The DOI matches its Crossref record; 126 of the 126 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 25 of the 47 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies
Open accessAbstract
Recent studies suggest both normal and cancerous cells secrete vesicles into the extracellular space. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain materials that mirror the genetic and proteomic content of the secreting cell. The identification of cancer-specific material in EVs isolated from the biofluids (e.g., serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine) of cancer patients suggests EVs as an attractive platform for biomarker development. It is important to recognize that the EVs derived from clinical samples are likely highly heterogeneous in make-up and arose from diverse sets of biologic processes. This article aims to review the biologic processes that give rise to various types of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus like particles, and apoptotic bodies. Clinical pertinence of these EVs to neuro-oncology will also be discussed.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous mix of exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like particles, and apoptotic bodies that differ in biogenesis, size, and marker profile. The review argues that these differences matter for neuro-oncology biomarker and therapeutic development, while current isolation and marker definitions remain imperfect.
Key findings
- EVs arise through distinct routes: exosomes from endosomal multivesicular bodies, microvesicles from outward plasma membrane budding, retrovirus-like particles from retroviral protein-driven budding, and apoptotic bodies from programmed cell death.
- Reported size ranges overlap: exosomes are 30–100 nm, microvesicles 50–2000 nm, retrovirus-like particles 90–100 nm, and apoptotic bodies 500–4000 nm, with smaller 50–500 nm vesicles also released during apoptosis.
- Candidate markers include CD63/CD9 for exosomes, ARF6 and VAMP3 for microvesicles, Gag for retrovirus-like particles, and thrombospondin/C3b for apoptotic bodies, but the review notes that marker sensitivity and specificity have not been carefully validated.
- Clinically, EV cargo can protect tumor-derived RNA and protein, and examples include detection of EGFRvIII, IDH-1, and c-myc; a microfluidic μNMR device detected glioblastoma-associated proteins with sensitivity orders of magnitude above Western blotting and ELISA and tracked clinical response in serial serum samples.
Methods
- Narrative review of published literature on EV biogenesis, isolation, surface markers, and clinical applications, with emphasis on neuro-oncology.
- Synthesizes cell biology studies, marker studies, and clinical biomarker/therapeutic reports rather than presenting new experimental data.
- No systematic search strategy or primary sample collection is described.
Limitations
- The paper states that EV terminology is not standardized, that marker studies were largely performed in non-neoplastic cell lines, and that biogenesis remains incompletely understood; ESCRT-independent exosomes may lack standard markers such as CD63 or CD9.
- The paper states that tumor-derived EVs are a small minority among biofluid EVs, creating sensitivity challenges, and that current isolation often relies on size/density or CD63, which may not be specific to one EV type.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not provide primary data or a systematic methodology, and its proposed marker schema requires further validation.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
11 Partly supported · 6 Own interpretation · 4 No full text of the sources · 2 Supported · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These vesicles are secreted by both normal cells and cancerous cells as means of cell-to-cell communication [2-5].”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [2] Raposo G et al (1996) B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J Exp Med 183(3):1161–1172 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 1165) show that exosomes released by B-cell lines stimulated T cells, supporting a form of cell-to-cell signaling. The Materials and Methods identify the human B-cell lines as EBV-transformed, while the Discussion (p. 1169) reports only preliminary observations of exosomes on physiological immune cells and says their role in vivo remains to be established. The paper does not establish the broad claim that both normal and cancerous cells secrete vesicles as a means of communication. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Blanchard N et al (2002) TCR activation of human T cells induces the production of exosomes bearing the TCR/CD3/zeta complex. J Immunol 168(7):3235–3241 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Andre F et al (2004) Exosomes as potent cell-free peptide-based vaccine. I. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes transfer functional MHC class I/peptide complexes to dendritic cells. J Immunol 172(4):2126–2136 source
- Supportedcites [5] Taylor DD, Akyol S, Gercel-Taylor C (2006) Pregnancy-associated exosomes and their modulation of t cell signaling. J Immunol 176(3):1534–1542 source
The Discussion (page not provided) describes exosomes as mediating communication between lymphocytes and dendritic cells and reports exosome release by other normal cells. It also reports exosomes isolated from tumor cells that carry antigens and can be processed by dendritic cells, supporting the broad claim for cancerous cells. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“the contents of the vesicles released mirror aspects of the secreting cell. [1]”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Skog J et al (2008) Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nat Cell Biol 10(12):1470–1476 source
The paper’s main text (page not provided) says that microvesicle content depends on the cell of origin. It also reports that microvesicle miRNAs parallel their distribution in the glioblastoma cells that released them, directly supporting the claim that vesicle contents mirror aspects of the secreting cell. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These results suggest that genetic information can also be transferred by uptake of apoptotic bodies.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Apoptotic Bodies
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [114] Bergsmedh A et al (2001) Horizontal transfer of oncogenes by uptake of apoptotic bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(11):6407–6411 source
The Abstract states that tumor DNA may be horizontally transferred through uptake of apoptotic bodies. The Discussion reports transfer of activated oncogenes by this route, supporting the claim that genetic information can be transferred this way. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
In the paper
“The mode of biogenesis of exosomes is distinct from vesicles that arise through direct outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane (Figure 4). To distinguish these vesicles by their mode of biogenesis, the latter class of vesicles is frequently referred to as microvesicles [59].”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Microvesicles
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Cocucci E, Racchetti G, Meldolesi J (2009) Shedding microvesicles: artefacts no more. Trends Cell Biol 19(2):43–51 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that RLPs may be a constituent of the EVs isolated from patient biofluids.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Retrovirus-Like Particles (RLPs)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Work in yeast [28-31] and other tissue culture models [32-34] suggests that ILV formation requires two distinct processes. The first involves the organization of the endosome membrane into specialized units highly enriched for a class of membrane proteins called tetraspanins [35].”
- Also stated in: § Exosomes · plain
“The second step in ILV/exosome formation involves a series of complexes called Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport, or ESCRTs for short. There are four multi-protein complexes required for ILV formation and they are termed ESCRT 0, I, II, and III [39-41].”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Exosomes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Odorizzi G, Babst M, Emr SD (1998) Fab1p PtdIns(3)P 5-kinase function essential for protein sorting in the multivesicular body. Cell 95(6):847–858 source
- Partly supportedcites [29] Reggiori F, Pelham HRB (2001) Sorting of proteins into multivesicular bodies: ubiquitin-dependent and -independent targeting. EMBO J 20(18):5176–5186 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section 'Identification of proteins in internal vesicles' reports that multivesicular-body formation in yeast is blocked in vps4 mutants. 'Ubiquitylation as a sorting signal in late endosomes' proposes that some cargo partitions into an endosomal membrane domain with different properties. Neither passage establishes that ILV formation requires two distinct processes involving tetraspanin-enriched microdomains and ESCRT complexes; the tetraspanin statement in the citing sentence is separately cited to [35]. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [30] Nickerson DP et al (2010) Regulators of Vps4 ATPase activity at endosomes differentially influence the size and rate of formation of intralumenal vesicles. Mol Biol Cell 21(6):1023–1032 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says ESCRT complexes mediate packaging into intralumenal vesicles, supporting the ESCRT part of the claim. Our copy does not describe tetraspanin-enriched microdomains or establish that ILV formation requires the two distinct processes claimed. In the citing sentence, the tetraspanin-specific statement is separately cited to [35]. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [31] Babst M (2005) A protein’s final ESCRT. Traffic 6(1):2–9 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not supplied) states that ESCRT complexes are required for the formation of multivesicular-body lumenal vesicles. The paper does not identify tetraspanin-enriched microdomains as a second required process; its MVB Vesicle Formation and Dynamics section instead discusses a possible role for lipids in membrane invagination. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Hurley JH, Emr SD (2006) The ESCRT complexes: structure and mechanism of a membrane-trafficking network. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 35:277–298 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Katzmann DJ, Odorizzi G, Emr SD (2002) Receptor downregulation and multivesicular-body sorting. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3(12):893–905 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Slagsvold T et al (2006) Endosomal and non-endosomal functions of ESCRT proteins. Trends Cell Biol 16(6):317–326 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Pols MS, Klumperman J (2009) Trafficking and function of the tetraspanin CD63. Exp Cell Res 315(9):1584–1592 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Exosomes · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Exosomes are formed within the endosomal network, a membranous compartment that sorts the various intraluminal vesicles and directs them to their appropriate destinations, including lysosomes and cell surface membranes.”
