Defining Contemplative Science: The Metacognitive Self-Regulatory Capacity of the Mind, Context of Meditation Practice and Modes of Existential Awareness
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Abstract
The term 'contemplative' is now frequently used in the fast growing field of meditation research. Yet, there is no consensus regarding the definition of contemplative science. Meditation studies commonly imply that contemplative practices such as mindfulness or compassion are the subject of contemplative science. Such approach, arguably, contributes to terminological confusions in the field, is not conducive to the development of an overarching theory in contemplative science, and overshadows its unique methodological features. This paper outlines an alternative approach to defining contemplative science which aims to focus the research on the core capacities, processes and states of the mind modified by contemplative practices. It is proposed that contemplative science is an interdisciplinary study of the metacognitive self-regulatory capacity (MSRC) of the mind and associated modes of existential awareness (MEA) modulated by motivational/intentional and contextual factors of contemplative practices. The MSRC is a natural propensity of the mind which enables introspective awareness of mental processes and behavior, and is a necessary pre-requisite for effective self-regulation supporting well-being. Depending on the motivational/intentional and contextual factors of meditation practice, changes in the metacognitive self-regulatory processes enable shifts in MEA which determine our sense of self and reality. It is hypothesized that changes in conceptual processing are essential mediators between the MSRC, motivational/intentional factors, context of meditation practice, and the modulations in MEA. Meditation training fosters and fine-tunes the MSRC of the mind and supports development of motivational/intentional factors with the ultimate aim of facilitating increasingly advanced MEA. Implications of the proposed framework for definitions of mindfulness and for future systematic research across contemplative traditions and practices are discussed. It is suggested that the proposed definition of contemplative science may reduce terminological challenges in the field and make it more inclusive of varied contemplative practices. Importantly, this approach may encourage development of a more comprehensive contemplative science theory recognizing the essential importance of first- and second-person methods to its inquiry, thus uniquely contributing to our understanding of the mind.
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In moments of immersion, one is often reflexively identified with and reactive to internal experience.
“In moments of immersion, one is often reflexively identified with and reactive to internal experience (e.g., Dorjee, 2016; Kross & Ayduk, 2017).”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Dorjee, 2016
In “Modes of Existential Awareness” (page unavailable), Dorjee describes ordinary awareness as shaped by cognitions and habits, and decentering as seeing thoughts and feelings as fleeting rather than fixed facts. The section also reports less reactivity in meditators. These passages support the general contrast, but do not directly characterize moments of immersion as reflexive identification with and reactivity to internal experience. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNew contemplative science models suggest that metacognitive self-regulation through mindfulness may facilitate fluid reconstrual of the implicational meaning of one's self-concept and view of reality via decentering and more advanced modes of existential awareness in which conceptual representations of self and world become de-reified.
“In that regard, new contemplative science models suggest that metacognitive self-regulation through mindfulness may facilitate fluid reconstrual of the implicational meaning of one’s self-concept and view of reality via decentering and more advanced modes of existential awareness in which conceptual representations of self and world become de-reified [43].”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [43]
The MPoD-t demonstrated a moderate association with self-transcendence.
“Notably, MPoD-t demonstrated a moderate association with self-transcendence (e.g., Austin, 1999; Dorjee, 2016).”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Dorjee, 2016
The Modes of Existential Awareness section discusses transcending notions of self, but reports no association between MPoD-t and self-transcendence. Searches for MPoD-t, MPoD, and a moderate correlation found no passage addressing that measurement claim; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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Our essence? Conscious, Eternal, Infinite, Nonjudgmental, Unconditional LovePreprint
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- Authors
- Dorjee, D.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dorjee, Dusana
- ORCID
- Dorjee, Dusana
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-11-17
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 1788-1788
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5112249
- OpenAlex
- W2554599257
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 10.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- contemplative science, existential awareness, meditation practice, mindfulness, compassion, introspective awareness, selfhood, conceptual processing, first-person methods, contemplative traditions, well-being
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