Astrocyte regulation of synaptic behavior
Open accessAbstract
Astrocytes regulate multiple aspects of neuronal and synaptic function from development through to adulthood. Instead of addressing each function independently, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the different ways astrocytes modulate neuronal synaptic function throughout life, with a particular focus on recent findings in each area. It includes the emerging functions of astrocytes, such as a role in synapse formation, as well as more established roles, including the uptake and recycling of neurotransmitters. This broad approach covers the many ways astrocytes and neurons constantly interact to maintain the correct functioning of the brain. It is important to consider all of these diverse functions of astrocytes when investigating how astrocyte-neuron interactions regulate synaptic behavior to appreciate the complexity of these ongoing interactions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the aging cortex, increased production of Sparc may inhibit synaptic function and block new synapse formation.
“suggesting that, in the aging cortex, increased production of Sparc may inhibit synaptic function and block new synapse formation (Figure 4B).”
From The aging astrocyte transcriptome from multiple regions of the mouse brain. (2018) · cites this paper as Allen, 2014
Astrocyte functions include recycling neurotransmitters, buffering extracellular potassium to facilitate neuronal transmission, and taking up and processing nutrients for neurons.
“Functions include recycling neurotransmitters and buffering extracellular potassium to facilitate neuronal transmission (Allen, 2014) and taking up nutrients, including lipids and sugars from the blood, processing them, and delivering them to neurons for energy (van Deijk et al., 2017).”
From The aging astrocyte transcriptome from multiple regions of the mouse brain. (2018) · cites this paper as Allen, 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Bialas, A. R., & Stevens, B. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3560 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
RetractedMicroglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner
Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A., & Stevens, B. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026 · Cited by 4,089 · see citing works
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates CNS Synapse Elimination
Stevens, B., Allen, N. J., Vazquez, L. E., Howell, G. R., Christopherson, K. S., Nouri, N., Micheva, K. D., Mehalow, A. K., Huberman, A. D., Stafford, B., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.036 · Cited by 3,313 · see citing works
Self-citationCahoy, J. D., Emery, B., Kaushal, A., Foo, L. C., Zamanian, J. L., Christopherson, K. S., Xing, Y., Lubischer, J. L., Krieg, P. A., Krupenko, S. A., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4178-07.2008 · Cited by 3,129 · see citing works
Pellerin, L., & Magistretti, P. J. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.22.10625 · Cited by 2,927 · see citing works
Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner
Araque, A., Parpura, V., Sanzgiri, R. P., & Haydon, P. G. (1999) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01349-6 · Cited by 2,529 · see citing works
Azevedo, F. A. C., Carvalho, L. R. B., Grinberg, L. T., Farfel, J. M., Ferretti, R. E. L., Leite, R. E. P., Filho, W. J., Lent, R., & Herculano‐Houzel, S. (2009) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21974 · Cited by 2,337 · see citing works
Glutamate Induces Calcium Waves in Cultured Astrocytes: Long-Range Glial Signaling
Cornell-Bell, A. H., Finkbeiner, S. M., Cooper, M. S., & Smith, S. J. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1967852 · Cited by 1,846 · see citing works
Epilepsy and Exacerbation of Brain Injury in Mice Lacking the Glutamate Transporter GLT-1
Tanaka, K., Watase, K., Manabe, T., Yamada, K., Watanabe, M., Takahashi, K., Iwama, H., Nishikawa, T., Ichihara, N., Kikuchi, T., et al. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5319.1699 · Cited by 1,755 · see citing works
Synaptic Energy Use and Supply
Harris, J. J., Jolivet, R., & Attwell, D. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.019 · Cited by 1,747 · see citing works
Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-α
Stellwagen, D., & Malenka, R. C. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04671 · Cited by 1,715 · see citing works
CNS synaptogenesis promoted by glia-derived cholesterol
Mauch, D. H., Nägler, K., Schumacher, S., Göritz, C., Müller, E.-C., Otto, A., & Pfrieger, F. W. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.294.5545.1354 · Cited by 1,711 · see citing works
Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Transport Is Required for Long-Term Memory Formation
Suzuki, A., Stern, S. A., Bozdagi, O., Huntley, G. W., Walker, R. H., Magistretti, P. J., & Alberini, C. M. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.018 · Cited by 1,711 · see citing works
Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis
Christopherson, K. S., Ullian, E. M., Stokes, C. C. A., Mullowney, C. E., Hell, J. W., Agah, A., Lawler, J., Mosher, D. F., Bornstein, P., & Barres, B. A. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.020 · Cited by 1,688 · see citing works
