Ecdysteroids: Production in plant in vitro cultures

Thiem, Barbara; Kikowska, Małgorzata; Maliński, Michał P.; Kruszka, Dariusz; Napierała, Marta; Florek, Ewa

doi:10.1007/s11101-016-9483-z

Cited by 78Plant tissue culture and regenerationPhytochemical Studies and BioactivitiesPlant biochemistry and biosynthesis

Ecdysteroids: Production in plant in vitro cultures

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Thiem, Barbara, Kikowska, Małgorzata, Maliński, Michał P., Kruszka, Dariusz, Napierała, Marta, Florek, Ewa·2017·Phytochemistry Reviews

DOI 10.1007/s11101-016-9483-zPMC PMC5559567

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Abstract

Ecdysteroids are secondary metabolites, widely distributed in the animal and plant kingdoms. They have a wide range of pharmacological effects in vertebrates, including mammals, most of which are beneficial for humans. Therefore, they have become compounds of interest for the pharmaceutical industry due to their adaptogenic, anabolic, hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic and antimicrobial activities, which are still being researched. Nowadays, ecdysteroids are present as active ingredients in bodybuilding supplements. Because of their complex structures, their chemical synthesis seems unprofitable and impractical. Due to high content of ecdysteroids in many plants, they are primarily obtained by extraction of the plant material. Plant in vitro cultures provide an alternative source of these compounds, helping to avoid problems associated with field production-such as variable yield or dependence on environmental factors, as well as limited availability of natural resources. Plant cell and tissue cultures may be suggested as alternatives for the production of plant biomass rich in pharmaceutically active ecdysteroids. Moreover, the use of common biotechnological strategies, such as elicitation or precursor feeding, may further increase the yield and improve production of these compounds. In this paper, we describe general information about ecdysteroids: their structure, biosynthesis, distribution, role in plants, and we review recent studies on micropropagation of ecdysteroid-producing plants and cell cultures, and potential ability of ecdysteroids enhancement in in vitro cultures.

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In vitro cultures from ecdysteroid-rich plants give disappointing results because production is generally very low, even after precursor feeding or hormonal elicitation.
“In vitro cultures from ecdysteroid-rich plants have been developed, but they give disappointing results as the production has been generally very low, even after precursor feeding or hormonal elicitation [172][173][174].”
From Ecdysteroids (2021) · cites this paper as [172]
Callus cultures also give low ecdysteroid production.
“The same applies to callus cultures”
From Ecdysteroids (2021) · cites this paper as [172]
Genus Silene has large amounts of diverse ECs, approximately 1-2% of the plant's dry weight.
“Genus Silene has large amounts of diverse ECs, i.e., ca. 1–2% of the plant’s dry weight [30].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Taxons used in traditional medicines such as Leuzea carthamoides, Ajuga turkestanica, and several Pfaffia species have abundant ECs in their roots.
“The taxons that are used in traditional medicines such as Leuzea carthamoides, Ajuga turkestanica, and several Pfaffia species have abundant ECs in their roots.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Cyanotis vaga and Cyanotis arachnoidea belong to monocot species, and several species of ferns that belong to Polypodium are rich sources of ECs.
“Cyanotis vaga and Cyanotis arachnoidea belong to monocot species, and several species of ferns that belong to Polypodium are rich sources of ECs [7,8,30,31,32,33,34,35].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [30]