- Also stated in: § Exosomes · plain
“On the other hand, fusion with the plasma membrane results in the secretion of the 30-100 nm vesicles into the extra-cellular space. These excreted vesicles are exosomes.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Exosomes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [27] Sotelo JR, Porter KR (1959) An electron microscope study of the rat ovum. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 5(2):327–342 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Text-fig. 2 (p. 340) depicts multivesicular bodies containing small vesicles and apparently discharging their contents in rat egg cytoplasm. The paper does not identify those vesicles as exosomes or describe endosomal sorting, fusion with the plasma membrane, or secretion of 30–100 nm vesicles. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Exosomes · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“TSG101 and Alix are two other proteins sometimes used as exosome markers [38, 46, 47].”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Exosomes
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [38] Kosaka N et al (2010) Secretory mechanisms and intercellular transfer of microRNAs in living cells. J Biol Chem 285(23):17442–17452 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The exosome-characterization passage (Figure 2; page unavailable) identifies CD63 as an exosome marker, not Alix or TSG101. The Alix passages (Figure 5; page unavailable) examine its role in miRNA secretion. Searches for TSG101 and for Alix as an exosome marker found no passage supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [46] Lasser C, Eldh M, Lotvall J (2012) Isolation and characterization of RNA-containing exosomes. J Vis Exp 59:e3037 source
The Protocol section (“Exosome detection by Western blot”) names Tsg101 and alix among proteins enriched in exosomes and commonly used for exosome detection. The Discussion likewise says their detection helps indicate that a pellet is enriched in exosomes, while noting that no protein marker is absolutely unique to exosomes. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [47] Fernandez-Llama P et al (2012) Tamm-Horsfall protein and urinary exosome isolation. Kidney Int 77(8):736–742 source
The Results section (‘Electron microscopy’) explicitly calls Alix and TSG101 ‘two exosomal markers’ and reports using immunoblotting to detect them. The Discussion likewise refers to them as exosomal marker proteins. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“CD9 and CD63 serve as the most commonly used identifiers of exosomes and have been targeted for selective isolation [37, 38].”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Exosomes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [37] Jansen FH et al (2009) Exosomal secretion of cytoplasmic prostate cancer xenograft-derived proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 8(6):1192–1205 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Identification of 44 Tumor-derived Proteins” (page not provided), the paper calls CD9 an established marker of tumor cell-derived exosomes. Its methods and exosome-analysis sections describe purification with anti-CD9 magnetic beads. The cited passages do not establish that CD9 and CD63 are the most commonly used identifiers, or describe CD63-targeted isolation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [38] Kosaka N et al (2010) Secretory mechanisms and intercellular transfer of microRNAs in living cells. J Biol Chem 285(23):17442–17452 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The exosome-characterization passage (Fig. 2; page unavailable) identifies CD63 as an exosome marker, and its caption reports immunoprecipitating a CD63-positive exosome fraction with an anti-CD63 antibody. Our copy does not identify CD9 as an exosome marker or show its use for selective isolation, and it does not establish that CD9 and CD63 are the most commonly used identifiers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“CD63 and CD9 are potential markers of exosomes [22, 117]. Markers of microvesicles are less well established though ARF6 and VCAMP3 are recently proposed [66]. TSP and C3b are generally accepted markers of apoptotic bodies. The RLPs are less well studied though Gag protein may be a marker for this group of EVs (Table 1).”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Potential Surface Markers for Defining Clinically Isolated EVs
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [22] Escola JM et al (1998) Selective enrichment of tetraspan proteins on the internal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes and on exosomes secreted by human B-lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 273(32):20121–20127 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to the exosome-marker sentence, not the subsequent claims about other vesicle types. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that CD63 is enriched on exosomes, supporting its use as a potential marker. The copy does not identify CD9 as an exosome marker (searched: CD9). (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [117] Bard MP et al (2004) Proteomic analysis of exosomes isolated from human malignant pleural effusions. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 31(1):114–121 source
- Supportedcites [66] Muralidharan-Chari V et al (2009) ARF6-regulated shedding of tumor cell-derived plasma membrane microvesicles. Curr Biol 19(22):1875–1885 source
The citation is attached to the microvesicle-marker sentence, not the separate claims about exosomes, apoptotic bodies, or RLPs. In the Results section ('Selective sorting of cargo into cell surface microvesicles'; page unavailable), the paper reports that shed microvesicles contain ARF6 and VAMP3, supporting their proposed use as markers. The citing sentence prints 'VCAMP3,' apparently referring to VAMP3. (LLM, conf=0.89)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Membrane budding/vesicle formation is induced by translocation of phosphatidylserine to the outer-membrane leaflet [62, 65]. The budding process is completed through contraction of cytoskeletal structures by actin-myosin interactions [66, 67].”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Microvesicles
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Zwaal RF, Schroit AJ (1997) Pathophysiologic implications of membrane phospholipid asymmetry in blood cells. Blood 89(4):1121–1132 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Hugel B et al (2005) Membrane microparticles: two sides of the coin. Physiology (Bethesda) 20:22–27 source
- Supportedcites [66] Muralidharan-Chari V et al (2009) ARF6-regulated shedding of tumor cell-derived plasma membrane microvesicles. Curr Biol 19(22):1875–1885 source
The Results section (‘ERK facilitates microvesicle shedding by phosphorylating myosin light chain’) reports that inhibiting myosin II or actin polymerization prevents microvesicle release. The Discussion says actomyosin-based contraction at vesicle necks leads to release, supporting the second sentence, to which this source is cited. The phosphatidylserine claim is cited to other sources. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Partly supportedcites [67] McConnell RE et al (2009) The enterocyte microvillus is a vesicle-generating organelle. J Cell Biol 185(7):1285–1298 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to the sentence about actin–myosin interactions. The Introduction describes myosin-1a moving microvillar membrane over actin bundles and vesicles shedding from the tips, but the Discussion (‘Myo1a is required for proper LV production’; page unavailable) says its precise role in vesicle formation and release remains unclear. It does not establish that cytoskeletal contraction completes budding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, mRNA profiling of serum derived EV contents can discriminate between healthy and glioblastoma bearing patients [118]. IDH-1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) transcripts have been detected from EVs isolated from the blood of glioblastoma bearing patients using immunoisolations of EVs targeting CD63 [119].”