Protoplasmic Astrocytes in CA1 Stratum Radiatum Occupy Separate Anatomical Domains
Bushong, E. A., Martone, M. E., Jones, Y. Z., & Ellisman, M. H. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-01-00183.2002 · Cited by 1,578 · see citing works
Uniquely Hominid Features of Adult Human Astrocytes
Oberheim, N. A., Takano, T., Han, X., He, W., Lin, J. H. C., Wang, F., Xu, Q., Wyatt, J. D., Pilcher, W., Ojemann, J. G., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4707-08.2009 · Cited by 1,488 · see citing works
Long-term potentiation depends on release of d-serine from astrocytes
Henneberger, C., Papouin, T., Oliet, S. H. R., & Rusakov, D. A. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08673 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
Control of Synapse Number by Glia
Ullian, E. M., Sapperstein, S. K., Christopherson, K. S., & Barres, B. A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.291.5504.657 · Cited by 1,380 · see citing works
Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways
Chung, W.-S., Clarke, L. E., Wang, G. X., Stafford, B. K., Sher, A., Chakraborty, C., Joung, J., Foo, L. C., Thompson, A., Chen, C., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12776 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works
Control of Synaptic Strength by Glial TNFα
Beattie, E. C., Stellwagen, D., Morishita, W., Bresnahan, J. C., Ha, B. K., Von Zastrow, M., Beattie, M. S., & Malenka, R. C. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1067859 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Gliotransmitters Travel in Time and Space
Araque, A., Carmignoto, G., Haydon, P. G., Oliet, S. H. R., Robitaille, R., & Volterra, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.007 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Astrocytic Purinergic Signaling Coordinates Synaptic Networks
Pascual, O., Casper, K. B., Kubera, C., Zhang, J., Revilla-Sanchez, R., Sul, J.-Y., Takano, H., Moss, S. J., McCarthy, K., & Haydon, P. G. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1116916 · Cited by 1,280 · see citing works
Imaging large-scale neural activity with cellular resolution in awake, mobile mice
Dombeck, D. A., Khabbaz, A. N., Collman, F., Adelman, T. L., & Tank, D. W. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.003 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Differential Regulation of AMPA Receptor and GABA Receptor Trafficking by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
Stellwagen, D., Beattie, E. C., Seo, J. Y., & Malenka, R. C. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4486-04.2005 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
Balancing Structure and Function at Hippocampal Dendritic Spines
Bourne, J. N., & Harris, K. M. (2008) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125646 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Application of a translational profiling approach for the comparative analysis of CNS cell types
Doyle, J. P., Dougherty, J. D., Heiman, M., Schmidt, E. F., Stevens, T. R., Ma, G., Bupp, S., Shrestha, P., Shah, R. D., Doughty, M. L., et al. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.029 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Relationships between Hippocampal Synapses and Astrocytes
Ventura, R., & Harris, K. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-16-06897.1999 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Eroglu, Ç., Allen, N. J., Susman, M. W., O'Rourke, N. A., Park, C. Y., Özkan, E., Chakraborty, C., Mulinyawe, S. B., Annis, D. S., Huberman, A. D., et al. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.025 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
Self-citationAstrocytes Control Breathing Through pH-Dependent Release of ATP
Gourine, A. V., Kasymov, V., Marina, N., Tang, F., Figueiredo, M. F., Lane, S., Teschemacher, A. G., Spyer, K. M., Deisseroth, K. A., & Kasparov, S. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1190721 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Meyer‐Franke, A., Kaplan, M. R., Pfrieger, F. W., & Barres, B. A. (1995) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90172-8 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Synaptic Efficacy Enhanced by Glial Cells in Vitro
Pfrieger, F. W., & Barres, B. A. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5332.1684 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Synaptic Islands Defined by the Territory of a Single Astrocyte
Halassa, M. M., Fellin, T., Takano, H., Dong, J.-H., & Haydon, P. G. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1419-07.2007 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Astrocyte glypicans 4 and 6 promote formation of excitatory synapses via GluA1 AMPA receptors
Allen, N. J., Bennett, M. L., Foo, L. C., Wang, G. X., Chakraborty, C., Smith, S. J., & Barres, B. A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11059 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuron-glia metabolic coupling and plasticity
Magistretti, P. J. (2006) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2010.053157 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Astrocytic complexity distinguishes the human brain
