The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 145 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recommendations and Nutritional Considerations for Female Athletes: Health and Performance
Open accessAbstract
Optimal nutrition is an important aspect of an athlete’s preparation to achieve optimal health and performance. While general concepts about micro- and macronutrients and timing of food and fluids are addressed in sports science, rarely are the specific effects of women’s physiology on energy and fluid needs highly considered in research or clinical practice. Women differ from men not only in size, but in body composition and hormonal milieu, and also differ from one another. Their monthly hormonal cycles, with fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone, have varying effects on metabolism and fluid retention. Such cycles can change from month to month, can be suppressed with exogenous hormones, and may even be manipulated to capitalize on ideal timing for performance. But before such physiology can be manipulated, its relationship with nutrition and performance must be understood. This review will address general concepts regarding substrate metabolism in women versus men, common menstrual patterns of female athletes, nutrient and hydration needs during different phases of the menstrual cycle, and health and performance issues related to menstrual cycle disruption. We will discuss up-to-date recommendations for fueling female athletes, describe areas that require further exploration, and address methodological considerations to inform future work in this important area.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
![Fig. 1 Hypothetical examples of the hormonal profiles of three eumenorrheic women with different cycle lengths. a 28-day cycle; b 22-day cycle; c 35-day cycle. Solid arrow indicates estradiol peak; dashed arrow indicates luteinizing hormone peak; shaded area indicates ovulation. Reproduced from Vescovi with permission [3]](/paper-figures/2909a6567368400b9a929a1d75cae37e/recommendations-and-nutritional-considerations-for-female-athletes-health-and-figure-1.jpg)
![Fig. 2 a Health consequences of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S); b performance effects of RED-S. Adapted from Constantini (with permission) [25]](/paper-figures/505b83f116314e79982a301938ff882b/recommendations-and-nutritional-considerations-for-female-athletes-health-and-figure-2.jpg)
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“To determine the EA, the calculation requires accurately measured FFM, EI and exercise EE of the athlete, in which errors of validity and reliability will undoubtedly occur [150].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [150]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Established EA thresholds may not be appropriate for reducing the risk of LEA in aging women due to the changing ratios of estrogen and progesterone in perimenopause, the subsequent absence of estrogen and progesterone in menopause and the known biological impact on resting metabolic rate and body composition [150].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [150]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Reduced CHO availability is disadvantageous to exercise performance due to the following pathways: (1) reduced muscle glycogen causes muscular fatigue and a drop in intensity (<60% VO2max), and (2) reduced circulating CHO (e.g., blood glucose) for central neural nourishment impairs cognition [5].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is important to consider as it can significantly limit performance in exercise lasting < 90 min in duration [5].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the current acute recommendation for CHO intake for 4–6 h following a glycogen-depleting exercise session is ≥1.2 g CHO/kg BW/h [5].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Since glucose metabolized from muscle glycogen cannot enter systemic circulation, CHO availability in the muscles can be adequate while CHO availability systemically is low [5].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As estrogen is associated with decreased gluconeogenesis, reduced exogenous CHO intake can compound these unfavorable rates of gluconeogenesis [5].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is a bi-directional association between iron deficiency and LEA.”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Energy-deficient athletes are at risk for iron deficiency due to decreased dietary intake, impaired absorption, and foot strike hemolysis [5,54].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Reduced CHO availability is disadvantageous to exercise performance due to the following pathways: (1) reduced muscle glycogen causes muscular fatigue and a drop in intensity (<60% VO2max), and (2) reduced circulating CHO (e.g., blood glucose) for central neural nourishment impairs cognition [5].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Women oxidize less CHO and more fat at the same relative intensities of exercise compared to men [5].