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Method
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Phytoecdysteroid production by Ajuga reptans tissue cultures
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BackgroundInfluential
Ecdysteroids from Silene viridiflora
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Background
Cloning and characterization of an elicitor-responsive gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase involved in 20-hydroxyecdysone production in cell cultures of Cyanotis arachnoidea
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“The content of 20E increased 2-, 6- and 8-fold after elicitation with 100 mg l-1 YE, 25 lM AgNO3 and 0.2 mM MeJA, respectively (Wang et al. 2014).”
MethodInfluential
Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel Ecdysteroid Dioxolanes as MDR Modulators in Cancer
Martins, A., Csábi, J., Balázs, A., Kitka, D., Amaral, L., Molnár, J., Simon, A., Tóth, G., & Hunyadi, A. (2013) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules181215255 · Cited by 30 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Further research concerning the effect of acetonide or dioxolane derivatives of ecdysteroids on the multi-drug resistance phenomenon is currently investigated and may possibly lead to the invention of an effective MDR inhibitor (Martins et al. 2013).”
Background
Ecdysteroid Glycosides: Identification, Chromatographic Properties, and Biological Significance
Maria, A., Girault, J., Saatov, Z., Harmatha, J., Dinan, L. N., & Lafont, R. (2005) · Journal of Chromatographic Science · doi:10.1093/chromsci/43.3.149 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The mobile phase solvents usually consisted of dichloromethane-isopropanol-water or cyclohexane-isopropanolwater mixtures (Maria et al. 2005; Ho et al. 2008).”
Control of Ecdysterone Biogenesis in Tissue Cultures of Trianthema portulacastrum
Ravishankar, G. A., & Mehta, A. R. (1979) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/np50002a003 · Cited by 29 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The increase in the concentration of Kin (cytokinin) inhibited the synthesis of ecdysterone, while the addition of GA3 inhibited the growth of callus, while it also stimulated the synthesis of ecdysterone (Ravishankar and Mehta 1979).”
Background
PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITIES IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURES
Filová, A. (2014) · Research Journal of Agricultural Science · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sterol and ecdysteroid profiles of Serratula tinctoria (L.): Plant and cell cultures producing steroids
Corio-Costet, M. F., Chapuis, L., Mouillet, J. F., & Delbecque, J. P. (1993) · Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0965-1748(93)90098-d · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Incorporation of radiolabeled mevalonate into ecdysteroids has shown that cell suspension culture is able to produce them, but at a reduced rate, as compared to intact plants (Corio-Costet et al. 1993b, 1998).”
Background
Isolation of a new class of ecdysteroid conjugates (glucosyl-ferulates) using a combination of liquid chromatographic methods
Ho, R., Girault, J.-P., Cousteau, P.-Y., Bianchini, J.-P., Raharivelomanana, P., & Lafont, R. (2008) · Journal of Chromatographic Science · doi:10.1093/chromsci/46.2.102 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The mobile phase solvents usually consisted of dichloromethane-isopropanol-water or cyclohexane-isopropanolwater mixtures (Maria et al. 2005; Ho et al. 2008).”
A New family of phytoecdysteroids isolated from aerial part of Ajuga reptans var. atropurpurea
Calcagno, M. P., Camps, F., Coll, J., Melé, E., & Sánchez-Baeza, F. J. (1995) · Tetrahedron · doi:10.1016/0040-4020(95)00767-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effects of plant growth regulators on high frequency shoot multiplication and callus regeneration of an important Indian medicinal plant, nirgundi (Vitex negundo L.)
Rani, D. N., & Nair, G. M. (2006) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant · doi:10.1079/ivp2005727 · Cited by 27 · cited 3× · see citing works
“negundo callus induction and shoot production (Rani and Nair 2006).”
Background
Phytoecdysteroids from Silene plants: distribution, diversity and biological (antitumour, antibacterial and antioxidant) activities
Mamadalieva, N. Z. (2012) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Protective effects of 20‐hydroxyecdysone on CoCl2‐induced cell injury in PC12 cells
Hu, J., Zhao, T. Z., Chu, W. H., Luo, C. X., Tang, W. H., Yi, L., & Feng, H. (2010) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.22877 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Phytoecdysteroid Turnover in Spinach: Long-term Stability Supports a Plant Defense Hypothesis
Schmelz, E. A., Grebenok, R. J., Ohnmeiss, T. E., & Bowers, W. S. (2000) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1023/a:1026454213510 · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Incorporation of radiolabelled cholesterol and mevalonic acid was confirmed in Serratula tinctoria hairy roots (Delbecque et al. 1995), Ajuga reptans var. atropurpurea hairy roots (Fujimoto et al. 2000) and hydroponic culture of Spinacia oleracea (Schmelz et al. 2000).”
Background
Efficient isolation of a large amount of 20-hydroxyecdysone from Vitex madiensis (Verbenaceae) by droplet counter-current chromatography.
Kubo, I., Matsumoto, A., & Ayafor, J. F. (1984) · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb1961.48.1683 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of the crude extract may be thus conducted using methanol-acetone or ethanol-acetone solution (Hunyadi et al. 2007; Cheng et al. 2008), isobutyl acetate-water (ecdysteroids remain in the water phase) and n-butanol-water (ecdysteroids go into the butanol phase) (Kubo et al. 1984, 1985).”
Method
Phytoecdysteroids from the rhizomes of Brainea insignis
Wu, P., Xie, H., Tao, W., Miao, S., & Wei, X. (2010) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.03.002 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As far as ferns are concerned, ecdysteroids were found in more than 50% of the screened species belonging to families Polypodiaceae, Pteridaceae and Blechneaceae (Wu et al. 2010).”
Background
Ecdysteroid production in tissue cultures of Polypodium vulgare
Camps, F., Clavería, E., Coll, J., Marco, M. ‐., Messeguer, J., & Mela, E. (1990) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)85339-h · Cited by 24 · cited 2× · see citing works
“D) promoted an increase of b-ecdysone content in in vitro culture of Polypodium vulgare (Camps et al. 1990).”
Background
High frequency induction of multiple shoots from nodal explants of vitex negundo L. using sodium sulphate
Rao, D. M., & Reddy, V. D. (2003) · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Micropropagation and β-ecdysone content of the Brazilian ginsengs Pfaffia glomerata and Pfaffia tuberosa
Flores, R., Brondani, D., Cezarotto, V. S., Giacomelli, S. R., & Nicoloso, F. T. (2010) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant · doi:10.1007/s11627-010-9286-7 · Cited by 23 · cited 4× · see citing works
“In vitro-derived plantlets of both species were successfully transferred to the field conditions (Flores et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Methyl jasmonate stimulates 20-hydroxyecdysone production in cell suspension cultures of Achyranthes bidentata
Wang, Q. J., Zheng, L. P., Sima, Y. H., Yuan, H. Y., & Wang, J. (2013) · Plant Omics · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Into the world of steroids
Speranza, A. (2010) · Plant Signaling & Behavior · doi:10.4161/psb.5.8.12295 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ecdysteroids, triterpenoid compounds playing vital roles in arthropods and plants, are a group of chemicals with interesting biological activities in mammals that should be furtherly elucidated (Dinan 2001; Lafont and Dinan 2003; Dinan and Lafont 2006; Speranza 2010).”
Background
Genetic transformation ofAjuga multiflora bunge withAgrobacterium rhizogenes and 20-hydroxyecdysone production in hairy roots