Oberheim, N. A., Wang, X., Goldman, S., & Nedergaard, M. (2006) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.08.004 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Pellerin, L., & Magistretti, P. J. (2011) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.149 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Astrocytic Ca2+ signaling evoked by sensory stimulation in vivo
Wang, X., Lou, N., Xu, Q., Tian, G.-F., Peng, W. G., Han, X., Kang, J., Takano, T., & Nedergaard, M. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1703 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Trophic Interactions Between Astroglial Cells and Hippocampal Neurons in Culture
Banker, G. A. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7403847 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Do astrocytes really exocytose neurotransmitters?
Hamilton, N. B., & Attwell, D. (2010) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2803 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Astrocytes Are Endogenous Regulators of Basal Transmission at Central Synapses
Panatier, A., Vallée, J., Haber, M., Murai, K. K., Lacaille, J.-C., & Robitaille, R. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.022 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Control of excitatory CNS synaptogenesis by astrocyte-secreted proteins Hevin and SPARC
Kucukdereli, H., Allen, N. J., Lee, A. T., Feng, A., Ozlu, M. I., Conatser, L. M., Chakraborty, C., Workman, G., Weaver, M., Sage, E. H., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1104977108 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, X., Chen, M., Wang, F., Windrem, M., Wang, S., Shanz, S., Xu, Q., Oberheim, N. A., Bekar, L., Betstadt, S., et al. (2013) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2012.12.015 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Tuned Responses of Astrocytes and Their Influence on Hemodynamic Signals in the Visual Cortex
Schummers, J., Yu, H., & Sur, M. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1156120 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Djukic, B., Casper, K. B., Philpot, B. D., Chin, L., & McCarthy, K. D. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0723-07.2007 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Timing Is Everything: Making Neurons versus Glia in the Developing Cortex
Miller, F. D., & Gauthier, A. S. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.04.019 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
What Is the Role of Astrocyte Calcium in Neurophysiology?
Agulhon, C., Petravicz, J., McMullen, A. B., Sweger, E. J., Minton, S. K., Taves, S., Casper, K. B., Fiacco, T. A., & McCarthy, K. D. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.004 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Brain extracellular matrix affects AMPA receptor lateral mobility and short-term synaptic plasticity
Frischknecht, R., Heine, M., Perrais, D., Seidenbecher, C. I., Choquet, D., & Gundelfinger, E. D. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2338 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Astrocyte heterogeneity: an underappreciated topic in neurobiology
Zhang, Y., & Barres, B. A. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.06.005 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Activity-dependent structural and functional plasticity of astrocyte-neuron interactions
Theodosis, D. T., Poulain, D. A., & Oliet, S. H. R. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2007 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Regional Astrocyte Allocation Regulates CNS Synaptogenesis and Repair
Tsai, H., Li, H., Fuentealba, L. C., Molofsky, A. V., Taveira‐Marques, R., Zhuang, H., Tenney, A., Murnen, A. T., Fancy, S. P. J., Merkle, F. T., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1222381 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Local Ca2+ detection and modulation of synaptic release by astrocytes
Di Castro, M. A., Chuquet, J., Liaudet, N., Bhaukaurally, K., Santello, M., Bouvier, D., Tiret, P., & Volterra, A. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2929 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
The Drosophila Cell Corpse Engulfment Receptor Draper Mediates Glial Clearance of Severed Axons
MacDonald, J. M., Beach, M. G., Porpiglia, E., Sheehan, A. E., Watts, R. J., & Freeman, M. R. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.028 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Control of hippocampal dendritic spine morphology through ephrin-A3/EphA4 signaling
Murai, K. K., Nguyen, L. N., Irie, F., Yamaguchi, Y., & Pasquale, E. B. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn994 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Glutamate-Dependent Neuroglial Calcium Signaling Differs Between Young and Adult Brain
Sun, W., McConnell, E., Paré, J., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Peng, W., Lovatt, D., Han, X., Smith, Y., & Nedergaard, M. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1226740 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Local generation of glia is a major astrocyte source in postnatal cortex
Ge, W.-P., Miyawaki, A., Gage, F. H., Jan, Y. N., & Jan, L. Y. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10959 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATE SYNAPTOGENESIS
Waites, C. L., Craig, A. M., & Garner, C. C. (2005) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144336 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