- Also stated in: § Clinical Applications · plain
“Genetic mutations of mRNA such as EGFRvIII has been detected by nested PCR of EVs isolated from the serum of glioblastoma patients [1], and c-myc amplification has been effectively identified in the serum of medulloblastoma xenograft bearing mice [120].”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Clinical Applications
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [118] Noerholm M et al (2012) RNA expression patterns in serum microvesicles from patients with glioblastoma multiforme and controls. BMC Cancer 12(1):22 source
The citation to this paper [118] supports the first sentence, not the subsequent IDH-1 sentence cited to [119]. The Background says serum-microvesicle mRNA expression can differentiate glioblastoma patients from normal controls, and the Results report that RNA expression profiles separated the two groups. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Partly supportedcites [119] Chen C et al (2010) Microfluidic isolation and transcriptome analysis of serum microvesicles. Lab Chip 10(4):505–511 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section ('Extraction of RNA from captured microvesicles'; page unavailable) reports less microvesicle RNA in healthy serum than in glioblastoma patient serum. It does not show that mRNA profiles discriminate between the two groups: the two mRNAs tested were detected in both. The IDH-1 statement in the printed sentence carries a different citation and is not attributed to this paper here. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [1] Skog J et al (2008) Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nat Cell Biol 10(12):1470–1476 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the paper’s biomarker results (page not available), EGFRvIII mRNA was detected in serum microvesicles from 7 of 25 glioblastoma patients and in none of 30 normal control sera. That supports a distinction for this specific marker, but not the broader claim that mRNA profiling of serum-derived EVs can discriminate glioblastoma-bearing patients from healthy people generally. The IDH-1 sentence is attached to a different citation and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Clinical Applications · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Relative to this population, EVs derived from tumors remain a small minority of total EVs isolated in a given biofluid sample [118]. Thus, the sensitivity of detection remains a major challenge in tumor-specific biomarker development.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Clinical Applications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [118] Noerholm M et al (2012) RNA expression patterns in serum microvesicles from patients with glioblastoma multiforme and controls. BMC Cancer 12(1):22 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says tumour-derived microvesicles in blood are likely to constitute a relatively small fraction of the total in many cases. The citing sentence presents this as categorical and extends it to biofluid samples generally; the cited paper's passage is qualified and concerns blood. The following sentence about detection sensitivity is the citing authors' inference, not a separately cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: EVs derived from clinical samples are highly heterogeneous in make-up and arise from diverse biologic processes.
- Rests on an assumption: There is no general consensus as to the best method for EV isolation.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For instance, actin-myosin interactions appear critical to the formation of all four types of EVs [66, 85, 100, 115].”
- Also stated in: § Potential Surface Markers for Defining Clinically Isolated EVs · hedged
“As another example, the translocation of phosphatidylserine to the outer membrane appeared a common feature during the formation of both apoptotic bodies and microvesicles [65, 106].”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Potential Surface Markers for Defining Clinically Isolated EVs
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [66] Muralidharan-Chari V et al (2009) ARF6-regulated shedding of tumor cell-derived plasma membrane microvesicles. Curr Biol 19(22):1875–1885 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section ('ERK facilitates microvesicle shedding by phosphorylating myosin light chain') and Discussion support an actomyosin-dependent mechanism for microvesicle release. They do not establish that actin–myosin interactions are critical to formation of all four EV types. The Results also show phosphatidylserine externalization on microvesicles, but do not establish the stated comparison with apoptotic bodies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [85] Gladnikoff M et al (2009) Retroviral assembly and budding occur through an actin-driven mechanism. Biophys J 97(9):2419–2428 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that actin remodeling helps retroviruses assemble and bud, supporting a limited connection between the cytoskeleton and particle formation. It does not establish that actin–myosin interactions are critical to formation of all four EV types; its myosin discussion describes earlier in vitro work, not a test of EV formation. The phosphatidylserine statement is not part of the supplied citing sentence and is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [100] Sebbagh M et al (2001) Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of ROCK I induces MLC phosphorylation and apoptotic membrane blebbing. Nat Cell Biol 3(4):346–352 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [115] Piper RC, Katzmann DJ (2007) Biogenesis and function of multivesicular bodies. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 23:519–547 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Hugel B et al (2005) Membrane microparticles: two sides of the coin. Physiology (Bethesda) 20:22–27 source
- Could not verifycites [106] Martinez MC, Freyssinet JM (2001) Deciphering the plasma membrane hallmarks of apoptotic cells: phosphatidylserine transverse redistribution and calcium entry. BMC Cell Biol 2:20 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to the sentence about actin–myosin interactions in the formation of all four EV types. Our copy’s Background and Results discuss calcium entry and phosphatidylserine externalization during apoptosis, but no passage found addresses actin–myosin interactions or formation of four EV types (searched: actin–myosin, actomyosin, myosin, and EV formation). (LLM, conf=0.75)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Potential Surface Markers for Defining Clinically Isolated EVs · hedged
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In a melanoma model, overexpression of a rho family member, GTP-binding protein ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), results in increased microvesicle secretion.”
- Also stated in: § Microvesicles · plain
“Interestingly, this signaling cascade does not significantly alter the secretion of vesicles in the size range classically associated with exosomes (50-70 nm vesicles) [66]. These observations provide further support that the biogenesis of microvesicles and exosomes are distinct.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Microvesicles
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [66] Muralidharan-Chari V et al (2009) ARF6-regulated shedding of tumor cell-derived plasma membrane microvesicles. Curr Biol 19(22):1875–1885 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (‘Phenotypic variations of LOXARF6-GDP and LOXARF6-GTP cell lines’; page unavailable) reports significantly increased vesicle shedding from cells expressing active ARF6 compared with parental cells. The Introduction identifies ARF6 as belonging to the ARF family, not the Rho family as the printed citing sentence states. The Results distinguish the isolated microvesicles from exosomes by size and sedimentation, but do not establish the quote’s additional claim that exosome secretion was not significantly altered. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Microvesicles · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The identification of cancer-specific material in EVs isolated from the biofluids (e.g. serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine) of cancer patients suggests EVs as an attractive platform for biomarker development.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: EVs derived from clinical samples are highly heterogeneous in make-up and arise from diverse biologic processes.
- Rests on an assumption: Multiple types of EV may be present in a given biofluid.
In the paper
“Current isolation methods rely largely on size and density variations of vesicles and/or markers such as CD63 [126] which may or may not be specific to a single type of EV.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Clinical Applications
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [126]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There is no general consensus as to the best method for EV isolation.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each of these populations likely harbor distinct vesicular contents.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Concluding Remarks
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While tumor specific genetic and proteomic materials have been described in EVs derived from clinical biofluids”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Concluding Remarks
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this study, Shao et al. report the fabrication of a microfluidic chip that quantifies presence of glioblastoma specific proteins, including EGFR, EGFRvIII, podoplanin (PDPN), and IDH1 R132H proteins by a micro-nuclear magnetic resonance (μNMR) [122].”
- Also stated in: § Clinical Applications · plain
“This technology allows detection of EV harboring glioblastoma-specific proteins with a sensitivity that is orders of magnitude above existing proteomic methods including, Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).”
