Replay of incidentally encoded episodic memories in the rat
Open accessAbstract
Although events are not always known to be important when they occur, people can remember details about such incidentally encoded information using episodic memory. Importantly, when information is explicitly encoded for use in an expected test of retention (as in most assessments in animals), it is possible that it is used to generate a planned action 1,2,3; thus, the remembered action can occur without remembering the earlier episode. By contrast, when a test is unexpected, transforming information into an action plan is unlikely because the importance of the information and the nature of the test are not yet known. Thus, accurate performance in an unexpected test after incidental encoding documents episodic memory.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Here, we present evidence that rats replay episodic memories of incidentally encoded information in an unexpected assessment of memory. In one task,9 rats reported the third-last item in an explicitly encoded list of trial-unique odors. In a second task,10 rats foraged in a radial maze in the absence of odors. On a critical test, rats foraged in the radial maze, but scented lids covered the food. Next, memory of the third-last odor was assessed. All participating rats correctly answered the unexpected question. These results suggest that rats encoded multiple pieces of putatively unimportant information, and later they replayed a stream of episodic memories when that information was needed to solve an unexpected problem. We propose that rats replay episodic memories of incidentally encoded information, which documents a critical aspect of human episodic memory in a non-human animal.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
To access incidentally encoded information, an animal must recall a holistic representation of the episode, containing many details surrounding the event as well as the event narrative sequence, and subsequently replay, target and manipulate this information within the event representation.
“To access incidentally encoded information, an animal must recall a holistic representation of the episode, containing many details surrounding the event as well as the event narrative sequence, and subsequently replay, target and manipulate this information within the event representation [85,92,94,114].”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [94]
Cites
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860 · see citing works
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00076512 · Cited by 8,743 · see citing works
The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat
O'Keefe, J., & Dostrovsky, J. (1971) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1 · Cited by 6,151 · see citing works
Baddeley, A. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1736359 · Cited by 5,258 · see citing works
N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies.
Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A. R., & Bullmore, E. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20131 · Cited by 3,560 · see citing works
The Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System
Squire, L. R., & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1896849 · Cited by 3,282 · see citing works
Remembrance of places passed: Spatial memory in rats.
Olton, D. S., & Samuelson, R. J. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.2.2.97 · Cited by 1,934 · see citing works
Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state
Foster, D. J., & Wilson, M. A. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04587 · Cited by 1,727 · see citing works
A Parametric Study of Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Human Working Memory
Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., & Noll, D. C. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0247 · Cited by 1,694 · see citing works
The generation effect: delineation of a phenomenon
Slamecka, N. J., & Graf, P. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.4.6.592 · Cited by 1,659 · see citing works
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? 30 years later
Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.010 · Cited by 1,592 · see citing works
Hippocampal place-cell sequences depict future paths to remembered goals
Pfeiffer, B. E., & Foster, D. J. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12112 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
Forward and reverse hippocampal place-cell sequences during ripples
Diba, K., & Buzsáki, G. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1961 · Cited by 1,205 · see citing works
The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes
Emery, N. J., & Clayton, N. S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1098410 · Cited by 1,199 · see citing works
Hippocampal ‘time cells’ bridge the gap in memory for discontiguous events
MacDonald, C. J., Lepage, K. Q., Eden, U. T., & Eichenbaum, H. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.012 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
Hippocampal replay in the awake state: a potential substrate for memory consolidation and retrieval
Carr, M. F., Jadhav, S. P., & Frank, L. M. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2732 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Awake hippocampal sharp-wave ripples support spatial memory
Jadhav, S. P., Kemere, C., German, P. W., & Frank, L. M. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1217230 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
How schema and novelty augment memory formation
van Kesteren, M. T. R., Ruiter, D. J., Fernández, G., & Henson, R. N. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.02.001 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Hippocampal replay of extended experience
Davidson, T. J., Kloosterman, F., & Wilson, M. A. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.027 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Hippocampal replay is not a simple function of experience
Gupta, A. S., van der Meer, M. A. A., Touretzky, D. S., & Redish, A. D. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.034 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
The many faces of working memory and short-term storage
Cowan, N. (2016) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1191-6 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Long-duration hippocampal sharp wave ripples improve memory
Fernández-Ruiz, A., Oliva, A., Fermino de Oliveira, E., Rocha-Almeida, F., Tingley, D., & Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax0758 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Stimulus control of spatial behavior on the eight-arm maze in rats
Suzuki, S., Augerinos, G., & Black, A. H. (1980) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(80)90018-1 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Working memory for complex figures: An fMRI comparison of letter and fractal n-back tasks
Ragland, J. D., Turetsky, B. I., Gur, R. C., Gunning-Dixon, F., Turner, T., Schroeder, L., Chan, R., & Gur, R. E. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.3.370 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Awake reactivation predicts memory in humans
Staresina, B. P., Alink, A., Kriegeskorte, N., & Henson, R. N. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1311989110 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Fast Sequences of Non-spatial State Representations in Humans
Kurth-Nelson, Z. L., Economides, M., Dolan, R. J., & Dayan, P. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.05.028 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Intramaze cues and “odor trails” fail to direct choice behavior on an elevated maze
