Cited by 728Entrepreneurship Studies and InfluencesFirm Innovation and GrowthPrivate Equity and Venture Capital

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Measuring the performance of emerging businesses: A validation study

Chandler, Gaylen N., Hanks, Steven H.·1993·Journal of Business Venturing

DOI 10.1016/0883-9026(93)90021-v

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“For example, Chandler and Hanks (1993) found that owner/CEO assessments of business activity (such as earnings, business volume and sales growth) were highly correlated with archival data.”
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“Relative profitability was measured by two subjective measures of firm performance relative to competitors (Chandler and Hanks 1993).”
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“Self-reported objective measures were used rather than subjective measures (e.g., respondents’ reports about performance relative to competitors’), because objective measures are more fine-grained ( Chandler and Hanks, 1993 ).”
Method
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Lyon, D. W., Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2000) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920630002600503 · Cited by 841
“For example, Chandler and Hanks (1993) examined the self-reports of owners or chief executives of small firms and found that owner/CEO assessment of business volume (earnings, sales, and net worth of the founder) was highly correlated with archival sales figures.”
Background
Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies, and venture performance
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Self-citation
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“To date, the majority of empirical work has used various ‘objective’ financial and non-financial yardsticks to measure firm-level growth and performance (Birley and Westhead, 1990a; Chandler and Hanks, 1993; Cooper, 1993; Bridge, O’Niell and Cromie, 1998).”
Background
The export orientation and export performance of high-technology SMEs in emerging markets: The effects of knowledge transfer by returnee entrepreneurs
Filatotchev, I. V., Liu, X., Buck, T., & Wright, M. (2009) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2008.105 · Cited by 572
“Satisfaction-with-performance measures have been shown to possess strong internal consistency and reliability (Chandler & Hanks, 1993; Cooper & Artz, 1995; Naman & Slevin, 1993).”
Background
Entrepreneurs’ networks and the success of start-ups
Witt, P. (2004) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/0898562042000188423 · Cited by 590
“Depending on the company’s state of development in the foundation process, there are very different possibilities to define success (Brush and Vanderwerf 1992, Chandler and Hanks 1993), which will be presented briefly below.”
Background
Founder Competence, the Environment, and Venture Performance
Chandler, G. N., & Hanks, S. H. (1994) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/104225879401800306 · Cited by 576
Self-citation
Women business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries
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“Consistent with the observation of Chandler and Hanks (1993), senior managers of small to medium-sized firms are likely to strongly associate firm profitability with the ability of the firm to grow, thus, the firm growth measure and the profitability are expected to be highly correlated, which was…”
Result
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“In order to reveal the impact of guanxi on organizational performance, it is important to recognize the multi-faceted nature of the organizational performance construct (Carroll, 1979; Chandler & Hanks, 1993; Hult et al., 2008).”
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“…where decision making is often highly centralised and the views of a single experienced well-qualified informant may better capture a firm’s approach than the views of several informants (Chandler and Hanks 1993; Lyon et al. 2000), a single informant in each firm was identified for this study.”
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“Previous research highlights the usefulness of such subjective measures since they exhibit strong reliability and validity, and are particularly useful for assessing broader, nonfinancial dimensions of performance, too (Chandler & Hanks, 1993; Dess & Robinson, 1984).”
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“Delmar agrees with other authors (e.g., Chandler & Hanks, 1993) that 1.”
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BackgroundMethod
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“Relative growth was measured by growth in market share (Chandler and Hanks, 1993) in the last three years.”
Method
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Method
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“Furthermore, the interpretation of subjective, relative performance data tends to be more accurate across diverse contexts, for example, across industries (Covin and Slevin, 1989), and a high correlation between subjective and objective performance indicators has been demonstrated in several studies (e.g., Dess and Ro…”
Background
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“(Chandler and Hanks 1993; McDougall et al. 1994; Müller and Zimmerman 2009).”
Background
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“Empirical studies exploring the outcomes of entrepreneurship have focused on various financial and nonfinancial yardsticks to measure firm-level growth and performance (Chandler & Hanks, 1993; Ensley et al., 2006).”
Background
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Background
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“In regards to business success, satisfaction with financial success including profitability, sales turnover, sales growth, and return on investment was assessed using items adopted from Chandler and Hanks (1993)”
Method
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Behavioural additionality of R&D subsidies: A learning perspective
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“…other hand, older firms may also suffer from the owners’ lower commitment and involvement compared to young firms (Churchill and Lewis, 1983), so a firm’s performance is usually found to be diminishing as the firm ages (Chandler and Hanks, 1993 and 1994; Durand and Coeurderoy, 2001; Nunes, 2013).”
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An examination of the impact of initial founding conditions and decisions upon the performance of new bank start-ups
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“Gupta and Govinrandja, 1984) have been largely criticized and as a result are rarely used (Chandler and Hanks, 1993), scholars most commonly use data on employees or sales to measure growth (Delmar, 2006).”