- Also stated in: § Clinical Applications · hedged
“Furthermore, changes in EV protein profiles in serial serum sampling of glioblastoma patients appeared to closely track eventual clinical response [122].”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Clinical Applications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [122] Alvarez-Erviti L et al (2011) Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol 29(4):341–345 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Clinical Applications · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there has not been a careful assessment in terms of the specificity or sensitivity by which these biomarkers define exosomes. It is unlikely that any surface marker will single-handedly define EVs as exosomes.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Exosomes
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Markers for EV types are established using non-neoplastic cell lines.
- Rests on an assumption: The cellular processes leading to formation of the various types of vesicles remain incompletely understood.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current understanding of EVs suggests that the vesicles are a mixed population of exosomes, microvesicles, RLPs, and apoptotic bodies.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Concluding Remarks
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Whereas exosomes, microvesicles, and RLPs are secreted during normal cellular processes, apoptotic bodies are formed only during programmed cell death.”
- Also stated in: § Apoptotic Bodies · boosted
“Annexin V, thrombospondin, and C3b thus, serve as three well-accepted markers of apoptotic bodies [111].”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Apoptotic Bodies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [111] van Engeland M et al (1998) Annexin V-affinity assay: a review on an apoptosis detection system based on phosphatidylserine exposure. Cytometry 31(1):1–9 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Apoptotic Bodies · boosted
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Retrovirus-like Particles (RLPs) are those that resemble retroviral vesicles on EM but are non-infectious because they do not contain the full complement of genes required for cellular entry or viral propagation. These vesicles are typically defined by their size (90-100 nm) and the presence of a subset of retroviral proteins [69-72].”
- Also stated in: § Retrovirus-Like Particles (RLPs) · plain
“RLPs arise by directly budding from the plasma membrane [83] (Figure 5). However, the mechanism of biogenesis is thought to be distinct from the plasma membrane dynamics related to microvesicle or exosome formation.”
- Also stated in: § Retrovirus-Like Particles (RLPs) · hedged
“As such, the Gag protein may serve a marker for RLPs.”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Retrovirus-Like Particles (RLPs)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Bronson DL et al (1979) Induction of retrovirus particles in human testicular tumor (Tera-1) cell cultures: an electron microscopic study. J Natl Cancer Inst 63(2):337–339 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Boller K et al (1993) Evidence that HERV-K is the endogenous retrovirus sequence that codes for the human teratocarcinoma-derived retrovirus HTDV. Virology 196(1):349–353 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] Mueller-Lantzsch N et al (1993) Human endogenous retroviral element K10 (HERV-K10) encodes a full-length gag homologous 73-kDa protein and a functional protease. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 9(4):343–350 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Dewannieux M, Blaise S, Heidmann T (2005) Identification of a functional envelope protein from the HERV-K family of human endogenous retroviruses. J Virol 79(24):15573–15577 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Bieda K, Hoffmann A, Boller K (2001) Phenotypic heterogeneity of human endogenous retrovirus particles produced by teratocarcinoma cell lines. J Gen Virol 82(Pt 3):591–596 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Retrovirus-Like Particles (RLPs) · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the biogenesis and constitution of these vesicles remain poorly understood”
§ Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies > Concluding Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
EVs derived from clinical samples are highly heterogeneous in make-up and arise from diverse biologic processes.
“It is important to recognize that the EV derived from clinical samples are likely highly heterogeneous in make-up and arose from diverse sets of biologic processes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Multiple types of EV may be present in a given biofluid.
“it is important to recognize and understand that multiple types of EV may be present in a given biofluid.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Markers for EV types are established using non-neoplastic cell lines.
“It is important to recognize that these markers are established using non-neoplastic cell lines.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cellular processes leading to formation of the various types of vesicles remain incompletely understood.
“the cellular processes leading to the formation of the various types of vesicles remain incompletely understood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no general consensus as to the best method for EV isolation.
“There is no general consensus as to the best method for isolation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There are three major categories of EVs, namely exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, which are classified based on their biogenesis mechanism [39, 40].”
From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In many prior research into EVs, EVs have been conventionally classified into three main categories: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies based on their biogenesis mechanism [39, 40].”
From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“For instance, vesicles isolated from biofluids using the same methods can be referred to as exosomes by some [9, 10], microvesicles by others [1, 13], and still others blur the difference with the term ‘‘exosomes/microvesicles’’ [14].”
Cited work 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.04.033 · retracted 2023-07-20 · notice 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.06.002 · this paper published 2013-03-02
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“These vesicles are secreted by both normal cells and cancerous cells as a means of cell-to-cell communication [2–5].”
Cited work 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1534 · retracted 2015-06-15 · notice 10.4049/jimmunol.1500893 · this paper published 2013-03-02
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
RETRACTED: MicroRNA signatures of tumor-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer
Taylor, D. D., & Gerçel-Taylor, Ç. (2008) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.04.033 · Cited by 2,333 · cited 2×
“For instance, vesicles isolated from biofluids using the same methods can be referred to as exosomes by some [9, 10], microvesicles by others [1, 13], and still others blur the difference with the term ‘‘exosomes/microvesicles’’ [14].”
RetractedPregnancy-Associated Exosomes and Their Modulation of T Cell Signaling
Taylor, D. D., Akyol, S., & Gercel-Taylor, C. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1534 · Cited by 297 · cited 1×
“These vesicles are secreted by both normal cells and cancerous cells as a means of cell-to-cell communication [2–5].”
RetractedApoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wideranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics
Kerr, J. F. R., Wyllie, A. H., & Currie, A. R. (1972) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1972.33 · Cited by 15,673 · cited 2×
“Apoptosis is a major mechanism of cell death for both normal and cancerous cells [93, 94].”
Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death
Elmore, S. (2007) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1080/01926230701320337 · Cited by 13,853 · cited 3×
“During normal development, most apoptotic bodies are phagocytosed by macrophages [94, 97, 101] and are cleared locally.”
Valadi, H., Ekström, K., Bossios, A., Sjöstrand, M., Lee, J. J., & Lötvall, J. O. (2007) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1596 · Cited by 12,834 · cited 1×
“For instance, vesicles isolated from biofluids using the same methods can be referred to as exosomes by some [9, 10], microvesicles by others [1, 13], and still others blur the difference with the term ‘‘exosomes/microvesicles’’ [14].”
Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Cell Culture Supernatants and Biological Fluids
Théry, C., Amigorena, S., Raposo, G., & Clayton, A. (2006) · Current Protocols in Cell Biology · doi:10.1002/0471143030.cb0322s30 · Cited by 5,766 · cited 1×
“Purification by density gradient using sucrose gradients has also been reported [17].”
Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function
Théry, C., Zitvogel, L., & Amigorena, S. (2002) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri855 · Cited by 5,355 · cited 1×
“Such translocation may also occur during exosome formation [116].”
Skog, J., Würdinger, T., van Rijn, S., Meijer, D. H., Gainche, L., Curry, W. T., Carter, B. S., Krichevsky, A. M., & Breakefield, X. O. (2008) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1800 · Cited by 5,001
Self-citationDelivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes
Alvarez-Erviti, L., Seow, Y., Yin, H., Betts, C., Lakhal, S., & Wood, M. J. A. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1807 · Cited by 4,930 · cited 1×
“For instance, EVs derived from dendritic cells engineered to express rabies viral glycoprotein have been successfully used to deliver siRNA across the blood brain barrier in murine models providing proof-of-principle of their delivery potential for drugs and genes [122].”