TRPA1 channels regulate astrocyte resting calcium and inhibitory synapse efficacy through GAT-3
Shigetomi, E., Tong, X., Kwan, K. Y., Corey, D. P., & Khakh, B. S. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3000 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Hall, C. N., Klein-Flugge, M. C., Howarth, C., & Attwell, D. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0026-12.2012 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Developmental Remodeling of the Retinogeniculate Synapse
Chen, C., & Regehr, W. G. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00166-5 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Bushong, E. A., Martone, M. E., & Ellisman, M. H. (2004) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2003.12.008 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Development of a Method for the Purification and Culture of Rodent Astrocytes
Foo, L. C., Allen, N. J., Bushong, E. A., Ventura, P. B., Chung, W.-S., Zhou, L., Cahoy, J. D., Daneman, R., Zong, H., Ellisman, M. H., et al. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.022 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Self-citationBidirectional modulation of synaptic functions by Eph/ephrin signaling
Klein, R. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2231 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Cooperative Astrocyte and Dendritic Spine Dynamics at Hippocampal Excitatory Synapses
Haber, M., Zhou, L., & Murai, K. K. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1302-06.2006 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Hippocampal Short- and Long-Term Plasticity Are Not Modulated by Astrocyte Ca 2+ Signaling
Agulhon, C., Fiacco, T. A., & McCarthy, K. D. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1184821 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Glia-Synapse Interaction Through Ca2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors in Bergmann Glia
Iino, M., Goto, K., Kakegawa, W., Okado, H., Sudo, M., Ishiuchi, S., Miwa, A., Takayasu, Y., Saito, I., Tsuzuki, K., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058827 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Ding, F., O’Donnell, J., Thrane, A. S., Zeppenfeld, D. M., Kang, H., Xie, L., Wang, F., & Nedergaard, M. (2013) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2013.09.001 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Astrocytes Mediate In Vivo Cholinergic-Induced Synaptic Plasticity
Navarrete, M., Perea, G., de Sevilla, D. F., Gómez-Gonzalo, M., Núñez, A., Martín, E. D., & Araque, A. (2012) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001259 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Astrocyte Calcium Signaling Transforms Cholinergic Modulation to Cortical Plasticity <i>In Vivo</i>
Takata, N., Mishima, T., Hisatsune, C., Nagai, T., Ebisui, E., Mikoshiba, K., & Hirase, H. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5289-11.2011 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Shigetomi, E., Bushong, E. A., Haustein, M. D., Tong, X., Jackson‐Weaver, O., Kracun, S., Xu, J. P., Sofroniew, M. V., Ellisman, M. H., & Khakh, B. S. (2013) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.201210949 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Ensheathing Glia Function as Phagocytes in the Adult Drosophila Brain
Doherty, J., Logan, M. A., Tasdemir-Yilmaz, O. E., & Freeman, M. R. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5951-08.2009 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Connexin 30 sets synaptic strength by controlling astroglial synapse invasion
Pannasch, U., Freche, D., Dallérac, G. M., Ghézali, G., Escartin, C., Ezan, P., Cohen‐Salmon, M., Benchenane, K., Abudara, V., Dufour, A., et al. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3662 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Motor Behavior Activates Bergmann Glial Networks
Nimmerjahn, A., Mukamel, E. A., & Schnitzer, M. J. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.019 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Xu‐Friedman, M. A., Harris, K. M., & Regehr, W. G. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-17-06666.2001 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
General anesthesia selectively disrupts astrocyte calcium signaling in the awake mouse cortex
Thrane, A. S., Thrane, V. R., Zeppenfeld, D. M., Lou, N., Xu, Q., Nagelhus, E. A., & Nedergaard, M. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1209448109 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Plasticity of Astrocytic Coverage and Glutamate Transporter Expression in Adult Mouse Cortex
Genoud, C., Quairiaux, C., Steiner, P., Hirling, H., Welker, E., & Knott, G. W. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040343 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Artifact versus reality—How astrocytes contribute to synaptic events
Nedergaard, M., & Verkhratsky, A. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22288 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Neuroglia: the 150 years after
Kettenmann, H., & Verkhratsky, A. (2008) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.09.003 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Astrocytes Modulate Neural Network Activity by Ca 2+ -Dependent Uptake of Extracellular K +
