Human Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Indexes Hypervigilant Threat Monitoring
Open accessAbstract
Background Though a key symptom underlying many anxiety disorders is hypervigilant threat monitoring, its biological bases in humans remain poorly understood. Animal models suggest that anxious processes such as hypervigilant threat monitoring are distinct from cued fear-like responses and mediated by the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Here, we applied psychophysiological and neuroimaging methodologies sensitive to sustained arousal-based responses to test the role of the human BNST in mediating environmental threat monitoring, a potential experimental model for sustained anxiety symptoms.Methods Healthy participants (n = 50) with varying trait anxiety performed an environmental threat-monitoring task during functional magnetic resonance imaging where a stimulus line continuously fluctuated in height, providing information relevant to subsequent risk for electric shocks. Skin conductance was collected in a separate cohort (n = 47) to validate task-evoked modulation of physiological arousal.Results A forebrain region consistent with the BNST showed greater overall recruitment and exaggerated tracking of threat proximity in individuals with greater anxiety. The insular cortex tracked threat proximity across all participants, showed exaggerated threat proximity responding with greater anxiety, and showed enhanced recruitment when threat proximity was ostensibly controllable.Conclusions Activity in the BNST and insula continuously monitored changes in environmental threat level and also subserved hypervigilant threat-monitoring processes in more highly trait anxious individuals. These findings bridge human and animal research informing the role of the BNST in anxious-related processes. In addition, these findings suggest that continuous functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms offer promise in further elucidating the neural circuitries supporting sustained anticipatory features of anxiety.
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BNST activation tracks sustained anxiety in humans.
“BNST activation also tracks sustained anxiety in humans [182]”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [182]
The BST appears to be involved in anticipatory anxiety and threat monitoring.
“Also, it appears to be involved in anticipatory anxiety and threat monitoring.[32][33][34]”
From Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
Somerville et al. (2010) recently examined the role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in anxiety-related vigilance.
“However, Somerville et al. (2010) recently examined the role of the BNST in anxious-related vigilance.”
From Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity (2011) · cites this paper as Somerville et al. (2010)
A comparable area of the BNST has been associated with hypervigilant threat monitoring.
“A comparable area of the BNST has been associated with hypervigilant threat monitoring (Somerville et al., 2010).”
From Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity (2011) · cites this paper as Somerville et al., 2010
BNST activity tracked shock risk and was greatest during high-risk periods.
“BNST activity tracked with shock risk and was greatest during the high-risk periods.”
From The human BNST: functional role in anxiety and addiction (2016) · cites this paper as Somerville et al (2010)
In Somerville et al, amygdala ROI activity appeared in a threat-versus-safe contrast but did not increase linearly with shock risk, was not significant in whole-brain analysis, and was not related to trait anxiety, whereas these patterns were observed for the BNST.
“In addition, although Somerville et al (2010) found increased amygdala ROI activity in a simple contrast of threat4safe, amygdala activity did not show a linear increase with increased risk of shock, was not significant in the wholebrain analysis, and did not show a relationship with trait anxiety-findings that were all observed for the BNST.”
From The human BNST: functional role in anxiety and addiction (2016) · cites this paper as Somerville et al (2010)
The reviewed evidence shows the BNST is engaged by anxiogenic tasks in healthy adults, with two studies linking individual differences in normative anxiety to greater BNST activation and functional connectivity.
“We have reviewed evidence that the BNST is engaged by anxiogenic tasks in healthy adults, with two studies showing individual differences in normative anxiety are associated with greater BNST activation (Somerville et al, 2010) and functional connectivity (McMenamin et al, 2014)”
From The human BNST: functional role in anxiety and addiction (2016) · cites this paper as Somerville et al, 2010
In Somerville et al (2010), there were no amygdala ROI findings.
“No amygdala ROI findings”
From The human BNST: functional role in anxiety and addiction (2016) · cites this paper as Somerville et al (2010)
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- Authors
- Somerville, L. H., Whalen, P. J., & Kelley, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Somerville, Leah H.
- ORCID
- Somerville, Leah H.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 416-424
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2921460
- OpenAlex
- W1972368693
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 27.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (DA007274, NSF0746220, MH080716)
- Dartmouth Brain Imaging Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, trait anxiety, environmental hazards, insula, anticipatory anxiety, skin conductance, anxiety disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Arousal, Behavior, Animal, Fear, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychological Techniques, Septal Nuclei, Reflex, Startle, Models, Animal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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