Kim, O.-T., Manickavasagm, M., Kim, Y., Jin, M. R., Kim, K. S., Seong, N.-S., & Hwang, B. (2005) · Journal of Plant Biology · doi:10.1007/bf03030416 · Cited by 22 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The production of 20E was 10-times more effective (6.4 mg g-1 dw) in transformed roots than in wild-type roots (Kim et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Potential of novel phytoecdysteroids isolated from Vitex doniana in the treatment depression: Involvement of monoaminergic systems
Ishola, I. O., Ochieng, C. O., Olayemi, S. O., Jimoh, M. O., & Lawal, S. M. (2014) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2014.11.005 · Cited by 22 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Ecdysteroids isolated from Vitex doniana Sweet are reported to interfere with monoaminergic neurotransmission, exerting an antidepressant effect in mice (Báthori and Pongracz 2005; Festucci-Buselli et al. 2008; Ishola et al. 2014).”
Background
Biosynthesis of ecdysteroids in in vitro prothalli cultures of Polypodium vulgare
Reixach, N., Irurre-Santilari, J., Casas, J., Melé, E., Messeguer, J., & Camps, F. (1996) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(96)00336-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
1α,20R-dihydroxyecdysone from Axyris amaranthoides
Sarker, S. D., Šik, V., Rees, H. H., & Dinan, L. N. (1998) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(98)00446-4 · Cited by 17 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The most widely used is the reversed-phase HPLC system on C18-bonded columns with methanol–water mobile phase (isocratic or gradient mode) (Sarker et al. 1998; Lafont et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
Effect of total ecdysteroid preparation from Silene viridiflora on the immune state of experimental animals under normal and secondary immunodeficiency conditions
Shakhmurova, G. A., Mamadalieva, N. Z., Жанибеков, А. А., Khushbaktova, Z. A., & Syrov, V. N. (2012) · Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal · doi:10.1007/s11094-012-0766-4 · Cited by 17 · cited 2× · see citing works
“There have been also reported other effects of ecdysteroids, such as improved activity of immunological system in immunodeficient laboratory animals (Shakhmurova et al. 2012), as well as antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties (Báthori and Pongracz 2005; Festucci-Buselli et al.”
Background
Ragged Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi) - a plant with potential medicinal value
Maliński, M. P., Michalska‐Falkowska, A., Tomczykowa, M., Tomczyk, M., & Thiem, B. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia · doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2014.11.004 · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Preliminary chromatographic analysis by TLC and HPLC indicated that multiple shoots and roots from in vitro-derived plants maintained the ability to accumulate phytoecdysteroids, identified as 20-hydroxyecdysone and polypodine B (Thiem et al. 2013; Maliński et al. 2014; Napierała unpublished).”
Method
Biosynthesis of phytoecdysteroids in Ajuga hairy roots: clerosterol as a precursor of cyasterone, isocyasterone and 29-norcyasterone
Okuzumi, K., Hara, N., Fujimoto, Y., Yamada, J., Nakamura, A., Takahashi, K., & Morisaki, M. (2003) · Tetrahedron Letters · doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02565-0 · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Relating to the scope of this article, it has to be noted that a significant portion of knowledge on the biosynthesis of ecdysteroids has been acquired thanks to research conducted on plant in vitro cultures (Fujimoto et al. 2000; Ohyama et al. 1999; Okuzumi et al. 2003).”
Background
Phytoecdysteroid overproduction in Polypodium vulgare prothalli
Reixach, N., Irurre-Santillari, J., Camps, F., Melé, E., Messeguer, J., & Casas, J. (1997) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(97)80008-8 · Cited by 15 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These tested conditions increased the production of the desired compounds from 15 to 23-times, depending on the objectives of the experiment (Reixach et al. 1997).”
Background
Serratula tinctoria L. (Dyer’s Savory): In Vitro Culture and the Production of Ecdysteroids and Other Secondary Metabolites
Corio‐Costet, M., Chapuis, L., & Delbecque, J. (1996) · Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-08618-6_23 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“D induced a higher content of ecdysone in callus lines of Serratula tinctoria (Corio-Costet et al. 1996).”
Background
Ponasterone A and F, Ecdysteroids from the Arctic Bryozoan Alcyonidium gelatinosum
Hansen, K. Ø., Isaksson, J. M., Glomsaker, E., Andersen, J. H., & Hansen, E. H. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23061481 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Reminiscences of research on the chemistry and biology of natural sterols in insects, plants and humans
Ikekawa, N., Fujimoto, Y., & Ishiguro, M. (2013) · Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B · doi:10.2183/pjab.89.349 · Cited by 14 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As the majority of ecdysteroids is based on C27 cholest-7-en-6-one backbone, subsequent steps of their biosynthesis include conversion to cholesterol, dehydrogenation to 7-dehydrocholesterol and further molecular modifications, and, most importantly, hydroxylation at various carbon atoms (Dinan 2001; Baltaev 2000; Fes…”
Background
Enhancement of 20-hydroxyecdysone production in cell suspension cultures of Vitex glabrata R.Br. by precursors feeding
Sinlaparaya, D., Duanghaklang, P., & Panichajakul, S. (2007) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY · doi:10.4314/ajb.v6i14.57734 · Cited by 14 · cited 10× · see citing works
“D and it was 30% higher than in the medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 IAA (Sinlaparaya et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
ECDYSTEROIDS: CHROMATOGRAPHY
Lafont, R., Blais, C., Harmatha, J., & Wilson, I. D. (2000) · Encyclopedia of Separation Science · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226770-2/06431-0 · Cited by 14 · cited 16× · see citing works
“…with solvent system such as chloroform– methanol–water (Cheng et al. 2008), chloroform– ethanol, methanol–water, ethanol–water, acetonitrile– water (Lafont et al. 2000) and many others (Hunyadi et al. 2007; Nowak et al. 2013), have been described to be an efficient way to separate…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Biosynthesis of 20-hydroxyecdysone in Ajuga hairy roots
Ohyama, K., Kushiro, T., Nakamura, K., & Fujimoto, Y. (1999) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00243-6 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Relating to the scope of this article, it has to be noted that a significant portion of knowledge on the biosynthesis of ecdysteroids has been acquired thanks to research conducted on plant in vitro cultures (Fujimoto et al. 2000; Ohyama et al. 1999; Okuzumi et al. 2003).”
Background
Lesterone, a new phytoecdysteroid from the seeds ofLeuzea carthamoides
Borovikova, E. B., & Baltaev, U. A. (1999) · Chemistry of Natural Compounds · doi:10.1007/bf02234930 · Cited by 13 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Schult. and Schult.f. and C. arachnoidea C.B.Clarke, and several species from ferns belonging to Polypodium are used as a source of an ecdysteroid-rich extract (Saatov et al. 1994; Messeguer et al. 1998; Borovikova and Baltaev 1999; Lafont and Dinan 2003).”
Background
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Genes Putatively Involved in 20-Hydroxyecdysone Biosynthesis in Cyanotis arachnoidea
Lei, X. Y., Xia, J., Wang, J., & Zheng, L. P. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19071885 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Analysis of sterols in plants and cell cultures producing ecdysteroids: I. Chenopodium album
Corio‐Costet, M., Chapuis, L., Scalla, R., & Delbecque, J. (1993) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/0168-9452(93)90185-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cell Cultures of Ecdysteroid-Containing Ajuga reptansand Serratula coronata Plants