Wang, F., Smith, N., Xu, Q., Fujita, T., Baba, A., Matsuda, T., Takano, T., Bekar, L. K., & Nedergaard, M. (2012) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.2002334 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Hama, H., Hara, C., Yamaguchi, K., & Miyawaki, A. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00007-8 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Astroglial processes show spontaneous motility at active synaptic terminals in situ
Hirrlinger, J., Hülsmann, S., & Kirchhoff, F. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03689.x · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Kuffler, S. W. (1967) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1967.0047 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Locus Coeruleus α-Adrenergic–Mediated Activation of Cortical Astrocytes In Vivo
Bekar, L. K., He, W., & Nedergaard, M. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn040 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Neuron-glia communication via EphA4/ephrin-A3 modulates LTP through glial glutamate transport
Filosa, A., Paixão, S., Honsek, S. D., Carmona, M. A., Becker, L., Feddersen, B., Gaitanos, L., Rudhard, Y., Schoepfer, R., Klopstock, T., et al. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2394 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Plasticity of perisynaptic astroglia during synaptogenesis in the mature rat hippocampus
Witcher, M. R., Kirov, S. A., & Harris, K. M. (2006) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20415 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Larsen, B. R., Assentoft, M., Cotrina, M. L., Hua, S. Z., Nedergaard, M., Kaila, K., Voipio, J., & MacAulay, N. (2014) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22629 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Direct Astrocytic Contacts Regulate Local Maturation of Dendritic Spines
西田, 秀., & Okabe, S. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4466-06.2007 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Tasdemir-Yilmaz, O. E., & Freeman, M. R. (2013) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.229518.113 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Presynaptic regulation of astroglial excitatory neurotransmitter transporter GLT1
Yang, Y., Gozen, O., Watkins, A., Lorenzini, I., Lepore, A., Gao, Y., Vidensky, S., Brennan, J., Poulsen, D., Won Park, J., et al. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.02.010 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Optogenetic astrocyte activation modulates response selectivity of visual cortex neurons in vivo
Perea, G., Yang, A., Boyden, E. S., & Sur, M. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4262 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
A Glia-Derived Signal Regulating Neuronal Differentiation
Blondel, O., Collin, C., McCarran, W. J., Zhu, S. C., Zamostiano, R., Gozes, I., Brenneman, D., & Mckay, R. D. G. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-21-08012.2000 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
A Local Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle Sustains Synaptic Excitatory Transmitter Release
Tani, H., Dulla, C. G., Farzampour, Z., Taylor-Weiner, A. N., Huguenard, J. R., & Reimer, R. J. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.026 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Glial ephrin-A3 regulates hippocampal dendritic spine morphology and glutamate transport
Carmona, M. A., Murai, K. K., Wang, L., Roberts, A. J., & Pasquale, E. B. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903328106 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Dynamic Regulation of Synaptic GABA Release by the Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle in Hippocampal Area CA1
Liang, S., Carlson, G. C., & Coulter, D. A. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0329-06.2006 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Glia‐derived signals induce synapse formation in neurones of the rat central nervous system
Nägler, K., Mauch, D. H., & Pfrieger, F. W. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00665.x · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Thrombospondin 1 accelerates synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons through neuroligin 1
Xu, J., Xiao, N., & Xia, J. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2459 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Control of CNS Synapse Development by γ-Protocadherin-Mediated Astrocyte–Neuron Contact
Garrett, A. M., & Weiner, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2818-09.2009 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Nucleus basalis-enabled stimulus-specific plasticity in the visual cortex is mediated by astrocytes
Chen, N., 杉原, 弘., Sharma, J., Perea, G., Petravicz, J., Le, C., & Sur, M. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1206557109 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Phenotypic Heterogeneity and Plasticity of Isocortical and Hippocampal Astrocytes in the Human Brain
Sosunov, A. A., Wu, X., Tsankova, N. M., Guilfoyle, E., McKhann, G. M., & Goldman, J. E. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4037-13.2014 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Elmariah, S. B., Oh, E. J., Hughes, E. G., & Balice‐Gordon, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3980-04.2005 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Astroglial neurotrophic and neurite-promoting factors