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Despite no current recommendations for CHO intake before activity specific to female athletes, it is suggested that consuming a high CHO snack (e.g., granola bar, dried fruit, pretzels, and/or fruit juice) 3–4 h before exercise can help mitigate the effects of reduced gluconeogenesis rates during the luteal phase and help protect against associated performance decrements [5].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, iron deficiency from decreased dietary intake can also promote energy deficiency by shifting ATP production away from oxidative phosphorylation [5,54].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Gluconeogenesis rates are higher in the follicular phase, compared to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, at exercise intensities > 50% of VO2max [5].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Reduced CHO availability is disadvantageous to exercise performance due to the following pathways: (1) reduced muscle glycogen causes muscular fatigue and a drop in intensity (<60% VO2max), and (2) reduced circulating CHO (e.g., blood glucose) for central neural nourishment impairs cognition [5].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The current recommended amount of CHO for athletes is 55–75% of total calories [5,43].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., & Poos, M. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90346-9 · Cited by 5,993
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
(2018) · American Academy of Pediatrics eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610021494-part06-dietary_reference_int · Cited by 2,712
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
Institute of Medicine (2011) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/13050 · Cited by 2,597
ACSM Position Stand: Exercise and Fluid Replacement
Convertino, V. A., Armstrong, L. E., Coyle, E. F., Mack, G. W., Sawka, M. N., Senay, L. C., & Sherman, W. M. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00045 · Cited by 1,977
Psychological Stress and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., & Smith, A. P. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199108293250903 · Cited by 1,712
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111 · Cited by 1,554
Exercise and Fluid Replacement
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597 · Cited by 1,497
Macronutrients, P. O., Fiber, P. O. T. D. O. D., Nutrients, S. O. U. R. L. O., Intakes, S. O. I. A. U. O. D. R., Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, & Institute of Medicine (2005) · doi:10.17226/10490 · Cited by 1,482
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Meyer, N., Sherman, R., Steffen, K., Budgett, R., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502 · Cited by 1,469
Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006 · Cited by 1,359
Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019)
Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B., Aron, C. M., Baron, D., Baum, A. L., Bindra, A., Budgett, R., Campriani, N., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Currie, A., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-100715 · Cited by 1,277
Carbohydrates for training and competition
Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H. S., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.585473 · Cited by 985
Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes
Drinkwater, B. L., Nilson, K., Chesnut, C. H., Bremner, W. J., Shainholtz, S., & Southworth, M. B. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198408023110501 · Cited by 956
IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J. K., Burke, L. M., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Lundy, B., Melin, A. K., Meyer, N. L., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193 · Cited by 883
Self-citationMcNulty, K. L., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Dolan, E., Swinton, P. A., Ansdell, P., Goodall, S., Thomas, K., & Hicks, K. M. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01319-3 · Cited by 812
Loucks, A. B., & Thuma, J. R. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020369 · Cited by 760
De Souza, M. J., Nattiv, A., Joy, E., Misra, M., Williams, N. I., Mallinson, R. J., Gibbs, J. C., Olmsted, M., Goolsby, M., Matheson, G., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093218 · Cited by 661
International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing
Kerksick, C. M., Arent, S., Schoenfeld, B. J., Stout, J. R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C. D., Taylor, L., Kalman, D., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Kreider, R. B., et al. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4 · Cited by 622
Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold
Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Alper, C. M., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Turner, R. B. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505 · Cited by 605
Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research?
Costello, J. T., Bieuzen, F., & Bleakley, C. M. (2014) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.911354 · Cited by 599
Estimation of Total Usual Calcium and Vitamin D Intakes in the United States
Bailey, R. L., Dodd, K. W., Goldman, J., Gahche, J. J., Dwyer, J. T., Moshfegh, A. J., Sempos, C. T., & Picciano, M. F. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.118539 · Cited by 578
American College of Sports Medicine position stand, rhe female athlete triad
Nattiv, A. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · Cited by 551
Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women
Loucks, A. B., Verdun, M., Heath, E. M., & (With the Technical Assistance of T. Law, S. A. J. R. T. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.37 · Cited by 539
Dose-Response Relationships Between Energy Availability and Bone Turnover in Young Exercising Women
Ihle, R., & Loucks, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.040410 · Cited by 523
Bratland‐Sanda, S., & Sundgot‐Borgen, J. (2013) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2012.740504 · Cited by 508
Bone Mineral Content of Amenorrheic and Eumenorrheic Athletes
Drinkwater, B. L., Nilson, K. L., Chesnut, C. H., Bremner, W. J., Shainholtz, S., & Southworth, M. B. (1985) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-198503000-00014 · Cited by 458
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing
Kerksick, C., Harvey, T., Stout, J., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., Kreider, R., Kalman, D., Ziegenfuss, T., Lopez, H., Landis, J., et al. (2008) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-17 · Cited by 456
The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis
YEAGER, K. K., AGOSTINI, R., NATTIV, A., & DRINKWATER, B. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199307000-00003 · Cited by 436
Melin, A., Tornberg, Å. B., Skouby, S., Faber, J., Ritz, C., Sjödin, A., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093240 · Cited by 435
Stoffel, N. U., Cercamondi, C. I., Brittenham, G., Zeder, C., Geurts-Moespot, A. J., Swinkels, D. W., Moretti, D., & Zimmermann, M. B. (2017) · The Lancet Haematology · doi:10.1016/s2352-3026(17)30182-5 · Cited by 435
Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Elite Female Athletes
Sundgot‐Borgen, J. (1993) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.3.1.29 · Cited by 356
Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat
Racinais, S., Alonso, J. M., Coutts, A. J., Flouris, A. D., Girard, O., González‐Alonso, J., Hausswirth, C., Jay, O., LEE, J. K. W., Mitchell, N., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094915 · Cited by 354
Energy balance and body composition in sports and exercise
Loucks, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000140518 · Cited by 344
The endocrine manifestations of anorexia nervosa: mechanisms and management
Haines, M. S., & Miller, K. K. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.175 · Cited by 342
Beard, J., & Tobin, B. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.2.594s · Cited by 332
Heikura, I. A., Uusitalo, A. L. T., Stellingwerff, T., Bergland, D., Mero, A. A., & Burke, L. M. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0313 · Cited by 318
The use of carbohydrates during exercise as an ergogenic aid
Cermak, N. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0079-0 · Cited by 300
Energy availability and the female athlete triad in elite endurance athletes
Melin, A., Tornberg, Å., Skouby, S., Møller, S., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Faber, J., Sidelmann, J., Aziz, M., & Sjödin, A. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12261 · Cited by 289
Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review
Sim, M., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Cox, G. R., Govus, A., McKay, A. K. A., Stellingwerff, T., & Peeling, P. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y · Cited by 274
New Insights into the Interaction of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism During Exercise
Spriet, L. L. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0154-1 · Cited by 271
Kong, P., & Harris, L. M. (2014) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2013.846291 · Cited by 264
Torstveit, M. K., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2005) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.011338 · Cited by 250
Ackerman, K. E., Holtzman, B., Cooper, K. M., Flynn, E. F., Bruinvels, G., Tenforde, A. S., Popp, K. L., Simpkin, A. J., & Parziale, A. L. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098958 · Cited by 245
Self-citationPitfalls of conducting and interpreting estimates of energy availability in free-living athletes
Burke, L. M., Lundy, B., Fahrenholtz, I. L., & Melin, A. K. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0142 · Cited by 244
Endocrine Effects of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