Filippova, V. N., Zorinyants, S. E., Volodina, S. O., & Смоленская, И. Н. (2003) · Russian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1023/a:1024772723879 · Cited by 11 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…(2003) concerning cell suspension and callus cultures of A. reptans and Serratula coronata has shown that in some cases the yield of ecdysteroids may be higher than in intact plants—in case of A. reptans cell suspension cultures, the content of 20E was 4- to 8-fold higher (Filippova et al. 2003).”
Background
Novel Ecdysteroids fromSerratula wolffii
Ványolós, A., Béni, Z., Dékány, M., Simon, A., & Báthori, M. (2012) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2012/651275 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several plants can be listed here as species of particular interest and the subject of numerous studies, e.g. Serratula wolffi Andrae and S. coronata L. (Vanyolos et al. 2012; Odinokov et al. 2002).”
Background
Extraction and Monitoring of Phytoecdysteroids Through HPLC
Ghosh, D., & Laddha, K. S. (2006) · Journal of Chromatographic Science · doi:10.1093/chromsci/44.1.22 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The polar nature of ecdysteroids makes it difficult to separate them from other polar constituents in the plant matrix (Ghosh and Laddha 2006).”
Background
Study on callus induction and plant regeneration of Leuzea carthamoides via tissue culture system
Zand, A., Alireza, B., Omidbaigi, R., & Elham, D. (2014) · Journal of Medicinal Plants Research · doi:10.5897/jmpr11.610 · Cited by 11 · cited 18× · see citing works
“%) and multiplication (20.88 per explant) values were observed in the combination treatment with 17.80 lM BAP, 2.15 lM NAA and 5% sucrose.”
Influential
Phytoecdysteroids of plants of the genusAjuga and their biological activity 1. Distribution and chemical structures of the compounds isolated
Saatov, Z., Syrov, V. N., Маматханов, А. У., & Abubakirov, N. K. (1994) · Chemistry of Natural Compounds · doi:10.1007/bf00629994 · Cited by 11 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It is speculated that a majority of plants are theoretically able to synthesize ecdysteroids, but the responsible genes have been silenced, perhaps in favor of the interaction between plants and harmless or beneficial insects (such as pollinators) (Saatov et al. 1994, Lafont and Dinan 2003).”
Background
Optimization of Cell Growth and 20-hydroxyecdysone Production in Cell Suspension Culture of Vitex glabrata R.Br.
Duangjai, S. (2007) · Chinese journal of biotechnology/Shengwu gongcheng xuebao · doi:10.1016/s1872-2075(07)60061-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Enhance production of 20-hydroxyecdysone in cell suspension cultures of Vitex glabrata R.Br. by elicitor feeding
Chamnipa, J. (2012) · Journal of Medicinal Plants Research · doi:10.5897/jmpr12.059 · Cited by 10 · cited 2× · see citing works
“54fold higher as compared to the control (Chamnipa et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Chenopodium album L. (Fat Hen): In Vitro Cell Culture, and Production of Secondary Metabolites (Phytosterols and Ecdysteroids)
Corio‐Costet, M., Chapuis, L., & Delbecque, J. (1998) · Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58833-4_7 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Incorporation of radiolabeled mevalonate into ecdysteroids has shown that cell suspension culture is able to produce them, but at a reduced rate, as compared to intact plants (Corio-Costet et al. 1993b, 1998).”
Background
In vitro incorporation of radiolabelled cholesterol and mevalonic acid into ecdysteroid by hairy root cultures of a plant, Serratula tinctoria
Delbecque, J., Beydon, P., Chapuis, L., & Corio‐Costet, M. (1995) · HAL · Cited by 9 · see citing works
In vitro propagation of Brazilian ginseng [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen] as affected by carbon sources
Vasconcelos, J. M., Saldanha, C. W., Dias, L. L. C., Maldaner, J., do Rêgo, M. M., da Silva, L. C., & Otoni, W. C. (2014) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant · doi:10.1007/s11627-014-9651-z · Cited by 9 · cited 2× · see citing works
“2.68 lM NAA and glucose or sucrose at 0.1 M and the multiple shoot multiplication was highly genotype-dependent (Vasconcelos et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Ecdysteroids: Detection and Identification
Wilson, I. D., Lafont, R., Porter, C. J. H., Kingston, R. G., Longden, K., Fleming, I., & Wall, P. E. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8062-7_11 · Cited by 8 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…of enhancements of TLC can be made to increase the achieved resolution and to allow more accurate quantitative measurements like automatic multiple development of TLC (AMDTLC), over-pressurized TLC (OPTLC) and high performance TLC (HPTLC) (Read et al. 1990; Wilson et al. 1990; Lafont et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
Color and chemical reactions of selected sesquiterpene lactones and ecdysones from asteraceae on TLC plates
Nowak, G., Urbańska, M., Nawrot, J., Bernard, M. K., & Dawid-Pać, R. (2013) · Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC · doi:10.1556/jpc.26.2013.3.15 · Cited by 8 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…using UV lamps (254 nm), and there is performed visualization by nonspecific colour reactions with anisaldehyde spray reagent (Cheng et al. 2008; Nowak et al. 2013), vanillin-sulfuric acid spray reagent, sulfuric (VI) acid or ‘‘specific’’ reactions with ammonium carbonate (fluorescence…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Note on Overpressure Thin-Layer Chromatography of Ecdysteroids
Read, H., Wilson, I. D., & Lafont, R. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8062-7_12 · Cited by 7 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moreover, a number of enhancements of TLC can be made to increase the achieved resolution and to allow more accurate quantitative measurements like automatic multiple development of TLC (AMDTLC), over-pressurized TLC (OPTLC) and high performance TLC (HPTLC) (Read et al. 1990; Wilson et al. 1990; Lafont et al. 2000).”
Method
Induced accumulation of 20-hydroxyecdysone in cell suspension cultures of Vitex glabrata R.Br.
Thanonkeo, P. (2011) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY · doi:10.5897/ajb11.1543 · Cited by 7 · cited 8× · see citing works
“The maximum cell growth at 30 C was 1.06-fold lower than at 25 C, and the 20E production in the cells cultivated at 25 C was 1.09- fold higher than at a higher temperature (Thanonkeo et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
The1H-NMR Assignment of 20-Hydroxyecdysone
Kubo, I., Matsumoto, A., & Hanke, F. J. (1985) · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1080/00021369.1985.10866709 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of the crude extract may be thus conducted using methanol-acetone or ethanol-acetone solution (Hunyadi et al. 2007; Cheng et al. 2008), isobutyl acetate-water (ecdysteroids remain in the water phase) and n-butanol-water (ecdysteroids go into the butanol phase) (Kubo et al. 1984, 1985).”
Method
Examination of Conditions in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Analysis of Ecdysteroids
Morgan, E. D., Huang, H., & Wilson, I. D. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8062-7_9 · Cited by 3 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There are also some other methods for ecdysteroids isolation, however, they are efficient only on an analytical scale (Morgan et al. 1990; Lafont et al. 1994).”
Method
In vitro propagation of Lychnis flos-cuculi L., a plant with potential medicinal value
Thiem, B., Maliński, M. P., & Tomczyk, M. (2013) · Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Zoologia · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of plant growth substances on callus re-differentiation of medicinal plant Achyranthes bidentata
HongYing, D., Ding, X., Xing, J., Jian-ying, S., Liu, Y., & Longdou, L. (2012) · Plant Omics · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Untitled work
Dinan (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(1999)41:1