Background
Antecedents, Moderators, and Performance Consequences of Membership Change in New Venture Teams
Chandler, G. N., Honig, B., & Wiklund, J. (2005) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.09.001 · Cited by 277
Self-citation
Returnee entrepreneurs and firm performance in Chinese high-technology industries
Dai, O., & Liu, X. (2009) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.03.004 · Cited by 250
Dynamic Capabilities, Government Policies, and Performance in Firms from Emerging Economies: Evidence from India and Pakistan
Malik, O. R., & Kotabe, M. “. (2009) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00817.x · Cited by 231
“Chandler and Hanks (1993) have argued that in such situations managerial self-reports on performance are acceptable proxies, and are closely correlated with objective performance measures (Dess and Robinson, 1984).”
The significance of sustained entrepreneurial orientation on performance of firms – A longitudinal analysis
Madsen, E. L. (2007) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985620601136812 · Cited by 229
“There are many different measures of firm performance (Chandler and Hanks 1993).”
Background
Support for Rapid‐Growth Firms: A Comparison of the Views of Founders, Government Policymakers, and Private Sector Resource Providers
Fischer, E. M., & Reuber, A. R. (2003) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/1540-627x.00087 · Cited by 228
Entry barriers and new venture performance: a comparison of universal and contingency approaches
Robinson, K. C., & McDougall, P. P. (2001) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.186 · Cited by 223
The Relationship Between Knowledge Transfer, Top Management Team Composition, and Performance: The Case of Science–Based Entrepreneurial Firms
Knockaert, M., Ucbasaran, D., Wright, M., & Clarysse, B. (2010) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00405.x · Cited by 219
Intrapreneurship: a comparative structural equation modeling study
Antončić, B. (2007) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/02635570710734244 · Cited by 202
“In this study, the hypotheses are tested by considering both alternatives.”
Method
Does family involvement increase business performance? Family-longevity goals’ moderating role in Chinese family firms
Kim, Y., & Gao, F. Y. (2012) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.018 · Cited by 201
Technological Resource Leveraging and the Internationalisation of New Ventures
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Environmental strategy and exports in medium, small and micro-enterprises
Martín‐Tapia, I., Correa, J. A. A., & Rueda‐Manzanares, A. (2009) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2009.09.009 · Cited by 205
Academics' organizational characteristics and the generation of successful business ideas
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Do multiple parents help or hinder international joint venture performance? The mediating roles of contract completeness and partner cooperation
Gong, Y., Shenkar, O., Luo, Y., & Nyaw, M. (2007) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.626 · Cited by 192
“Research (e.g., Chandler and Hanks, 1993) suggests that subjective measures of performance correlate with objective measures of performance with 2 Joint venture CEOs were appropriate informants to answer contract completeness and partner cooperation questions.”
Background
Direct and Indirect Effects of Passion on Growing Technology Ventures
Drnovšek, M., Cardon, M. S., & Patel, P. C. (2016) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.1213 · Cited by 196
An examination of the influence of industry structure on eight alternative measures of new venture performance for high potential independent new ventures
Robinson, K. C. (1999) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/s0883-9026(97)00083-9 · Cited by 181
The interplay of entrepreneurial orientation and psychological traits in explaining firm performance
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The consequences of conflict between the venture capitalist and the entrepreneurial team in the United Kingdom from the perspective of the venture capitalist
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Competitive Analysis and New Venture Performance: Understanding the Impact of Strategic Uncertainty and Venture Origin
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“Growth is a key performance outcome for new ventures because it indicates the market acceptance of the ventures products (Brush & Venderwerf, 1992; Chandler & Hanks, 1993 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Multiparty cooperation and performance in international equity joint ventures
Luo, Y., & Park, S. H. (2004) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400072 · Cited by 173
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“…‘liabilities of age’, such as the owners’ lower commitment and involvement compared to young firms (Churchill and Lewis 1983), and a firm’s performance is usually found to be diminishing as the firm ages (Chandler and Hanks 1993, 1994; Durand and Coeurderoy 2001; Nunes et al. 2013; Yasuda 2005).”
Background
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“Misangyi et al., 2006), but the main shortterm performance goals of new ventures center on sales and survival rather than profi t ( Chandler and Hanks, 1993; Schoonhoven, Eisenhardt, and Lyman, 1990).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Corporate entrepreneurship strategy: extending our knowledge boundaries through configuration theory
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Authors: Chandler, G. N., & Hanks, S. H.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
Utah State University (US)
Corresponding author: Chandler, Gaylen N.
Venue: Journal of Business Venturing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1993-09
Volume: 8
Issue: 5
Pages: 391-408
ISSN: 0883-9026 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0883-9026(93)90021-v
OpenAlex: W2004016061
Cited by: 728
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 11.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Business Venturing (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Firm Innovation and Growth
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Private Equity and Venture Capital
Keywords: new venture performance, performance measurement, self-reported performance, subjective performance measures, business growth, business volume, content validity, inter-rater reliability, generalizability, manufacturing companies, startups, startup success factors, scale validation, disclosure rates, internal consistency

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