Elliott-Sale, K. J., Tenforde, A. S., Parziale, A. L., Holtzman, B., & Ackerman, K. E. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0127 · Cited by 229
Self-citationDevries, M. C., Hamadeh, M. J., Phillips, S. M., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00700.2005 · Cited by 219
Sex Hormone Effects on Body Fluid Regulation
Stachenfeld, N. S. (2008) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e31817be928 · Cited by 211
Santiago, P. (2012) · The Scientific World Journal · doi:10.1100/2012/846824 · Cited by 210
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0690-6 · Cited by 208
Ackerman, K. E., Nazem, T. G., Chapko, D., Russell, M., Mendes, N., Taylor, A. P., Bouxsein, M., & Misra, M. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1614 · Cited by 207
Self-citationOvarian Suppression Impairs Sport Performance in Junior Elite Female Swimmers
VanHeest, J. L., Rodgers, C. D., Mahoney, C. E., & De Souza, M. J. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a32b72 · Cited by 203
Iron Deficiency Anemia Reduces Thyroid Peroxidase Activity in Rats
Hess, S. Y., Zimmermann, M. B., Hurrell, R. F., Arnold, M., & Langhans, W. (2002) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.7.1951 · Cited by 202
Exercise, Training and Red Blood Cell Turnover
Smith, J. A. (1995) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199519010-00002 · Cited by 201
Glucose kinetics and substrate oxidation during exercise in the follicular and luteal phases
Zderic, T. W., Coggan, A. R., & Ruby, B. C. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.447 · Cited by 199
Rickenlund, A. M., Eriksson, M. J., Schenck-Gustafsson, K. G., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1286 · Cited by 198
Estrogen Regulates Estrogen Receptors and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
Baltgalvis, K. A., Greising, S. M., Warren, G. L., & Lowe, D. A. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010164 · Cited by 192
Fluid and electrolyte needs for training, competition, and recovery
Shirreffs, S. M., & Sawka, M. N. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.614269 · Cited by 190
High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Athletes and Dancers
Constantini, N., Arieli, R., Chodick, G., & Dubnov‐Raz, G. (2010) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e3181f207f2 · Cited by 189
Mechanisms behind Estrogens’ Beneficial Effect on Muscle Strength in Females
Lowe, D., Baltgalvis, K. A., & Greising, S. M. (2010) · Exercise and sport sciences reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3181d496bc · Cited by 186
Fractures in Relation to Menstrual Status and Bone Parameters in Young Athletes
Ackerman, K. E., Sokoloff, N. C., Maffazioli, G. D. N., Clarke, H., Lee, H., & Misra, M. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000574 · Cited by 179
Self-citationProtein, Calories, and Immune Defenses
Woodward, B. D. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01649.x · Cited by 178
Dose dependency of calcium absorption: A comparison of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate
Harvey, J. A., Zobitz, M. M., & Pak, C. Y. C. (1988) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650030303 · Cited by 173
Campbell, S. E., Angus, D. J., & Febbraio, M. A. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.4.e817 · Cited by 165
Nutritional Considerations in Triathlon
Jeukendrup, A. E., Jentjens, R. L. P. G., & Moseley, L. (2005) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200535020-00005 · Cited by 155
Nutrition and Athlete Immune Health: New Perspectives on an Old Paradigm
Walsh, N. P. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01160-3 · Cited by 155
Drew, M. K., Vlahovich, N., Hughes, D. C., Appaneal, R., Burke, L. M., Lundy, B., Rogers, M. A., Toomey, M., Watts, D., Lovell, G. A., et al. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098208 · Cited by 152
The adaptive response of the immune system to the particular malnutrition of eating disorders
Nova, E., Samartı́n, S., Gómez, S., Morandé, G., & Marcos, A. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601482 · Cited by 150
Behavioral Management for Anorexia Nervosa
Attia, E., & Walsh, B. T. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmct0805569 · Cited by 149
Ackerman, K. E., Putman, M. S., Guereca, G., Taylor, A. P., Pierce, L., Herzog, D. B., Klibanski, A., Bouxsein, M., & Misra, M. (2012) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2012.07.019 · Cited by 141
Self-citationGender differences in carbohydrate loading are related to energy intake
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Zawada, C., Richmond, L. B., Carter, S., Shearer, J., Graham, T., & Phillips, S. M. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.225 · Cited by 138
Dietary Recommendations and Athletic Menstrual Dysfunction
Manore, M. M. (2002) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200232140-00002 · Cited by 135
Ketogenic low-CHO, high-fat diet: The future of elite endurance sport?
Burke, L. M. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278928 · Cited by 133