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 107 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

Corio-Costet MF Chapuis L Delbecque JP Bajaj YPS Genetic transformation of Serratula tinctoria (Dyer’s Savory) for ecdysteroid production Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 1999 Berlin Springer 284 297
Messeguer J Mele E Reixach N Bajaj YPS Polypodium vulgare L. (Wood Fern): In vitro cultures and the production of phytoecdysteroids Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 41, medicinal and aromatic plants X 1998 Berlin Springer 333 348
Tanaka N Uozumi N Kobayashi T Bajaj YPS Genetic transformation of Ajuga reptans Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 1999 Berlin Springer 30 46
Vieira CCJ Mercier H Chu EP Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 1994 Berlin Springer 257 270

Sorted by citations

Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses
Moreau, R. A., Nyström, L., Whitaker, B. D., Winkler‐Moser, J. K., Baer, D. J., Gebauer, S. K., & Hicks, K. B. (2018) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.001 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review
Das, N., Mishra, S. K., Bishayee, A., Ali, E. S., & Bishayee, A. (2021) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.012 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“(23)(48), achyranthesterone A [2b,3b,14a,20S,21,22R,25-heptahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one] (24)(49), (20R,22R)-2b,3b,20,22,26-pentahydroxy-cholestan-7,12-dien-6-one (25)(50), isolated from the plant Achyranthes bidentata(50), aervecdysteroid A [20,25-epoxy-2b,3b, 14a,22b-tetrahydroxy-5b-ecdysteroid] (26), aervecdysteroid…”
Background
20-Hydroxyecdysone, from Plant Extracts to Clinical Use: Therapeutic Potential for the Treatment of Neuromuscular, Cardio-Metabolic and Respiratory Diseases
Dinan, L., Dioh, W., Veillet, S., & Lafont, R. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050492 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“The plant should accumulate a high amount of 20E”
Flavonoids of the Caryophyllaceae
Jakimiuk, K., Wink, M., & Tomczyk, M. (2021) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-021-09755-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Role of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Changes in Premenstrual Psychosomatic Behavioral Symptoms with Anti‐Inflammatory, Antioxidant Herbs, and Nutritional Supplements
Sultana, A., Rahman, K., Heyat, M. B. B., Sumbul, Akhtar, F., & Muaad, A. Y. M. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/3599246 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…because of neuromodulatory e ﬀ ects on the GABA A receptor as well as partly due to neurotransmitter metabolism (decreased breakdown of acetylcholine and increased synthesis of GABA) and enhanced activity of the immunologic system, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative properties [90].”
Unravelling the complexities of depression with medical intelligence: exploring the interplay of genetics, hormones, and brain function
Heyat, M. B. B., Akhtar, F., Munir, F., Sultana, A., Muaad, A. Y. M., Gul, I., Sawan, M., Asghar, W., Iqbal, S. M. A., Baig, A. A., et al. (2024) · Complex & Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01346-x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…molecule, phytoecdysteroids possibly inﬂuencetheactivityofthecentralnervoussystembecauseof GABA-A receptor neuromodulatory action and neurotransmitter metabolism effect partially (increases the synthesis of GABA and decrease the breakdown of acetylcholine), and antioxidant properties [196].”
Ecdysteroids
Lafont, R., Balducci, C., & Dinan, L. (2021) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia1040096 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones
Arif, Y., Singh, P., Bajguz, A., & Hayat, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158664 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
In Vitro Insect Muscle for Tissue Engineering Applications
Rubio, N. R., Fish, K. D., Trimmer, B. A., & Kaplan, D. L. (2019) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01261 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ecdysteroids: Isolation, Chemical Transformations, and Biological Activity
Savchenko, R. G., Veskina, N. A., Odinokov, V. N., Benkovskaya, G. V., & Parfenova, L. V. (2022) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-021-09792-y · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In the last three decades, these studies were greatly stimulated by the discovery of a broad spectrum of beneficial pharmacological effects on vertebrates (Lafont and Dinan, 2003; Tarkowská and Strnad, 2016; Thiem et al., 2017).”
Background
Evaluation of Anti-Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Properties of Four Fern Species for Potential Cosmetic Applications
Farràs, A., Cásedas, G., Les, F., Terrado, E. M., Mitjans, M., & López, V. (2019) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f10020179 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The isolation of some phytoecdysteroids in certain ferns has been the focus for certain medicinal applications [52].”
Background
The phosphate ester group in secondary metabolites.
Della-Felice, F., Bartolomeu, A. D. A., & Pilli, R. (2022) · Natural product reports (Print) · doi:10.1039/d1np00078k · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Phytochemical Screening, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Biomass from Lychnis flos-cuculi L. In Vitro Cultures and Intact Plants
Maliński, M. P., Kikowska, M. A., Soluch, A., Kowalczyk, M., Stochmal, A., & Thiem, B. (2021) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants10020206 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Moreover, this biomass may be a good sample of the plant material for phytochemical and biochemical investigation [13,20,21].”
Background
Untitled work
Glazowska (2018) · doi:10.1002/jssc.201800506 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Two Ecdysteroids Isolated from Micropropagated Lychnis flos-cuculi and the Biological Activity of Plant Material
Maliński, M. P., Budzianowski, J., Kikowska, M. A., Derda, M., Jaworska, M. M., Młynarczyk, D. T., Szukalska, M., Florek, E., & Thiem, B. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26040904 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Therefore, the introduction of ecdysteroidproducing species into controlled in vitro conditions allows uniform plant material, often richer in secondary metabolites, to be obtained [7].”
Background
Efficient Extraction and Sensitive HPLC-MS/MS Quantification of Selected Ecdysteroids in Plants
Fang, X., Szołtysik, R., Tang, J., & Bajkacz, S. (2022) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104580 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Analysis of triterpenes and triterpenoids
Garg, A., Sharma, R., Dey, P. K., Kundu, A. B., Kim, H. S., Bhakta, T., & Kumar, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816455-6.00011-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sustainable Production of Ajuga Bioactive Metabolites Using Cell Culture Technologies: A Review
Popova, E., Титова, М. В., Тыныкулов, М., Zakirova, R. P., Куличенко, И. Е., Prudnikova, O. N., & Nosov, A. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15051246 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“PEs biosynthesis in plants, its regulation, and the mechanisms of PEs distribution between organs have been reviewed [15,16,21,70], although the current knowledge of these processes in still incomplete.”
BackgroundInfluential
Various in vitro systems of Ragged Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi L.): A new potential source of phytoecdysteroids?
Maliński, M. P., Kikowska, M., Kruszka, D., Napierała, M., Florek, E., Sliwinska, E., & Thiem, B. (2019) · Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) · doi:10.1007/s11240-019-01660-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Phytohormones and Elicitors Enhanced the Ecdysteroid and Glycosylflavone Content and Antioxidant Activity of Silene repens
Kashchenko, N. I., Olennikov, D. N., & Chirikova, N. K. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112311099 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In mammals, ecdysteroids has demonstrated suppression of neurodegenerative processes, protection of the cardiovascular system, improved activity of the immunological system, and showed antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative properties [21,22].”
Background
De novo assembly and transcriptome of Pfaffia glomerata uncovers the role of photoautotrophy and the P450 family genes in 20-hydroxyecdysone production
Batista, D. S., Koehler, A. D., Romanel, E. A. D. C., Souza, V., Silva, T. D., Almeida, M. C., Maciel, T. E. F., Ferreira, P. R. B., Felipe, S. H. S., Saldanha, C. W., et al. (2018) · PROTOPLASMA · doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1322-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Morphophysiological in vitro performance of Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen) based on culture medium formulations