Müller, H. W. (1995) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/0163-7258(94)00047-7 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Cortical Layer 1 and Layer 2/3 Astrocytes Exhibit Distinct Calcium Dynamics In Vivo
Takata, N., & Hirase, H. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002525 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Application of an optogenetic byway for perturbing neuronal activity via glial photostimulation
Sasaki, T., Beppu, K., Tanaka, K. F., Fukazawa, Y., Shigemoto, R., & Matsui, K. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1213458109 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Sibille, J., Pannasch, U., & Rouach, N. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.261735 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Hughes, E. G., Elmariah, S. B., & Balice‐Gordon, R. J. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2009.10.004 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Cui, W., Allen, N. D., Skynner, M. J., Gusterson, B. A., & Clark, A. J. (2001) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.1061 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantitative cytoarchitectonic distribution of neurons, glia, and DNA in rat cerebral cortex
Bass, N. H., Hess, H. H., Pope, A., & Thalheimer, C. (1971) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901430405 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Jones, E. V., Bernardinelli, Y., Tse, Y. C., Chierzi, S., Wong, T. P., & Murai, K. K. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4757-10.2011 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The Glia of Caenorhabditis elegans
Oikonomou, G., & Shaham, S. (2010) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21084 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Pyka, M., Wetzel, C., Aguado, A., Geissler, M., Hatt, H., & Faissner, A. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07690.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Role of glial amino acid transporters in synaptic transmission and brain energetics
Marcaggi, P., & Attwell, D. (2004) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20027 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Conditional Ablation of Cerebellar Astrocytes in Postnatal Transgenic Mice
Delaney, C. L., Brenner, M. J., & Messing, A. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-21-06908.1996 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Neuronal survival depends on EGFR signaling in cortical but not midbrain astrocytes
Wagner, B., Natarajan, A., Grünaug, S., Kroismayr, R., Wagner, E. F., & Sibilia, M. C. (2006) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600988 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Structural uniformity of neocortex, revisited
Carlo, C. N., & Stevens, C. F. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1221398110 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Bergmann glia modulate cerebellar Purkinje cell bistability via Ca 2+ -dependent K + uptake
Wang, F., Xu, Q., Wang, W., Takano, T., & Nedergaard, M. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1120380109 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Yeh, T., Lee, D. Y., Gianino, S. M., & Gutmann, D. H. (2009) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20845 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Neuronal activity regulates glutamate transporter dynamics in developing astrocytes
Benediktsson, A. M., Marrs, G. S., Tu, J. C., Worley, P. F., Rothstein, J. D., Bergles, D. E., & Dailey, M. E. (2011) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21249 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Three‐dimensional relationships between perisynaptic astroglia and human hippocampal synapses
Witcher, M. R., Park, Y. D., Lee, M. R., Sharma, S., Harris, K. M., & Kirov, S. A. (2009) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20946 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Ivanov, A. I., Malkov, A. E., Waseem, T., Mukhtarov, M., Buldakova, S., Gubkina, O., Zilberter, M., & Zilberter, Y. (2014) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2013.222 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Eph receptors and ephrins in neuron–astrocyte communication at synapses
Murai, K. K., & Pasquale, E. B. (2011) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21226 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Glia/Nerve Cell Index for Cortex of the Whale
Hawkins, A., & Olszewski, J. (1957) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.126.3263.76 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Activation of glutamate transport evokes rapid glutamine release from perisynaptic astrocytes
Uwechue, N. M., Marx, M., Chevy, Q., & Billups, B. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.226605 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Role of glia in developmental synapse formation
Allen, N. J. (2013) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.06.004 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationGlia delimit shape changes of sensory neuron receptive endings in C. elegans
Procko, C., Lu, Y., & Shaham, S. (2011) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.058305 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Diversity of astroglial functions alludes to subcellular specialisation