Hew‐Butler, T., Rosner, M. H., Godek, S. F., Dugas, J. P., Hoffman, M. D., Lewis, D. P., Maughan, R. J., Miller, K. C., Montain, S. J., Rehrer, N. J., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095004 · Cited by 129
Cognitive functioning, weight change and therapy in anorexia nervosa
Green, M. W., Elliman, N. A., Wakeling, A., & Rogers, P. J. (1996) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(96)00026-x · Cited by 129
Menstrual disruption with exercise is not linked to an energy availability threshold
LIEBERMAN, J. L., DE SOUZA, M. J., WAGSTAFF, D. A., & WILLIAMS, N. I. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001451 · Cited by 127
Nutritional, physiological, and menstrual status of distance runners
Kaiserauer, S., Snyder, A. C., Sleeper, M. D., & Zierath, J. R. (1989) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198904000-00002 · Cited by 125
Effect of iron injections on aerobic-exercise performance of iron-depleted female athletes
Peeling, P., Blee, T., Goodman, C., Dawson, B., Claydon, G., Beilby, J., & Prins, A. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.3.221 · Cited by 125
Drew, M. K., Vlahovich, N., Hughes, D. C., Appaneal, R., Peterson, K. M., Burke, L. M., Lundy, B., Toomey, M., Watts, D., Lovell, G. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.02.010 · Cited by 122
Iron balance and iron supplementation for the female athlete: A practical approach
Pedlar, C. R., Brugnara, C., Bruinvels, G., & Burden, R. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1416178 · Cited by 111
Woods, A. L., Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., Lundy, B., Rice, A. J., & Thompson, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173807 · Cited by 110
Meng, K., Qiu, J., Benardot, D., Carr, A. J., Yi, L., Wang, J., & Liang, Y. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00344-x · Cited by 108
Optimal Composition of Fluid‐Replacement Beverages
Baker, L. B., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2014) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c130014 · Cited by 105
Gender differences in metabolism; nutrition and supplements
Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(00)80038-9 · Cited by 105
Souza, M. J. D., Williams, N. I., Nattiv, A., Joy, E. A., Misra, M., Loucks, A. B., Matheson, G. O., Olmsted, M. P., Barrack, M. T., Mallinson, R. J., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093958 · Cited by 105
Dietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen content, and endurance performance in well-trained women
Walker, J. L., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., Hultman, E., & Spriet, L. L. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2151 · Cited by 105
Evidence for Thyroid Hormone Deficiency in Iron-Deficient Anemic Rats
Beard, J., Tobin, B., & Green, W. (1989) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/119.5.772 · Cited by 104
Schwellnus, M. P., Derman, W. E., Jordaan, E., Page, T., Lambert, M., Readhead, C., Roberts, C., Kohler, R., Collins, R., Kara, S., et al. (2012) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091395 · Cited by 104
Iron status in elite young athletes: gender-dependent influences of diet and exercise
Koehler, K., Braun, H., Achtzehn, S., Hildebrand, U., Predel, H., Mester, J., & Schänzer, W. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2002-4 · Cited by 104
Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Is there a role in postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention?
Albertazzi, P., & Coupland, K. (2002) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/s0378-5122(02)00022-1 · Cited by 102
Effect of menstrual cycle phase on carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged exercise to fatigue
Bailey, S. P., Zacher, C. M., & Mittleman, K. D. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.690 · Cited by 99
Saunders, A. V., Craig, W. J., Baines, S., & Posen, J. S. (2012) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja11.11494 · Cited by 97
The Unexplored Crossroads of the Female Athlete Triad and Iron Deficiency: A Narrative Review
Petkus, D. L., Murray-Kolb, L. E., & De Souza, M. J. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0706-2 · Cited by 92
Metabolic response to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise in males and females
Wallis, G. A., Dawson, R., Achten, J., Webber, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00357.2005 · Cited by 91
Risk of heat illness in men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Gifford, R. M., Todisco, T., Stacey, M. J., Fujisawa, T., Allerhand, M., Woods, D. R., & Reynolds, R. M. (2018) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.020 · Cited by 91
Relation between bone turnover, oestradiol, and energy balance in women distance runners.
Zanker, C. L., & Swaine, I. (1998) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.32.2.167 · Cited by 90
Oestrogen's regulation of fat metabolism during exercise and gender specific effects
Oosthuyse, T., & Bosch, A. N. (2012) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2012.02.008 · Cited by 89