Ceramide Triggers Budding of Exosome Vesicles into Multivesicular Endosomes
Trajković, K., Hsu, C., Chiantia, S., Rajendran, L., Wenzel, D., Wieland, F., Schwille, P., Brügger, B., & Simons, M. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1153124 · Cited by 3,760 · cited 2×
“For example, ESCRT independent mechanisms of exosome formation have been reported in some experimental systems [48, 49].”
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bronson DL et al (1979) Induction of retrovirus particles in human testicular tumor (Tera-1) cell cultures: an electron microscopic study. J Natl Cancer Inst 63(2):337–339
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,417
Jerez, S., Araya, H., Thaler, R., Charlesworth, M. C., López‐Solís, R., Kalergis, A. M., Céspedes, P. F., Dudakovic, A., Stein, G. S., van Wijnen, A. J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.25642 · Cited by 88
“, tetraspanins CD63, CD9, and CD81), which represent components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and are among the most abundant proteins identified in exosomes [Th ery et al., 2002; Keller et al., 2006; Akers et al., 2013].”
BackgroundLiu, A., Zhang, X., He, H., Zhou, L. Q., Naito, Y., Sugita, S., & Lee, J. W. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2020.1689954 · Cited by 90
“For example, CD63 and CD9 are specific markers of exosomes; ARF6 and VCAMP3 are recently proposed markers of MV; and TSP and C3b are generally accepted markers of apoptotic bodies (Table 1) [58].”
BackgroundExtracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections in Humans
Caobi, A., Nair, M., & Raymond, A. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12101200 · Cited by 88
“TEMs assemble the proteins and facilitate the protein-protein interactions required for ILV formation, and therefore offer another ESCRT-independent mechanism of EV generation [12].”
BackgroundMulti-Omics Integrative Approach of Extracellular Vesicles: A Future Challenging Milestone
Shaba, E., Vantaggiato, L., Governini, L., Haxhiu, A., Sebastiani, G., Fignani, D., Grieco, G. E., Bergantini, L., Bini, L., & Landi, C. (2022) · Proteomes · doi:10.3390/proteomes10020012 · Cited by 91
“from outward budding of the plasma membrane and range from 100 to 1000 nm in size; then, apoptotic bodies, which form during apoptosis by outward budding of the plasma membrane, ranging in size from 100–5000 nm [15,16].”
BackgroundTherapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Nerve Disorders
Galieva, L. R., James, V. H., Mukhamedshina, Y. O., & Rizvanov, A. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00163 · Cited by 88
Baharlooi, H., Azimi, M., Salehi, Z., & Izad, M. H. (2019) · International Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.15283/ijsc19108 · Cited by 88
“As shown in Table 1 (15-20), exosomes are one of the”
BackgroundIntracellular Trafficking of HBV Particles
Jiang, B.-F., & Hildt, E. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9092023 · Cited by 76
“MVBs can fuse either with lysosomes to release vesicle contents or with the plasma membrane to release extracellular exosomes [137,138].”
BackgroundCufaro, M. C., Pieragostino, D., Lanuti, P., Rossi, C., Cicalini, I., Federici, L., Laurenzi, V. D., & Boccio, P. D. (2019) · Journal of Oncology · doi:10.1155/2019/1639854 · Cited by 89
Recent advances in cancer early detection and diagnosis: Role of nucleic acid based aptasensors
Hassan, E. M., & DeRosa, M. C. (2020) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2020.115806 · Cited by 87
Bewicke‐Copley, F., Mulcahy, L. A., Jacobs, L. A., Samuel, P., Akbar, N., Pink, R. C., & Carter, D. R. F. (2017) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.1080/20013078.2017.1340746 · Cited by 93
Franquesa, M., Hoogduijn, M. J., Ripoll, È., Luk, F., Salih, M., Betjes, M. G. H., Torrás, J., Baan, C. C., GrinyÃ, J. M., & Merino, A. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00525 · Cited by 91
“On the contrary, exosomes are of endocytic origin and are released when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane and release their intraluminal vesicles as exosomes to the extracellular milieu (3).”
BackgroundAntiretroviral Drugs Alter the Content of Extracellular Vesicles from HIV-1-Infected Cells
DeMarino, C., Pleet, M. L., Cowen, M., Barclay, R. A., Akpamagbo, Y., Erickson, J. W., Ndembi, N., Charurat, M., Jumare, J., Bwala, S. A., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25943-2 · Cited by 86
Advanced nanomaterials as sample technique for bio-analysis
Sun, N., Yu, H., Wu, H., Shen, X., & Deng, C. (2021) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2020.116168 · Cited by 85
Extracellular vesicles: Their functions in plant–pathogen interactions
Zhou, Q., Ma, K., Hu, H., et al. (2021) · Molecular Plant Pathology · doi:10.1111/mpp.13170 · Cited by 85
“…which are shed directly from the plasma membrane (PM) surface through external budding; and (c) exosomes (30– 150 nm diameter), which are released following fusion of a multivesicular body with the PM (Akers et al., 2013; György et al., 2011; Liebana- Jordan et al., 2021; van der Pol et al., 2012).”
BackgroundFoetoplacental communication via extracellular vesicles in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia
Chiarello, D. I., Salsoso, R., Toledo, F., Mate, A., Vázquez, C. M., & Sobrevía, L. (2017) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2017.12.002 · Cited by 86
Mast cell secretome: Soluble and vesicular components
Vukman, K. V., Försönits, A. I., Oszvald, Á., Tóth, E. Á., & Buzás, E. I. (2017) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.002 · Cited by 85
Extracellular Vesicles as Conveyors of Membrane-Derived Bioactive Lipids in Immune System
Sagini, K., Costanzi, E., Emiliani, C., Buratta, S., & Urbanelli, L. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19041227 · Cited by 86
“They have a larger size (500–5000 nm) than exosomes and microvesicles, although a few studies reported that apoptotic cells may also release smaller vesicles [4].”
Applications of DNA-Based Liquid Biopsy for Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Wang, J., & Bettegowda, C. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2016.08.007 · Cited by 87
Extracellular vesicles direct migration by synthesizing and releasing chemotactic signals
Kriebel, P., Majumdar, R., Jenkins, L. M. M., Senoo, H., Wang, W., Ammu, S., Chen, S., Narayan, K., Iijima, M., & Parent, C. A. (2018) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201710170 · Cited by 82
“The overrepresentation of actin-based cytoskeletal proteins was expected, as they have been implicated for the mobilization of secretory vesicles for membrane docking and fusion (Akers et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCaccioppo, A., Franchin, L., Grosso, A., Angelini, F., D’Ascenzo, F., & Brizzi, M. F. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20205024 · Cited by 82
“The most accepted mechanism of formation and release is the shedding after membrane budding [147].”
BackgroundSi nanowire Bio-FET for electrical and label-free detection of cancer cell-derived exosomes
Zhao, W., Hu, J., Liu, J., et al. (2022) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi:10.1038/s41378-022-00387-x · Cited by 82
Plant and mammalian-derived extracellular vesicles: a new therapeutic approach for the future
Sall, I. M., & Tăbăran, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1215650 · Cited by 93
“Apoptotic bodies are larger than other vesicles and carry particular markers (thrombospondin, complement component 3, and C3B) (Akers et al., 2013; Duijvesz et al., 2015) .”