Rusakov, D. A., Bard, L., Stewart, M. G., & Henneberger, C. (2014) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.02.008 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Goodman, M., Sterner, K. N., Islam, M., Uddin, M., Sherwood, C. C., Hof, P. R., Hou, Z.-C., Lipovich, L., Jia, H., Grossman, L. I., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0911239106 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Ostroff, L. E., Manzur, M. K., Cain, C. K., & LeDoux, J. E. (2013) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23523 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Bell, J. J. L., Lordkipanidze, T. G., Buell, M. E., Yoon, S. O., & Dunaevsky, A. (2008) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20712 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kerr, K. S., Fuentes-Medel, Y., Brewer, C. K., Barría, R., Ashley, J., Abruzzi, K. C., Sheehan, A. E., Tasdemir-Yilmaz, O. E., Freeman, M. R., & Budnik, V. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3714-13.2014 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Developmental Control of Synaptic Receptivity
Barker, A., Koch, S. M., Reed, J., Barres, B., & Ullian, E. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1744-08.2008 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Synapse Location during Growth Depends on Glia Location
Shao, Z., Watanabe, S., Christensen, R. P., Jørgensen, E. M., & Colón‐Ramos, D. A. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.028 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Lipid Metabolism and Glial Lipoproteins in the Central Nervous System
Hayashi, H. (2011) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.34.453 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hu, R., Cai, W., Wu, X.-G., & Yang, Z. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.056 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Thomas, C. G., Tian, H., & Diamond, J. S. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5953-10.2011 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
SREBPs: SREBP function in glia–neuron interactions
Camargo, N., Smit, A. B., & Verheijen, M. H. G. (2008) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06808.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY SIZE, NERVE CELL SIZE, AXON LENGTH, AND GLIAL DENSITY IN THE CEREBELLUM
Friede, R. L. (1963) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.49.2.187 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Glial Processes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Match Synaptic Growth
Brink, D. L., Gilbert, M., Xie, X., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037876 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Glial glutamate transporters: New actors in brain signaling
López‐Bayghen, E., & Ortega, A. (2011) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.536 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Upregulation of GABAACurrent by Astrocytes in Cultured Embryonic Rat Hippocampal Neurons
Liu, Q., Schaffner, A. E., Li, Y., Dunlap, V., & Barker, J. L. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-09-02912.1996 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Hennekinne, L., Colasse, S., Triller, A., & Renner, M. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5247-12.2013 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sofroniew, M. V., Bush, T. G., Blumauer, N., Kruger, L., Mucke, L., & Johnson, M. H. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01639-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Pyka, M., Busse, C., Seidenbecher, C. I., Gundelfinger, E. D., & Faissner, A. (2010) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20816 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bell, J. J. L., Lordkipanidze, T. G., Cobb, N. L., & Dunaevsky, A. (2010) · Neuron Glia Biology · doi:10.1017/s1740925x10000165 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Li, Y., Schaffner, A. E., & Barker, J. L. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00679.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Korn, M. J., Koppel, S. J., Li, L. H., Mehta, D., Mehta, S., Seidl, A. H., & Cramer, K. S. (2011) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.22786 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cuevas, M. E., Carrasco, M. A., Fuentes, Y., Castro, P. A., Nualart, F., Roa, J., & Aguayo, L. G. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2005.01.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Correa-Gillieron, E. M., & Cavalcante, L. A. (1999) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000006614 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Glial Control of Synaptogenesis
Allen, N. J. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199794591.003.0031 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Cellular Phase of Alzheimer’s Disease
De Strooper, B., & Karran, E. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.056 · Cited by 1,990 · see citing works
Diversity of astrocyte functions and phenotypes in neural circuits
Khakh, B. S., & Sofroniew, M. V. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4043 · Cited by 1,239 · see citing works
The aging astrocyte transcriptome from multiple regions of the mouse brain.