Energy availability discriminates clinical menstrual status in exercising women
Reed, J. L., De Souza, M. J., Mallinson, R. J., Scheid, J. L., & Williams, N. I. (2015) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0072-0 · Cited by 86
Mood change during weight restoration in patients with anorexia nervosa
Meehan, K. G., Loeb, K. L., Roberto, C. A., & Attia, E. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20337 · Cited by 85
Iron deficiency in female athletes
Risser, W. L., Lee, E. J., Poindexter, H. B. W., WEST, S. M., Pivarnik, J. M., RISSER, J. M. H., & Hickson, J. F. (1988) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198820020-00003 · Cited by 84
Cardiac changes in anorexia nervosa
Spaulding-Barclay, M. A., Stern, J. L., & Mehler, P. S. (2016) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s104795111500267x · Cited by 83
Fluid Balance and Hydration Considerations for Women: Review and Future Directions
Giersch, G. E. W., Charkoudian, N., Stearns, R. L., & Casa, D. J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01206-6 · Cited by 80
Dion, T., Savoie, F. A., Asselin, A., Gariepy, C., & Goulet, E. D. B. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2730-8 · Cited by 79
Marsh, S. A., & Jenkins, D. G. (2002) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200232100-00001 · Cited by 78
Carbohydrate Loading and Female Endurance Athletes: Effect of Menstrual-Cycle Phase
McLay, R. T., Thomson, C. D., Williams, S. M., & Rehrer, N. J. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.2.189 · Cited by 76
Stellingwerff, T. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0312 · Cited by 72
Phase of menstrual cycle affects lysine requirement in healthy women
Kriengsinyos, W., Wykes, L. J., Goonewardene, L. A., Ball, R. O., & Pencharz, P. B. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00262.2003 · Cited by 71
Iron Deficiency and Anemia among Collegiate Athletes
Parks, R. B., Hetzel, S., & Brooks, M. A. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001259 · Cited by 67
Menstrual cycle and exercise effects on protein catabolism
LAMONT, L. S., LEMON, P. W. R., & BRUOT, B. C. (1987) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198704000-00007 · Cited by 66
Field, C. J., Gougeon, R., & Marliss, E. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.1.123 · Cited by 65
Prevalence of Abnormal Vitamin D Levels Among Division I NCAA Athletes
Villacis, D. C., Yi, A., Jahn, R., Kephart, C. J., Charlton, T. P., Gamradt, S. C., Romano, R., Tibone, J. E., & Hatch, G. F. R. (2014) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738114524517 · Cited by 64
Increased leucine flux and leucine oxidation during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in women
Larivière, F., Moussalli, R., & Garrel, D. R. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.3.e422 · Cited by 62
Friday, K. E., Drinkwater, B. L., Bruemmer, B., Chesnut, C. H., & Chait, A. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.77.6.8263148 · Cited by 59
Endurance Capacity and High-Intensity Exercise Performance Responses to a High-Fat Diet
Fleming, J. D., Sharman, M. J., Avery, N. G., Love, D. M., Gómez, A. L., Scheett, T. P., Kraemer, W. J., & Volek, J. S. (2003) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.4.466 · Cited by 59
Refining Treatment Strategies for Iron Deficient Athletes
McCormick, R., Sim, M., DAWSON, B. T., & Peeling, P. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01360-2 · Cited by 58
The immune system in eating disorders: An overview
Marcos, A. (1997) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(97)00272-4 · Cited by 57
Nutraceutical Fatty Acids as Biochemical and Molecular Modulators of Skeletal Biology
Watkins, B. A., Li, Y., & Seifert, M. F. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719177 · Cited by 57
Johnson, M. L., Pipes, L., Veldhuis, P. P., Farhy, L. S., Boyd, D. G., & Evans, W. S. (2008) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2008.07.001 · Cited by 57
Fluid Replacement and Heat Stress
Institute of Medicine (1994) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/9071 · Cited by 56
Energy Balance and Energy Availability
Loucks, A. B. (2013) · The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1002/9781118692318.ch5 · Cited by 55
Muscle glycogen supercompensation: absence of a gender-related difference
James, A. P., Lorraine, M., Cullen, D., Goodman, C., Dawson, B., Palmer, N. T., & Fournier, P. A. (2001) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210100499 · Cited by 55
Screening for haematological and iron-related abnormalities in elite athletes—Analysis of 576 cases
Fallon, K. E. (2007) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2007.02.017 · Cited by 54
Transcapillary fluid dynamics during the menstrual cycle
Øian, P., Tollan, A., Fadnes, H. O., Noddeland, H., & Maltau, J. M. (1987) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(87)90364-4 · Cited by 54
Exercise-Induced Illness and Inflammation: Can Immunonutrition and Iron Help?
