The effect of physical activity on cognitive function in patients with dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials
Abstract
Non-pharmacological therapies, such as physical activity interventions, are an appealing alternative or add-on to current pharmacological treatment of cognitive symptoms in patients with dementia. In this meta-analysis, we investigated the effect of physical activity interventions on cognitive function in dementia patients, by synthesizing data from 802 patients included in 18 randomized control trials that applied a physical activity intervention with cognitive function as an outcome measure. Post-intervention standardized mean difference (SMD) scores were computed for each study, and combined into pooled effect sizes using random effects meta-analysis. The primary analysis yielded a positive overall effect of physical activity interventions on cognitive function (SMD[95% confidence interval]=0.42[0.23;0.62], p<.01). Secondary analyses revealed that physical activity interventions were equally beneficial in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD, SMD=0.38[0.09;0.66], p<.01) and in patients with AD or a non-AD dementia diagnosis (SMD=0.47[0.14;0.80], p<.01). Combined (i.e. aerobic and non-aerobic) exercise interventions (SMD=0.59[0.32;0.86], p<.01) and aerobic-only exercise interventions (SMD=0.41[0.05;0.76], p<.05) had a positive effect on cognition, while this association was absent for non-aerobic exercise interventions (SMD=-0.10[-0.38;0.19], p=.51). Finally, we found that interventions offered at both high frequency (SMD=0.33[0.03;0.63], p<.05) and at low frequency (SMD=0.64[0.39;0.89], p<.01) had a positive effect on cognitive function. This meta-analysis suggests that physical activity interventions positively influence cognitive function in patients with dementia. This beneficial effect was independent of the clinical diagnosis and the frequency of the intervention, and was driven by interventions that included aerobic exercise.
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Physical activity is a possible approach for managing dementia symptoms and may improve cognition in individuals with a clinical dementia diagnosis, including Alzheimer's disease.
“PA is also a possible approach for managing the symptoms of dementia, indicating that PA interventions may help to improve cognition in individuals with a clinical dementia diagnosis, including AD (45, 47, 49, 50, 52, 84).”
From Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
Positive effects in dementia were found for both high-frequency and low-frequency physical activity interventions, defined as averages of 213 and 93 minutes per week, respectively.
“These positive effects were found for interventions that were both high-frequency and low-frequency PA (defined as an average of 213 minutes per week or 93 minutes per week, respectively)”
From Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
One meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials from 802 dementia patients reported an overall standardized mean difference of 0.42, with significant effects for Alzheimer's disease and for combined Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer's dementias.
“For example, one meta-analysis of 18 RCTs from 802 dementia patients reported an overall standardized mean difference of 0.42; this effect was also significant for individuals with AD (N=8 studies) or in studies that combined AD and non-AD dementias (N=7) (47).”
From Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
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Physical Exercise in the Oldest Old
Valenzuela, P. L., Castillo‐García, A., Morales, J. S., Izquierdo, M., Serra‐Rexach, J. A., Santos‐Lozano, A., & Lucia, A. (2019) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c190002 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
López-Ortiz, S., Valenzuela, P. L., Seisdedos, M. M., Morales, J. S., Vega, T., Castillo-García, A., Nisticò, R., Mercuri, N. B., Lista, S., Lucia, A., et al. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101479 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Imboden, C., Gerber, M., Beck, J., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Pühse, U., & Hatzinger, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.052 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Tari, A. R., Nauman, J., Zisko, N., Skjellegrind, H. K., Bosnes, I., Bergh, S., Stensvold, D., Selbæk, G., & Wisløff, U. (2019) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30183-5 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
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“A review published during the trial suggested that the effect of exercise on cognition may be specific to Alzheimer’s disease.(20) We were unable to support this finding within the cohort of DAPA trial patients with Alzheimer’s disease only, which is surprising given the size of the overall effect reported across pool…”
ResultReid, H., Ridout, A. J., Tomaz, S. A., Kelly, P., & Jones, N. (2022) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104281 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A systematic review of cognitive effects of exercise in depression
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Frederiksen, K. S., Gjerum, L., Waldemar, G., & Hasselbalch, S. G. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170567 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Can exercise training teach us how to treat Alzheimer's disease?
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Home health utilization association with discharge to community for people with dementia
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- Authors
- Groot, C., Hooghiemstra, A. M., Raijmakers, P. G. H. M., van Berckel, B. N. M., Scheltens, P., Scherder, E. J. A., van der Flier, W. M., & Ossenkoppele, R.
- Affiliations
- Gemeente Amsterdam (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Groot, C.
- Venue
- Ageing Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 25
- Pages
- 13-23
- ISSN
- 1568-1637 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2177634114
- Cited by
- 616
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 23 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 6.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ageing Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions (628812)
- BrightFocus Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Keywords
- physical activity, dementia, cognitive function, Alzheimer's disease, aerobic exercise, exercise frequency, non-pharmacological treatment, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Dementia, Humans, Motor Activity, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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