Sex Differences in trauma-related psychopathology: a critical review of neuroimaging literature (2014–2017)
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Purpose of review Sex differences in the epidemiology and clinical presentation of trauma-related psychopathology have long been documented. Multiple underlying mechanisms have been examined, both psychosocial and biological. Among the most promising biological mechanisms are neural substrates of trauma-related psychopathology that have been uncovered in recent years.Recent findings Neuroimaging studies of sex-related heterogeneity published over the past 3 years (2014-2017) demonstrate an interaction between sex and type, timing, and load of trauma exposure. These studies suggest that, for males, early trauma exposure may involve a loss of gray matter in the limbic system, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and hippocampus, and an over-activity and increased connectivity of salience hubs, and particularly dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). For females, however, early trauma exposure may involve overactive and possibly an enlarged amygdala, as well as decreased connectivity of salience hubs such as the dACC. Underlying mechanisms may include interaction with several endocrine systems and result in differential neural response to naturally occurring and added endocrine ligands, as well as sex-specific genetic and epigenetic risk and resilience factors. This complex interaction between multiple biological systems may be associated with sex-specific behavioral patterns, in turn associated with trauma-related psychopathology. While substantial number of published studies present preliminary evidence for neural mechanisms of sex-specific posttraumatic responses, there is a paucity of research directly designed to examine sex as a biological factor in trauma-related psychopathology. Specific foci for future studies aiming to bridge current gaps in the literature are discussed.
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Males lose more grey matter after stress in limbic system structures (prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus).
“In addition, males lose more grey matter after stress in limbic system structures (prefrontal cortex, amygdala and the hippocampus (275).”
From Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma (2019) · cites this paper as [275]
The Discussion says early trauma exposure in males may involve gray-matter loss in the PFC, amygdala, and hippocampus. The claim drops both the early-trauma condition and the uncertainty, presenting the loss as a general effect of stress. The Structural MRI section also says sex-specific structural patterns have not been found following traumatic stress in adulthood. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
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“In terms of structural changes due to stress, childhood trauma may impact the hippocampal volume of males more than females (reviewed in Tiwari and Gonzalez, 2018) and may enlarge amygdala and decrease connectivity of salience hubs such as the dACC in females more than males (Helpman et al., 2017).”
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Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma
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- Authors
- Helpman, L., Zhu, X., Suarez-Jimenez, B., Lazarov, A., Monk, C., & Neria, Y.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Helpman, Liat
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2017-11-08
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 104-104
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- PMC
- PMC5737777
- OpenAlex
- W2767812342
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 0.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH020004, R01MH072833, R01MH105355, T32MH096724, T32MH015144)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- sex differences, trauma-related psychopathology, post-traumatic stress disorder, gray matter loss, limbic system, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, neuronal connectivity, endocrine system, epigenetics, resilience factors
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Trauma, Amygdala, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Psychopathology, Sex Characteristics, Prefrontal Cortex, Epigenesis, Genetic, Resilience, Psychological, Neuroimaging
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