Castell, L. M., Nieman, D. C., Bermon, S., & Peeling, P. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0288 · Cited by 54
Malczewska‐Lenczowska, J., Szczepańska, B., Stupnicki, R., & Sendecki, W. (2001) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.11.1.42 · Cited by 48
The Effects of Varying Dietary Fat on the Nutrient Intake in Male and Female Runners
Horvath, P. J., Eagen, C. K., Ryer-Calvin, S. D., & Pendergast, D. R. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718913 · Cited by 46
Patel, D. (2010) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqq163 · Cited by 45
The Menstrual Cycle and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk
Vescovi, J. D. (2010) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11538570-000000000-00000 · Cited by 44
Recommendations for Healthy Nutrition in Female Endurance Runners: An Update
Deldicque, L., & Francaux, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2015.00017 · Cited by 42
Rowland, T. (2012) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827611431541 · Cited by 41
Effect of a high or a low fat diet on cardiovascular risk factors in male and female runners
Leddy, J. J., Horvath, P. J., ROWLAND, J. A., & Pendergast, D. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199701000-00004 · Cited by 41
A one-year follow-up study in anorexia nervosa. Dietary pattern and anthropometrical evolution
Nova, E., Varela, P., López‐Vidriero, I., Toro, O., Ceñal, M. J., Casas, J., & Marcos, A. (2001) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601181 · Cited by 41
Measurement, Determinants, and Implications of Energy Intake in Athletes
Holtzman, B., & Ackerman, K. E. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030665 · Cited by 39
Self-citationInvestigating the DSM‐5 severity specifiers based on thinness for adults with anorexia nervosa
Reas, D. L., & Rø, Ø. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22729 · Cited by 30
Maughan, R., McArthur, M. C., & Shirreffs, S. M. (1996) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.30.1.41 · Cited by 29
A snapshot of nitrogen balance in endurance-trained women
Houltham, S. D., & Rowlands, D. S. (2014) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0182 · Cited by 28
Hemolytic Effects of a Football-Specific Training Session in Elite Female Players
Tan, D., DAWSON, B. T., & Peeling, P. (2012) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.7.3.271 · Cited by 28
Fat intake and injury in female runners
Gerlach, K. E., Burton, H. W., Dorn, J. M., Leddy, J. J., & Horvath, P. J. (2008) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-1 · Cited by 27
Paul, D. R., Mulroy, S. M., Horner, J. A., Jacobs, K. A., & Lamb, D. R. (2001) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.11.4.430 · Cited by 26
Gender Differences in Metabolism
Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2020) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781351072229 · Cited by 25
O’Donnell, E., Goodman, J. M., Mak, S. S., Murai, H., Morris, B. L., Floras, J. S., & Harvey, P. (2015) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04976 · Cited by 24
Nutrition Board (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 20
O’Donnell, E., Scheid, J. L., West, S., & Souza, M. J. D. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13354 · Cited by 12
URINARY INCONTINENCE IS MORE COMMON IN ADOLESCENT FEMALE ATHLETES WITH LOW ENERGY AVAILABILITY
Whitney, K. E., Holtzman, B., Parziale, A. L., & Ackerman, K. E. (2019) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/2325967119s00115 · Cited by 8
Self-citation[Iron deficiency and anemia in female athletes--causes and risks].
Portal, S., Epstein, M., & Dubnov, G. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Nutritional Strategies and Sex Hormone Interactions in Women
Rehrer, N. J., McLay-Cooke, R. T., & Sims, S. T. (2017) · Sex Hormones, Exercise and Women · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44558-8_6 · Cited by 6
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Melin ATÅB, Skouby S, Faber J, Ritz C, Sjödin A, Sundgot-Borgen J. The LEAF questionnaire: a screening tool for the identification of female athletes at risk for the female athlete triad. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:540–5. · DOI · Paper page
- Casanova R, Chaung A, Goepfert AR, Hueppchen NA, Weiss PM, Beckmann CR, et al. Beckmann and Ling’s obstetrics and gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2019.
- Erdman J, Appel L. Dietary reference intake for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington: Institute of Medicine Washington; 2005. p. 93–185.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Martín-Rodríguez, A., Belinchón-deMiguel, P., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Martínez‐Guardado, I., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C. V., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16040571 · Cited by 130
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): Endocrine Manifestations, Pathophysiology and Treatments
Angelidi, A. M., Stefanakis, K., Chou, S. H.-H., Valenzuela‐Vallejo, L., Δίπλα, Κ., Boutari, C., Ntoskas, K. T., Tokmakidis, P., Kokkinos, A. D., Goulis, D. G., et al. (2024) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnae011 · Cited by 101
International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 129
“As such, reducing the discrepancy between training energy expenditure and energy intake, with careful attention to nutrient timing, should be considered [151].”
BackgroundGiraldo-Vallejo, J. E., Cardona-Guzmán, M. Á., Rodríguez-Alcivar, E. J., Kočí, J., Petro, J. L., Kreider, R. B., Cannataro, R., & Bonilla, D. A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15040819 · Cited by 67
Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): Nutritional Management
Grabia, M., Perkowski, J., Socha, K., & Markiewicz‐Żukowska, R. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16030359 · Cited by 72
Metadata
- Authors
- Holtzman, B., & Ackerman, K. E.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ackerman, Kathryn E.
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 43-57
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- PMC
- PMC8566643
- OpenAlex
- W3201155639
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 3.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Keywords
- female athletes, female athlete triad, menstrual cycle, menstrual cycle disruption, hydration, macronutrient requirements, estrogen and progesterone, body composition, menstrual suppression, sports nutrition, athletic performance
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Sports, Exercise, Athletes, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