BackgroundThe Role of Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Tumorigenicity & Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Blackwell, R. H., Foreman, K. E., & Gupta, G. N. (2017) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers9080105 · Cited by 84
“Exosomes measure 30–100 nm in size and carry a variety of content including a lipid bilayer membrane, DNA, RNA, mRNA, miRNA, bioactive lipids (including prostaglandins, fatty acids, and leukotrienes), as well as intracellular and membrane-bound proteins [7,8].”
BackgroundFinicelli, M., Digilio, F. A., Galderisi, U., & Peluso, G. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11030464 · Cited by 91
“Studies have revealed that genetic information can be transferred upon the uptake of apoptotic bodies [75,76].”
BackgroundPlant–microbe interactions: organelles and the cytoskeleton in action
Park, E., Nedo, A., Caplan, J. L., & Dinesh‐Kumar, S. P. (2017) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.14959 · Cited by 81
Exosome-mediated miR-222 transferring: An insight into NF-κB-mediated breast cancer metastasis
Ding, J., Xu, Z., Zhang, Y., Tan, C., Hu, W., Wang, M., Xu, Y., & Tang, J. (2018) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.014 · Cited by 80
Exploiting paracrine mechanisms of tissue regeneration to repair damaged organs
Anthony, D. F., & Shiels, P. G. (2013) · Transplantation Research · doi:10.1186/2047-1440-2-10 · Cited by 81
“They are, however, distinct from apoptotic vesicles or bodies, which are shed from normal and diseased cells undergoing apoptosis [44].”
BackgroundNawaz, M., Fatima, F., Nazarenko, I. A., Ekström, K. M., Murtaza, I., Anees, M., Sultan, A., Neder, L., Camussi, G., Valadi, H., et al. (2016) · Expert Review of Proteomics · doi:10.1586/14789450.2016.1165613 · Cited by 80
“Apoptotic bodies or apoptosomes, which are relatively large membrane blebs, are most often produced from tumor cells as a result of apoptotic disaggregation and indiscriminate blebbing of the plasma membrane [37].”
BackgroundRezaie, J., Rahbarghazi, R., Pezeshki, M., Mazhar, M., Yekani, F., Khaksar, M., Shokrollahi, E., Amini, H., Hashemzadeh, S., Sokullu, S. E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.28894 · Cited by 83
“Furthermore, treatment of rats with experimentally induced IM by CPC‐derived exosomes resulted in the improvement of cardiac function, less profound cardiac apoptosis and enhanced intracardiac angiogenesis (Andriolo et al., 2018).”
BackgroundExtracellular Vesicles in Trypanosomatids: Host Cell Communication
Torrecilhas, A. C., Soares, R. P., Schenkman, S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.602502 · Cited by 80
“The formation of these particles depends on the redistribution of phosphatidylserine in the membrane bilayer and on the reorganization of the cytoskeleton, mainly through the participation of actin-myosin (Akers et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPotential therapeutic effects of milk-derived exosomes on intestinal diseases
Cui, Z., Amevor, F. K., Zhao, X., Mou, C., Pang, J., Peng, X., Liu, A., Lan, X., & Liu, L. (2023) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-023-02176-8 · Cited by 82
“Exosomes originating from different cell types may have different compositions, however, they possesses similar conserved proteins such as CD63, CD81, CD9, etc. [18] (Fig.”
BackgroundUrinary biomarkers in prostate cancer detection and monitoring progression
Wu, D., Ni, J., Beretov, J., Cozzi, P. J., Willcox, M. D. P., Wasinger, V. C., Walsh, B. J., Graham, P., & Li, Y. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.08.002 · Cited by 82
Gregory, C. D., & Dransfield, I. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01111 · Cited by 79
Circulating Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: Advances and Challenges
Seyhan, A. A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25147974 · Cited by 87
Methods to isolate extracellular vesicles for diagnosis
Kang, H., Kim, J., & Park, J. (2017) · Micro and Nano Systems Letters · doi:10.1186/s40486-017-0049-7 · Cited by 80
“According to mechanism of production, EVs are classified as exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies [3, 4].”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, Y., Fang, Z., Hong, M., Yang, D., & Xie, W. (2019) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2019.09.011 · Cited by 78
Gagliardi, D., Bresolin, N., Comi, G. P., & Corti, S. P. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-020-03619-3 · Cited by 78
“EVs may be classified according to size, biogenesis and biochemical composition and are subdivided into microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes [1].”
BackgroundYang, F., Wu, Y., Chen, Y., Xi, J., Chu, Y., Jin, J., & Yan, Y. (2023) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100746 · Cited by 79
Extracellular Vesicles as Next-Generation Diagnostics and Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products
Stawarska, A., Bamburowicz‐Klimkowska, M., Rundén‐Pran, E., Dušinská, M., Cimpan, M. R., Ríos-Mondragón, I., & Grudziński, I. P. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25126533 · Cited by 89
“…cellular remains released when programmed cell death is induced and contain DNA fragments that do not encode RNA and cellular organelles [17]. membrane-bound cellular remains released when programmed cell death is induced and contain DNA fragments that do not encode RNA and cellular…”
BackgroundShah, N., Ishii, M., Brandon, C. S., Ablonczy, Z., Cai, J., Liu, Y., Chou, C. J., & Rohrer, B. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.016 · Cited by 77
“Surface markers of microvesicles hence tend to be reflective of the composition of the membrane of origin.[23] Due to the complications to unequivocally identify the EVs as exosomes or microvesicles, many reports will not aim to distinguish between the two types, but rather refer to them combined as EVs.”
BackgroundNanosensors for Early Cancer Detection and for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Salvati, E., Stellacci, F., & Krol, S. (2015) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm.15.180 · Cited by 78
Role of extracellular vesicles in glioma progression
Quezada, C., Torres, Á., Niechi, I., Uribe, D., Contreras‐Duarte, S., Toledo, F., Martín, R. S., Gutiérrez, J., & Sobrevía, L. (2017) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2017.12.003 · Cited by 83
Javeed, N., Gustafson, M. P., Dutta, S. K., Lin, Y., Bamlet, W. R., Oberg, A. L., Petersen, G. M., Chari, S. T., Dietz, A. B., & Mukhopadhyay, D. (2016) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2016.1252013 · Cited by 76
“Additionally, exosomes have previously been shown to alter the tumor microenvironment by transferring important cellular cargo, such as cytokines and growth factors.(19) We therefore hypothesized that PC-Exo downregulate HLA-DR expression on CD14C monocytes.”
BackgroundExtracellular Vesicles: The Next Generation Theranostic Nanomedicine for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Li, D., Yang, M., Xu, J., Xu, H., Zhu, M., Liang, Y., Zhang, Y., Tian, C., Nie, Y., Shi, R., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s370784 · Cited by 76
“Sources of Exosomes The exosomes are ubiquitously present.(64) Therefore, this section will start with a brief description of the sources of exosomes involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD.”
BackgroundManzoor, T., Saleem, A., Farooq, N., Dar, L. A., Nazir, J., Saleem, S., Ismail, S., Gugjoo, M. B., Shiekh, P. A., & Ahmad, S. M. (2023) · Inflammation and Regeneration · doi:10.1186/s41232-023-00266-6 · Cited by 81
“Annexin V, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 4 (TIM4), or milk fat globule-EGF factor 8, recognised by phagocytes, bind to these translocated phosphatidylserines [71, 72].”