Silva, T. D., Chagas, K., Batista, D. S., Felipe, S. H. S., Louback, E., Machado, L. T., Fernandes, A. M., Buttrós, V. H., Koehler, A. D., Farias, L. M., et al. (2019) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant · doi:10.1007/s11627-019-10003-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ponasterone A and F, Ecdysteroids from the Arctic Bryozoan Alcyonidium gelatinosum
Hansen, K. Ø., Isaksson, J. M., Glomsaker, E., Andersen, J. H., & Hansen, E. H. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23061481 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Ecdysteroids are also found in a wide variety of plants [6,7].”
Background
Accessions of Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata) with contrasting anthocyanin content behave differently in growth, antioxidative defense, and 20-hydroxyecdysone levels under UV-B radiation
Felipe, S. H. S., Batista, D. S., Chagas, K., Correia, L. N. F., Silva, T. D., Fortini, E. A., Silva, P. O., & Otoni, W. C. (2019) · PROTOPLASMA · doi:10.1007/s00709-019-01400-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Separation and HPLC Characterization of Active Natural Steroids in a Standardized Extract from the Serratula coronata Herb with Antiseborrheic Dermatitis Activity
Napierała, M., Nawrot, J., Gornowicz-Porowska, J., Florek, E., Moroch, A., Adamski, Z., Kroma, A., Miechowicz, I., & Nowak, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186453 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Development and Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Identification and Quantification of Phytoecdysteroids Ecdysterone and Turkesterone in Dietary Supplements
Todorova, V., Ivanov, K., Karcheva-Bahchevanska, D., & Ivanova, S. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11061786 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
CO2 enrichment leads to altered cell wall composition in plants of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen (Amaranthaceae)
Louback, E., Batista, D. S., Pereira, T. A. R., Mamedes-Rodrigues, T. C., Silva, T. D., Felipe, S. H. S., Rocha, D. I., Steinmacher, D. A., & Otoni, W. C. (2021) · Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) · doi:10.1007/s11240-021-02031-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Genes Putatively Involved in 20-Hydroxyecdysone Biosynthesis in Cyanotis arachnoidea
Lei, X. Y., Xia, J., Wang, J., & Zheng, L. P. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19071885 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“[6] reported that the ecdysteroid content was related to organized structures of whole plants and in vitro propagated plantlets in A.”
BackgroundInfluential
A comprehensive review of Pfaffia glomerata botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnology
Ribeiro, S. T. C., Gancedo, N. C., de Oliveira, A. J. B., & Gonçalves, R. A. C. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
An insight into in vitro strategies for bioproduction of isoflavones
Vidya, N., Saravanan, K., Halka, J., Kowsalya, K., Preetha, J. S. Y., Gurusaravanan, P., Radhakrishnan, R., Nanthini, A. U. R., & Arun, M. (2021) · Plant Biotechnology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11816-021-00711-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Plant Regeneration through Callus Cultures from Leaf Explant of Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin)
Nurwahyuni, I., Situmorang, M., & Sinaga, R. (2020) · International Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1155/2020/8860178 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Reference gene selection for qRT-PCR in Brazilian-ginseng [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen] as affected by various abiotic factors
Batista, D. S., Moreira, V. S., Felipe, S. H. S., Fortini, E. A., Silva, T. D., Chagas, K., Louback, E., Romanel, E. A. D. C., Costa, M. G. C., & Otoni, W. C. (2019) · Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) · doi:10.1007/s11240-019-01606-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ecdysterone: Possible sources of origin in urine
Kwiatkowska, D., Grucza, K., Chajewska, K., Konarski, P., Wojtkowiak, K., Drapała, A., & Wicka, M. (2024) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.3420 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Phytoecdysteroid and Clerodane Content in Three Wild Ajuga Species in Israel
Taha-Salaime, L., Davidovich-Rikanati, R., Sadeh, A., Abu-Nassar, J., Marzouk-Kheredin, S., Yahyaa, Y., Ibdah, M., Ghanim, M., Lewinsohn, E., Inbar, M., et al. (2019) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.8b03029 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Eustress and Plants: A Synthesis with Prospects for Cannabis sativa Cultivation
Berni, R., Thiry, M., Hausman, J.-F., Lutts, S., & Guerriero, G. (2024) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae10020127 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ecdysone Elicits Chronic Renal Impairment via Mineralocorticoid-Like Pathogenic Activities
Lu, M., Wang, P., Zhou, S., Flickinger, B., Malhotra, D. K., Ge, Y., Tatar, M., Dworkin, L. D., Liu, Z., & Gong, R. (2018) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000493499 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Genomics of sterols biosynthesis in plants: Current status and future prospects
Shirke, H. A., Darshetkar, A. M., Naikawadi, V. B., Kishor, P. B. K., Nikam, T. D., & Barvkar, V. T. (2025) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2025.112426 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The influence of exogenous melatonin and chitosan on secondary metabolites’ production and biological activities of tissue extracts in agitated micro-shoot cultures of Ajuga integrifolia Buch. Ham. ex D.Don
Ullah, M. A., Gul, F. Z., Zaman, G., Iqbal, J., Drouet, S., Tungmunnithum, D., Hano, C., & Abbasi, B. H. (2023) · Acta Physiologiae Plantarum · doi:10.1007/s11738-023-03586-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Phytoecdysteroids: Quantification in Selected Plant Species and Evaluation of Some Effects on Gastric Smooth Muscles
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Yotov, V., Zaytseva, E., Ardasheva, R., Turiyski, V., Prissadova, N., & Ivanov, K. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29215145 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Anti stress activity of phytoecdysteroids isolated from aerial part of Silene claviformis
Ramazonov, N., Yusupova, U., Egamova, F., & Syrov, V. (2020) · Chemical Science International Journal · doi:10.9734/csji/2020/v29i730190 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A validated HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of ecdysteroid hormones in subminimal amounts of biological material
Marešová, L., Moos, M., Opekar, S., Kazek, M., Eichler, C., & Šimek, P. (2024) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100640 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Some plants, such as Leuzea carthamoides (also known as maral root) or the Chinese plant Cyanotis arachnoidea (7 – 9), have a relatively high content of ecdysteroids (phytoecdys-teroids), especially 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E).”
Adventitious root culture of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen in a roller bottle system: An alternative source of β-ecdysone
da Silva, T. F. O., Yamaguchi, C. S., Ribeiro, S. T. C., Avíncola, A. D. S., Pilau, E. J., Porto, C., de Oliveira, A. J. B., & Gonçalves, R. A. C. (2021) · Phytochemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2021.02.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Morphological, cytogenetic, and phytochemical estimation of Lychnis flos-cuculi L. cell cultures: can cell biomass be a source of bioactive compounds?
Hermosaningtyas, A. A., Kruszka, D., Juszczyk, K., Rewers, M., Budzianowska, A., Yanti, Y., & Kikowska, M. A. (2024) · Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) · doi:10.1007/s11240-024-02859-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Plants generate ecdyster - oids in response to environmental stress (e.g., temperature and seasonal variation) and offer protection against phytophagous insects or soil-dwelling nematodes (Dinan 2001 ; Thiem et al. 2017 ; Das et al. 2021).”
Advances in Genetic Engineering of Ajuga Species
Kayani, W. K., Hasan, H., & Mirza, B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0535-1_27 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Naturally Occurring Ecdysteroids in Triticum aestivum L. and Evaluation of Fenarimol as a Potential Inhibitor of Their Biosynthesis in Plants
Janeczko, A., Oklestkova, J., Tarkowská, D., & Drygaś, B. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22062855 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cloning and characterization of an expansin gene AbEXP from Achyranthes bidentata
Lei, X. Y., Wang, Q. J., Wang, J., & Zheng, L. P. (2017) · Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s10725-017-0313-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Phytoecdysteroids
