Hippocampal ‘time cells’ bridge the gap in memory for discontiguous events
Open accessAbstract
The hippocampus is critical to remembering the flow of events in distinct experiences and, in doing so, bridges temporal gaps between discontiguous events. Here, we report a robust hippocampal representation of sequence memories, highlighted by "time cells" that encode successive moments during an empty temporal gap between the key events, while also encoding location and ongoing behavior. Furthermore, just as most place cells "remap" when a salient spatial cue is altered, most time cells form qualitatively different representations ("retime") when the main temporal parameter is altered. Hippocampal neurons also differentially encode the key events and disambiguate different event sequences to compose unique, temporally organized representations of specific experiences. These findings suggest that hippocampal neural ensembles segment temporally organized memories much the same as they represent locations of important events in spatially defined environments.
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The hippocampal pallium of teleost fish is critical for the temporal dimension of associative memories required for trace classical conditioning.
“These deficits are strikingly similar to those reported in hippocampal-lesioned mammals [216,226,227,228,229,230,231], and reveal that the hippocampal pallium of teleost fish is critical for the temporal dimension of the associative memories required for trace classical conditioning.”
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Hippocampal time cells exhibit gradually changing activity over seconds during unfilled delays even when the animal remains in a fixed location, which is consistent with drift.
“Hippocampal “time cells” show gradually changing activity patterns on the order of seconds during unfilled delays even when the animal’s location is fixed [6–9], consistent with drift.”
From Does mental context drift or shift? (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Place cell activity in rats can encode information about the 'what' and 'when' of events.
“evidence suggests that place cell activity in rats can also encode information about the ‘what’ (e.g. odours and their status, i.e. match/non-match [124–126]) and ‘when’ (i.e. elapsed time [127,128]) of events.”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [128]
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Time cells in hippocampal area CA3
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Hippocampal neurons represent events as transferable units of experience
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EEG functional connectivity is partially predicted by underlying white matter connectivity
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Does mental context drift or shift?
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Is hippocampal remapping the physiological basis for context
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Do hippocampal pyramidal cells respond to nonspatial stimuli?
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Circuit mechanisms for disentangled representations and generalization in the hippocampus
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- Authors
- MacDonald, C. J., Lepage, K. Q., Eden, U. T., & Eichenbaum, H.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eichenbaum, Howard
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 737-749
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3163062
- OpenAlex
- W2011074553
- Cited by
- 1,193
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 29.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-71702, MH095297, R01MH095297, P50MH071702)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- hippocampus, time cells, sequence memory, place cells, temporal memory, neuronal ensembles, memory disambiguation
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Memory, Neurons, Odorants, Time Factors, Rats, Long-Evans, Rats
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