BackgroundExosomes in Prostate Cancer: Putting Together the Pieces of a Puzzle
Soekmadji, C., Russell, P. J., & Nelson, C. C. (2013) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers5041522 · Cited by 73
“Proteins isolated from circulating exosomes are not reflective of the proteins that are highly expressed in the respective cells, or in other cells as well as PCa cells [16,28,92], demonstrating that the content of exosomes is selectively screened intracellularly from cytoplasmic proteins through the MVB sorting proce…”
BackgroundInfluentialExtracellular Vesicles: A New Frontier in Biomarker Discovery for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Ban, L. A., Shackel, N. A., & McLennan, S. V. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17030376 · Cited by 77
Dong, J., Zhang, R. Y., Sun, N., Smalley, M. D., Wu, Z., Zhou, A., Chou, S., Jan, Y. J., Yang, P., Bao, L., et al. (2019) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.9b01406 · Cited by 76
Extracellular vesicles in renal tissue damage and regeneration
Bruno, S., Porta, S., & Bussolati, B. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.058 · Cited by 74
Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Cancer: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles
Samuel, P., Fabbri, M., & Carter, D. R. F. (2017) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201600375 · Cited by 74
Cancer therapy based on extracellular vesicles as drug delivery vehicles
Cabeza, L., Perazzoli, G., Peña, M., Cepero, A. L., Luque, C., Melguizo, C., & Prados, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.018 · Cited by 77
Extracellular Vesicles and Asthma—More Than Just a Co-Existence
Alhamwe, B. A., Potaczek, D. P., Miethe, S., Alhamdan, F., Hintz, L., Magomedov, A., & Garn, H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094984 · Cited by 76
Kort-Mascort, J., Flores-Torres, S., Peza-Chavez, O., Jang, J. H., Pardo, L. A., Tran, S. D., & Kinsella, J. M. (2022) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d2bm01273a · Cited by 78
Qin, X., He, J., Wang, X., Wang, J., Yang, R., & Chen, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1256687 · Cited by 80
“Apoptotic bodies emerge from the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells and typically encompass organelles and DNA fragments derived from parent cells (23).”
BackgroundEbola VP40 in Exosomes Can Cause Immune Cell Dysfunction
Pleet, M. L., Mathiesen, A. H., DeMarino, C., Akpamagbo, Y., Barclay, R. A., Schwab, A., Iordanskiy, S., Sampey, G. C., Lepene, B. S., Ilinykh, P. A., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01765 · Cited by 75
“…that it was unlikely that the Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 7 November 2016 | Volume 7 | Article 1765 detrimental agent within the transfected cell supernatant was Ebola VLPs or cellular apoptotic bodies that are also larger than 400 nm (Akers et al., 2013; Schwab et al., 2015).”
BackgroundZeng, Z., & Xie, H. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.03.002 · Cited by 74
Generation, purification and engineering of extracellular vesicles and their biomedical applications
Gao, J., Dong, X., & Wang, Z. (2019) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.11.012 · Cited by 77
“When cells are dying, the cell membrane is disrupted to form apoptotic bodies with the sizes of 50 to 5000 nm [21, 22].”
BackgroundExosomes in disease and regeneration: biological functions, diagnostics, and beneficial effects
Lin, Y., Anderson, J. D., Rahnama, L. M. A., Gu, S. V., & Knowlton, A. A. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00075.2020 · Cited by 76
The Function of TrophomiRs and Other MicroRNAs in the Human PlacentaPreprint
Sadovsky, Y., Mouillet, J., Ouyang, Y., Bayer, A., & Coyne, C. B. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a023036 · Cited by 73
“Apoptotic bodies, (apoptosomes, cell fragments, 500–4000 nm in diameter) are formed during partial or complete cell disintegration, and contain cell organelles and cytoplasmic proteins (Akers et al. 2013).”
BackgroundExosomes: Advances, development and potential therapeutic strategies in diabetic nephropathy
Chen, J., Zhang, Q. H., Liu, D., & Liu, Z. (2021) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154834 · Cited by 73
Saad, M. H., Badierah, R., Redwan, E. M. M. M., & El‐Fakharany, E. M. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13091405 · Cited by 70
“Rose Johnstone gave the term “exosomes” to these small vesicles [24,25].”
BackgroundA new horizon of precision medicine: combination of the microbiome and extracellular vesicles
Yang, J., Shin, T.-S., Kim, J. S., Jee, Y., & Kim, Y. (2022) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-022-00748-6 · Cited by 74
Extracellular vesicles: translational challenges and opportunities
Clemmens, H., & Lambert, D. W. (2018) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20180112 · Cited by 70
The Biogenesis, Biological Functions, and Applications of Macrophage-Derived Exosomes
Shan, X., Zhang, C., Mai, C.-T., Hu, X., Cheng, N., Chen, W., Peng, D., Wang, L., Ji, Z., & Xie, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.715461 · Cited by 72
CHMP2A regulates tumor sensitivity to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Bernareggi, D., Xie, Q., Prager, B. C., Yun, J., Cruz, L. S., Pham, T. V., Kim, W., Lee, X., Coffey, M., Zalfa, C., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29469-0 · Cited by 71
Guo, S., Tang, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., & Tan, S. C. (2024) · BMEMat · doi:10.1002/bmm2.12076 · Cited by 73
Exosomes as Theranostics for Lung Cancer
Srivastava, A., Amreddy, N., Razaq, M., Towner, R. A., Zhao, Y. D., Ahmed, R. A., Munshi, A., & Ramesh, R. (2018) · Advances in cancer research · doi:10.1016/bs.acr.2018.04.001 · Cited by 70
Extracellular vesicles and their role in glioblastoma
Whitehead, C. A., Kaye, A. H., Drummond, K. J., Widodo, S. S., Mantamadiotis, T., Vella, L. J., & Stylli, S. S. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408363.2019.1700208 · Cited by 72
“contractions that trigger MV release [18,19].”
Laurent, L. C., Abdel‐Mageed, A. B., Adelson, P. D., Arango, J. I., Balaj, L., Breakefield, X. O., Carlson, E. W. J., Carter, B. S., Majem, B., Chen, C. C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.3402/jev.v4.26533 · Cited by 70
Self-citationEmerging Roles of Exosomes in T1DM
Pang, H., Luo, S., Xiao, Y., Xia, Y., Li, X., Huang, G., Xie, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.593348 · Cited by 70
“In general, the formation of MVs is resulted from dynamic interplay between phospholipid redistribution and cytoskeletal protein contraction, which is distinct from the biogenesis of exosomes (31).”
BackgroundKim, G.-U., Sung, S., Kang, K., Choi, J.-H., Lee, S., Sung, M. K., Yang, S. Y., Kim, S., Kim, Y. I., Lim, J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413672 · Cited by 70
“However, another extracellular vesicle, microvesicles, is released from the cell through the outer bud of the cell membrane or apoptotic cell membrane [192].”
BackgroundWilliams, T., Salmanian, G., Burns, M., Maldonado, V. V., Smith, E., Porter, R. M., Song, Y. H., & Samsonraj, R. M. (2022) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2022.11.011 · Cited by 71
Extracellular Vesicle Profiling and Their Use as Potential Disease Specific Biomarker
Julich‐Haertel, H., Willms, A. G., Kornek, M., & Kornek, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00413 · Cited by 69
Roma‐Rodrigues, C., Raposo, L. R., Cabral, R. M., Paradinha, F., Baptista, P. V., & Fernandes, A. R. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18010162 · Cited by 72
“The process of early endosomes’ maturation into late endosomes involves acidification of the endosome lumen due to vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases), changes in protein content, and inward budding of the membrane, resulting in the formation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) [9,29,36,37].”