Boisvert, M. M., Erikson, G. A., Shokhirev, M. N., & Allen, N. J. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.039 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional diversity of astrocytes in neural circuit regulation
Haim, L. B., & Rowitch, D. H. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.159 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Hypothalamic inflammation in obesity and metabolic disease
Jais, A., & Brüning, J. C. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88878 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Srinivasan, R., Lu, T.-Y., Chai, H., Xu, J., Huang, B. S., Golshani, P., Coppola, G., & Khakh, B. S. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.030 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Impairments of neural circuit function in Alzheimer's disease
Busche, M. A., & Konnerth, A. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0429 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Leptin and the maintenance of elevated body weight
Pan, W. W., & Myers, M. G. (2018) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.168 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Neuron-glia signaling in synapse elimination
Wilton, D. K., Dissing-Olesen, L., & Stevens, B. (2019) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050306 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Glia in mammalian development and disease
Zuchero, J. B., & Barres, B. A. (2015) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.129304 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Lipid Metabolism Crosstalk in the Brain: Glia and Neurons
Barber, C. N., & Raben, D. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00212 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Hyvärinen, T., Hagman, S., Ristola, M., Sukki, L., Veijula, K., Kreutzer, J., Kallio, P., & Narkilahti, S. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53414-9 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Astrocyte, a Promising Target for Mood Disorder Interventions
Zhou, X., Xiao, Q., Xie, L., Yang, F., Wang, L., & Tu, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00136 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Yang, J., Yang, H., Liu, Y., Li, X., Qin, L., Lou, H., Duan, S., & Wang, H. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.15043 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
GABA release from astrocytes in health and disease.
Kilb, W., & Kirischuk, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415859 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Single-cell transcriptomic landscape of the developing human spinal cord
Andersen, J., Thom, N., Shadrach, J. L., Chen, X., Onesto, M. M., Amin, N. D., Yoon, S.-J., Li, L., Greenleaf, W. J., Müller, F., et al. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01311-w · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Shi, Z., Chen, Y., Lu, C., Dong, L.-M., Lv, J.-W., Tuo, Q.-H., Qin, L., Cheng, S.-W., Bu, L.-L., Lin, N., et al. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Astrocytes, emerging stars of energy homeostasis
Camandola, S. (2018) · Cell Stress · doi:10.15698/cst2018.10.157 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Senescence in aging and disorders of the central nervous system
Swenson, B. L., Meyer, C. F., Bussian, T. J., & Baker, D. J. (2019) · Translational Medicine of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.tma.2019.01.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Targeting neuroinflammation: The therapeutic potential of ω-3 PUFAs in substance abuse
Peng, S., Peng, Z., Qin, M., Huang, L., Zhao, B., Wei, L., Ning, J., Tuo, Q.-H., Yuan, T.-F., Shi, Z., et al. (2021) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111058 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Walker, C. D., Sexton, H. G., Hyde, J., Greene, B., & Risher, M.-L. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11193111 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Allen, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, Nicola J.
- ORCID
- Allen, Nicola J.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-10-11
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 439-463
- ISSN
- 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8995
- OpenAlex
- W2048383480
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ellison Medical Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- astrocytes, synaptic function, astrocyte-neuron interaction, synaptogenesis, neurotransmitter uptake, neurotransmitter recycling, synaptic modulation, brain development, glia-neuron communication
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Brain, Cell Communication, Humans, Lipids, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Synaptic Transmission, Neurons, Potassium, Synapses, Ion Transport, Receptors, Neurotransmitter, Neurotransmitter Agents, Glutamic Acid, Calcium Signaling, Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review