Olton, D. S., & Collison, C. (1979) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03209274 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Hippocampal replay reflects specific past experiences rather than a plan for subsequent choice
Gillespie, A. K., Maya, D. A., Denovellis, E. L., Liu, D. F., Kastner, D. B., Coulter, M. E., Roumis, D. K., Eden, U. T., & Frank, L. M. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.029 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Episodic-like memory in pigeons
Zentall, T. R., Clement, T. S., Bhatt, R. S., & Allen, J. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196204 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Cook, R. G., Brown, M., & Riley, D. A. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.11.3.453 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Principles of Animal Cognition
Roberts, W. A. (1997) · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Evidence for remembering when events occurred in a rodent model of episodic memory
Zhou, W., & Crystal, J. D. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904360106 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociative and predictive hippocampal codes support memory-guided behaviors
Liu, C., Todorova, R., Tang, W., Oliva, A., & Fernández‐Ruiz, A. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adi8237 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Replay of Episodic Memories in the Rat
Panoz-Brown, D., Iyer, V., Carey, L. M., Sluka, C. M., Rajic, G., Kestenman, J., Gentry, M., Brotheridge, S., Somekh, I., Corbin, H. E., et al. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.006 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationRats Remember Items in Context Using Episodic Memory
Panoz‐Brown, D., Corbin, H. E., Dalecki, S. J., Gentry, M., Brotheridge, S., Sluka, C. M., Wu, J.-E., & Crystal, J. D. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.023 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning and remembering real-world events after medial temporal lobe damage
Dede, A. J. O., Frascino, J. C., Wixted, J. T., & Squire, L. R. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1617025113 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Rats Answer an Unexpected Question after Incidental Encoding
Zhou, W., Hohmann, A. G., & Crystal, J. D. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.040 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationZielinski, M. C., Tang, W., & Jadhav, S. P. (2017) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22821 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Mental time travel: continuities and discontinuities
Suddendorf, T. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.01.011 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Episodic-like memory: Pigeons can report location pecked when unexpectedly asked
Zentall, T. R., Singer, R. A., & Stagner, J. P. (2008) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2008.05.003 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Retrospective and prospective coding of information: role of the medial prefrontal cortex
Kesner, R. P. (1989) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00248289 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Crystal, J. D., Alford, W. T., Zhou, W., & Hohmann, A. G. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.023 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationBinding of Episodic Memories in the Rat
Crystal, J. D., & Smith, A. E. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.074 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationRecall of Others’ Actions after Incidental Encoding Reveals Episodic-like Memory in Dogs
Fugazza, C., Pogány, Á., & Miklósi, Á. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.057 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Timberlake, W., & White, W. O. (1990) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(90)90017-i · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Singer, R. A., & Zentall, T. R. (2007) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03193054 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Spatial memory in rats under restricted viewing conditions
Mazmanian, D. S., & Roberts, W. A. (1983) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(83)90001-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Spatial guidance of choice behavior in the radial-arm maze.
Brown, M. F., Rish, P. A., VonCulin, J. E., & Edberg, J. A. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.19.3.195 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Event-Based Prospective Memory in the Rat
Wilson, A. G., Pizzo, M. J., & Crystal, J. D. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.067 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationIn search of the neurobiological underpinnings of the differential outcomes effect
Savage, L. M. (2001) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/bf02734092 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Savage, L. M., & Langlais, P. J. (1995) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03327071 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Evaluating evidence from animal models of episodic memory.
Crystal, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000294 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSavage, L. M., & Parsons, J. (1997) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03331941 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Working Memory Systems in the Rat
Bratch, A., Kann, S., Cain, J. A., Wu, J.-E., Rivera-Reyes, N., Dalecki, S. J., Arman, D., Dunn, A., Echevarria‐Cooper, S. L., Corbin, H. E., et al. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.068 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationMental representation and episodic-like memory of own actions in dogs
Fugazza, C., Pongrácz, P., Pogány, Á., Lenkei, R., & Miklósi, Á. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67302-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Episodic-like memory in common bottlenose dolphins
Davies, J. R., Garcia-Pelegrin, E., Baciadonna, L., Pilenga, C., Favaro, L., & Clayton, N. S. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.032 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Nonverbal Working Memory for Novel Images in Rhesus Monkeys
Brady, R. J., & Hampton, R. R. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.025 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Functional relationships for investigating cognitive processes
Wright, A. A. (2012) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.11.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Generation Effect in Monkeys
Kornell, N., & Terrace, H. S. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01959.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Crystal, J. D. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.081 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationPracticing memory retrieval improves long-term retention in rats
Crystal, J. D., Ketzenberger, J. A., & Alford, W. T. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.044 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond replay: Introduction to the special issue on hippocampal replay
Redish, A. D. (2019) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23184 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Testing complex animal cognition: Concept learning, proactive interference, and list memory
Wright, A. A. (2018) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.299 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory?