BackgroundLynch, C., Panagopoulou, M. S., & Gregory, C. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01174 · Cited by 70
Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatobiliary Malignancies
Lapitz, A., Arbelaiz, A., Olaizola, P., Aranburu, A., Bujanda, L., Perugorria, M. J., & Bañales, J. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02270 · Cited by 71
“Their morphology is spherical and the size ranges between 40 and 150 nm in diameter (11, 14, 15).”
BackgroundCardiomyocyte-Derived Exosomes: Biological Functions and Potential Therapeutic Implications
Yu, H., & Wang, Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01049 · Cited by 68
Ma, Q., Liang, M., Limjunyawong, N., Dan, Y., Xing, J., Li, J., Xu, J., & Dou, C. (2020) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.45170 · Cited by 70
“Some autoantigens can also be transferred into ABs during cell apoptosis such as histone 3, histone 2B, complement C1q C Chain (C1QC) and complement component 3B (C3B), thereby become specific markers of ABs [17,18].”
BackgroundExtracellular vesicles isolated from Toxoplasma gondii induce host immune response
Silva, V. O., Maia, M. M., Torrecilhas, A. C., Taniwaki, N. N., Namiyama, G. M., Oliveira, K. C., Ribeiro, K. S., Toledo, M. D. S., Xander, P. B., & Pereira‐Chioccola, V. L. (2018) · Parasite Immunology · doi:10.1111/pim.12571 · Cited by 69
Renal extracellular vesicles: from physiology to clinical application
Morrison, E. E., Bailey, M. A., & Dear, J. W. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp272182 · Cited by 67
“Although apoptotic bodies are generally considered to be larger in size than other vesicles (500–4000 nm), a smaller subpopulation of 50–500 nm has been proposed (Thery et al. 2009; Akers et al. 2013).”
BackgroundGonzález, M. F., Díaz, P., Sandoval, A., Herrera, D., & Quest, A. F. G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094823 · Cited by 66
Chung, D. D., Pinson, M. R., Bhenderu, L. S. S., Lai, M. S., Patel, R. A., & Miranda, R. C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22168785 · Cited by 81
“Microvesicles, on the contrary, are produced through outward budding of the plasma membrane, while apoptotic bodies result from cell fragmentation during programmed cell death [81].”
BackgroundExtracellular vesicles: The key for precision medicine in glioblastoma
Bene, M. D., Osti, D., Faletti, S., Beznoussenko, G. V., DiMeco, F., & Pelicci, G. (2021) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/noab229 · Cited by 72
Extracellular vesicles and blood diseases
Nomura, S. (2017) · International Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s12185-017-2180-x · Cited by 70
Melzer, C., von der Ohe, J., & Hass, R. (2018) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.2829 · Cited by 70
Long non-coding RNA as potential biomarkers in non-small-cell lung cancer: What do we know so far?
Osielska, M. A., & Jagodziński, P. P. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.099 · Cited by 66
Extracellular vesicles: New players in cardiovascular diseases
Gaceb, A., Martínez, M. C., & Andriantsitohaina, R. (2014) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.018 · Cited by 66
Soekmadji, C., Riches, J. D., Russell, P. J., Ruelcke, J. E., McPherson, S. J., Wang, C., Hovens, C. M., Corcoran, N. M., Hill, M. M. C., & Nelson, C. C. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.11111 · Cited by 70
“We did not identify known ectosome markers in our isolated EV, however, CD9 in LNCaP was primarily localised at the plasma membrane, where the biogenesis of ectosomes is described to occur [23], confirming reports by others that CD9 EV is distinct from TSG101 and Alix positive EV [18, 43].”
BackgroundResultPlacental extracellular vesicles and pre‐eclampsia
Schuster, J. S., Cheng, S., Padbury, J. F., & Sharma, S. (2020) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/aji.13297 · Cited by 70
Extracellular vesicles: new targets for vaccines against helminth parasites
Drurey, C., Coakley, G., & Maizels, R. M. (2020) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.011 · Cited by 70
Zhao, W., Zhang, L., Ye, Y., Li, Y., Luan, X., Liu, J., Cheng, J., Zhao, Y., Li, M., & Huang, C. (2021) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d1an01061a · Cited by 68
The role of exosomal miRNA in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Mahmoudi, A., Butler, A., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2022) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.30699 · Cited by 56
“Apoptotic body formation is distinct from that of microvesicles, RLPs, and exosomes, as apoptotic bodies are created only through programmed cell death (Akers et al., 2013).”
BackgroundUrinary Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer: Where Do We Stand and Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles
de Oliveira, M. C., Caires, H. R., Oliveira, M. J., Fraga, A. M., Vasconcelos, M. H., & Ribeiro, R. J. T. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12061400 · Cited by 69
“Indeed, the transfer of pro-tumoral EVs cargo between cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment influences the multiple stages of tumorigenesis, namely neoplastic transformation, proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis to distant organs, angiogenesis, immune response, and emergence of drug res…”
BackgroundPlacenta-Derived MicroRNAs in the Pathophysiology of Human Pregnancy
Xu, P., Ma, Y., Wu, H., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.646326 · Cited by 67
Vahabi, A., Rezaie, J., Hassanpour, M., Panahi, Y., Nemati, M., Rasmi, Y., & Nemati, M. (2022) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115038 · Cited by 65
Role of extracellular vesicles in rheumatoid arthritis
Fu, H., Hu, D., Zhang, L., & Tang, P. (2017) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.016 · Cited by 65
Extracellular vesicles based electrochemical biosensors for detection of cancer cells: A review
Xie, H., Di, K., Huang, R., Khan, A., Xia, Y., Xu, H., Liu, C., Tan, T., Tian, X., Shen, H., et al. (2020) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2020.02.049 · Cited by 64
Huang, C., Ho, J., Chiang, J.-H., Yu, C., & Yü, D. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9061419 · Cited by 66
“This makes them suitable cancer diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, [52].”
BackgroundResearch progress on the role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases
Li, Z., Wang, X., Wang, X., Yi, X., Wong, Y. K., Wu, J., Xie, F., Hu, D., Wang, Q., Wang, J., et al. (2023) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-023-00375-9 · Cited by 67
“Blebbing from the plasma membrane during apoptosis leads to formation of apoptotic bodies in the form of MVs [27].”
BackgroundExtracellular Vesicles and Hydrogels: An Innovative Approach to Tissue Regeneration
Hashemi, A., Ezati, M., Nasr, M. P., Zumberg, I., & Provaznik, V. (2024) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c08280 · Cited by 73
Metadata
- Authors
- Akers, J. C., Gonda, D., Kim, R., Carter, B. S., & Chen, C. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Clark C.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuro-Oncology
- Published
- 2013-03-02
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-11
- ISSN
- 0167-594X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7373
- PMC
- PMC5533094
- OpenAlex
- W1990597414
- Cited by
- 1,423
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 126 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 179 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 5.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Neuro-Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UH2TR000931, UH3TR000931)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- extracellular vesicles, exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, vesicle biogenesis, tumor markers, biological fluids, neuro-oncology, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Retroviridae, Biomarkers, Apoptosis, Exosomes
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