Yusupova, U. Y., Ramazonov, N. S., Syrov, V. N., & Сагдуллаев, Ш. Ш. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6711-4_1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Identification of oxidoreductase genes for phytoecdysteroids biosynthesis in spinach through comparative transcriptomics
Kim, J., Yang, X. U., Riu, K.-Z., Kim, J. H., Hyun, C., & Boo, K.-H. (2025) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110216 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An overview of the in vitro synthesis of anthraquinones in plant cell and organ cultures and elicitation strategies
Manochkumar, J., Gowthami, A., Santhanam, P., & Ramamoorthy, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21818-7.00003-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Biological Activities and Phytochemistry of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.
Shelke, D. B., Chambhare, M. R., Nikam, T. D., & Suprasanna, P. (2025) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63920-3_15-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Propagation and Long-Term Storage of Rhaponticum carthamoides Under In Vitro Conditions
Raiser, O., Tagimanova, D., Туржанова, А., Magzumova, S., Nagmetova, G., Akhmetkarimova, Z. S., Premina, N., Филиппова, Н., & Khapilina, O. N. (2025) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae11080952 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effect of exogenously applied 20-hydroxyecdysone on the efficiency of primary photosynthetic processes substantially differs across plant species
Hola, D., Frimlová, K., Kočová, M., Marková, H., Rothová, O., & Tůmová, L. (2020) · Photosynthetica · doi:10.32615/ps.2020.050 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Terpenic Compounds in Chilean Species of the Genus Blechnum (Pteridophyta: Blechnaceae) with Neuroprotective Potential
Flores-González, M., Torres-Benítez, A., & Simirgiotis, M. J. (2020) · doi:10.3390/iecbs-08535 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Gas chromatography techniques coupled to a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS) or a tandem ionization electrospray network detector UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, constitute the robust techniques for the identification and quantification of secondary metabolites present in complex extracts from ferns and related plants, made fro…”
Method
Potential use of Ecdysone in protecting wheat (Triticum aestivum) germination under cadmium stress
Lamhamdi, M., Gharbi, S., Arras, M. E., Galiou, O. E., Moudden, H. E., Lee, L., Bouyahya, A., & Bakrim, A. (2024) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103479 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
In vitro production of phytoecdysteroids in plants
Shelke, D. B., Chambhare, M. R., Nikam, T. D., & Suprasanna, P. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21818-7.00009-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) of Silene roemeri Friv. as the source of phytoecdysteroids
Erst, A. A., Zibareva, L. N., Zheleznichenko, T. V., & Ковзунова, О. В. (2017) · Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Biologiya · doi:10.17223/19988591/37/2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
pRi-Transformed Plants as a Source of Secondary Metabolites
Piątczak, E., Grąbkowska, R., & Skała, E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2562-5_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Factors affecting the content of 20-hydroxyecdisone in leuzea carthamoides (review)
Solovyova, M. (2020) · Perm Scientific Center Journal · doi:10.7242/2658-705x/2020.4.6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Variation in phytoecdysteroid accumulation in hairy roots of Silene linicola over extended time periods
Erst, A. A., Zibareva, L. N., & Филоненко, Е. С. (2021) · Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s13562-021-00720-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“These include optimizing the nutrient medium by adding growth regulators, elicitors, and synthesis precursors, and maintaining favorable cultivation conditions (Erst et al. 2016; Thiem et al. 2017; Silva et al. 2019).”
Background
In Vitro Production of Steroids
Mahdy, E. M. B., El-Sharabasy, S. F., & El-Dawayati, M. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8858-4_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Biomonitoring the Vitex gardneriana Shauer (Lamiaceae) Toxic Effects to Shed Light on Bioactive Compounds against a Major Coconut Pest Mite
de Almeida, A. S., Coelho, C. R., de Sá, M. S., Bento, E. S., Wisniewski, A., Teodoro, A. V., Xavier, H. S., & Filho, J. G. D. S. (2021) · American Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.4236/ajps.2021.1211111
Isolated culture of A. reptance L., its’ morphological and growth features
Poghosyan, E., Sahakyan, N. Z., Petrosyan, M. T., Batlutskaya, I. V., & Trchounian, K. A. (2021) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/20214001001
Deoxygenation of Ecdysteroid Mesylates by Sonication
Савченко, Р. Г., Limantseva, R. M., & Одиноков, В. Н. (2023) · Chemistry of Natural Compounds · doi:10.1007/s10600-023-03927-7
Spinat und Ecdysteroide
Hermann, R. (2023) · Ernährung & Medizin · doi:10.1055/a-2100-0350
“Für Ecdysteron ist eine Vielzahl an gesundheitsförderlichen Wirkungen in vitro und in vivo belegt [7].”
BackgroundInfluential
Local plants as sources of the phytoecdysteroid, 20-hydroxyecdysone
Obra, E. P. (2023) · International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) · doi:10.12692/ijb/23.3.132-140
Research Progress in Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. in the Present-Day Era: Challenges and Projections
Bapat, V. A., Nikalje, G. C., & Suprasanna, P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3307-4_12
In vitro plant cultures as a viable biotechnological tool for the biosynthesis of steroidal hormones of clinical interest
Gutiérrez‐Rebolledo, G. A., Pérez-González, M. Z., Sánchez‒Ramos, M., & Cruz‐Sosa, F. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23998-4.00010-5
Effects of Superground Pfaffia glomerata Leaves on Growth Performance and Immune Function in New Zealand Rabbits
Chen, Y.-J., Lv, G.-Z., Muhammad, A., Zheng, X., Xie, J.-H., & Chen, J. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15162452
“Ecdysone is the main chemical component isolated and identified from Radix Brasilia. β -ecdysone is the main ecdysone in P. glomerata , which exists in the roots, inflorescence, and leaves [9].”
Biological Activities and Phytochemistry of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.
Shelke, D. B., Chambhare, M. R., Nikam, T. D., & Suprasanna, P. (2025) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91066-1_15
Phytoecdysteroids from Silene popovii
Yusupova, U. Y., & Usmanov, D. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36202-6_298-1
Identification and functional characterization of the cycloartenol synthase gene involved in the biosynthesis of the insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone from Spinacia oleracea L.
Shirke, H. A., Vasav, A. P., Darshetkar, A. M., Godbole, R. C., Kadam, S. B., Patil, S. S., Naikawadi, V. B., Kishor, P. B. K., Nikam, T. D., & Barvkar, V. T. (2025) · Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants · doi:10.1007/s12298-025-01656-5
Exploring the Influence of Altitude on β-Ecdysone in Achyranthes aspera L.: A Case Study from the Garhwal Himalaya
Balkrishna, A., Sharma, I. P., Kushwaha, A. K., & Arya, V. (2025) · National Academy Science Letters · doi:10.1007/s40009-025-01886-x
Therapeutic efficacy and safety of Polypodium vulgare L. in psychosomatic and behavioural symptoms and health-related quality of life in premenstrual women: A randomized placebo-controlled study
Khanam, M., Sultana, A., & Banu, T. (2025) · Advances in Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2025.100560
Effect of methyl jasmonate elicitation on biomass, gene expression and saponin accumulation in Bacopa monnieri
Waranya Bunjan, K. S. (2018) · International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) · doi:10.12692/ijb/13.4.369-377
Review of culture media and serum substitutes containing phytoecdysteroids for application in cultured meat technology
Park, J., Lee, D. Y., Mariano, E., Choi, Y., Han, D., Kim, J. S., Park, J. W. P. J. W., Namkung, S., Lee, S. Y., Lee, H. W., et al. (2026) · Food Science of Animal Resources · doi:10.1007/s44463-025-00003-2
“Further steps in this process lead to the formation of cholesterol (Thiem et al., 2017).”
Simultaneous LC–MS Profiling of Bioactive Ecdysteroids in Nutrient-Dense Plant Sources and Dietary Supplements
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Ardasheva, R., & Ivanov, K. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31071090
Ecdysterone: A Component of Dietary Supplements with Ergogenic Potential?
León, S. A., Robayna, B. P., Romero, C. D., & Brito, N. B. (2026) · Nutraceuticals · doi:10.3390/nutraceuticals6020031
“Many of these ecdysteroid-rich species have a documented history in traditional folk medicine [31], including Ajuga turkestanica , Leuzea carthamoides (Willd.)”
Phytoecdysteroids: Natural Sources, Biosynthesis, and Structural Classification
Yusupova, U. Y., Ramazonov, N. S., & Sagdullaev, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-8423-9_1