Davies, J. R., & Clayton, N. S. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0397 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The complex affective and cognitive capacities of rats
Bartal, I. B.-A. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adq6217 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Episodic-like memory in wild free-living blue tits and great tits
Davies, J. R., Keuneke, L. S., Clayton, N. S., & Davidson, G. L. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.029 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Crystal, J. D. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0404 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationDimensions of corvid consciousness
Veit, W., Browning, H., Garcia‐Pelegrin, E., Davies, J. R., DuBois, J. G., & Clayton, N. S. (2025) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-025-01949-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Boyle, A., & Brown, S. A. B. (2025) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.70037 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Neural Representation of Episodic Time
Kwok, S. C., Lapate, R. C., Sakon, J. J., van Wassenhove, V., Xue, G., & Zheng, J. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1397-25.2025 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Replay of incidentally encoded novel odors in the rat
Sheridan, C. L., Bonner, L., & Crystal, J. D. (2024) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-024-01880-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationA unifying account of replay as context-driven memory reactivation
Zhou, Z., Kahana, M. J., & Schapiro, A. C. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533833 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Neuroscientist’s Behavioral Toolbox for Studying Episodic-Like Memory
Kunčická, D., Krajčovič, B., Stuchlı́k, A., & Brožka, H. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0073-24.2024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Validation of a rodent model of episodic memory replay
Sheridan, C. L., Panoz‐Brown, D., Shiffrin, R. M., & Crystal, J. D. (2024) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-024-00632-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationEpisodic memory in non-humans: an approach to understand an evolutionary function of consciousness
Crystal, J. D. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0304 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationPowell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.001.0001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rats replay episodic memories in context
Xiong, S., Sheridan, C. L., Harrison, T., Rosas-Victoriano, E., Meisner, J., Butts, T., Loper, R., Ross, K., & Crystal, J. D. (2026) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.12.049 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMercado, E., & Zhuo, J. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105908 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Foraging Optimally for a Home Range
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Animal cognition: Time mapping in the wild
Crystal, J. D. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.036 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationComparative cognition: Free-living birds remember things past
Crystal, J. D. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.027 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationTarasenko‐Struc, A. (2024) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqae094
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.002.0004
Information, Movements, and Home Ranges
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0005
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0009
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0004
Cognitive Maps and the Definition of a Home Range
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0003
An Introduction to Home Ranges
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0001
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0012
A Doorway to New Cogitations on Home Ranges
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0013
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.002.0005
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0010
Building Familiarity Distributions
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0011
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0015
Mechanistic Familiarity Distributions
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0006
Economic and Cost–Benefit Models and Home Ranges
Powell, R. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191949142.003.0007
Zentall, T. R. (2025) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.1515/tnsci-2025-0383
Crystal, J. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29068-8.00188-4
Self-citationA unifying account of replay as context-driven memory reactivationPreprint
Zhou, Z., Kahana, M. J., & Schapiro, A. C. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.99931.2
eLife Assessment: A unifying account of replay as context-driven memory reactivation
Liljeholm, M. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.99931.3.sa0
Hippocampal conditioning code dominates and disrupts the place codePreprint
Wirtshafter, H. S., Mehta, M. R., Solla, S. A., & Disterhoft, J. F. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706430
Zhang, Y., Pu, X., Luo, X., Li, P., & Qu, H. (2026) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131867
Gillon, C. J., & Claudia Clopath, A. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.08.723802
- Authors
- Sheridan, C. L., Lang, S., Knappenberger, M., Albers, C., Loper, R., Tillett, B., Sanchez, J., Wilcox, A., Harrison, T., Panoz-Brown, D., & Crystal, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crystal, Jonathon D.
- ORCID
- Crystal, Jonathon D.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-02
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 641-647.e5
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4390829700
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 11
- FWCI
- 9.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 370 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NSF/BCS-1946039)
- Department of Business and Innovation, Victoria State Government (-2050311)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, incidental encoding, rats, action planning, memory retrieval, episodic-like memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Food, Humans, Odorants, Mental Recall, Rats, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