In vitro production of phytoecdysteroids in plants
Shelke, D. B., Chambhare, M. R., Nikam, T. D., & Suprasanna, P. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21818-7.00009-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Various in vitro systems of Ragged Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi L.): A new potential source of phytoecdysteroids?
Maliński, M. P., Kikowska, M., Kruszka, D., Napierała, M., Florek, E., Sliwinska, E., & Thiem, B. (2019) · Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) · doi:10.1007/s11240-019-01660-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Biosynthesis of ecdysteroids in in vitro prothalli cultures of Polypodium vulgare
Reixach, N., Irurre-Santilari, J., Casas, J., Melé, E., Messeguer, J., & Camps, F. (1996) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(96)00336-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ecdysteroid production in tissue cultures of Polypodium vulgare
Camps, F., Clavería, E., Coll, J., Marco, M. ‐., Messeguer, J., & Mela, E. (1990) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)85339-h · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Phytoecdysteroid production by Ajuga reptans tissue cultures
Tomás, J., Camps, F., Coll, J., Melé, E., & Messeguer, J. (1993) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)94988-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Authors: Thiem, B., Kikowska, M., Maliński, M. P., Kruszka, D., Napierała, M., & Florek, E.
Affiliations: Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PL)
Corresponding author: Thiem, Barbara
ORCID: Thiem, Barbara
Kikowska, Małgorzata
Maliński, Michał P.
Kruszka, Dariusz
Napierała, Marta
Florek, Ewa
Venue: Phytochemistry Reviews
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2016-11-24
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: 603-622
ISSN: 1568-7767 (ISSN-L)
1572-980X
DOI: 10.1007/s11101-016-9483-z
PMC: PMC5559567
OpenAlex: W2550881645
Cited by: 77
References: 107
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 0.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)
Locations: Phytochemistry Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant tissue culture and regeneration
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
Keywords: ecdysteroids, secondary metabolites, elicitation, precursor feeding, micropropagation, ecdysteroid biosynthesis, plant cell culture, bodybuilding supplements, adaptogenic activity

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Ecdysteroids: Production in plant in vitro cultures

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