Validation of a rodent model of episodic memory
Open accessAbstract
Episodic memory consists of representations of specific episodes that happened in the past. Modeling episodic memory in animals requires careful examination of alternative explanations of performance. Putative evidence of episodic-like memory may be based on encoding failure or expectations derived from well-learned semantic rules. In Experiment 1, rats were tested in a radial maze with study and test phases separated by a retention interval. The replenishment of chocolate (at its study-phase location) depended on two factors: time of day (morning vs. afternoon) and the presence or absence of chocolate pellets at the start of the test phase. Because replenishment could not be decoded until the test phase, rats were required to encode the study episode. Success in this task rules out encoding failure. In Experiment 2, two identical mazes in different rooms were used. Chocolate replenishment was trained in one room, and then they were asked to report about a recent event in a different room, where they had no expectation that the memory assessment would occur. Rats successfully answered the unexpected question, ruling out use of expectations derived from well-learned semantic rules. Our behavioral methods for modeling episodic memory may have broad application for assessments of genetic, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological bases of both episodic memory and memory disorders such as those that occur in Alzheimer's disease.
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Studies using the what-where-when paradigm predominantly focus on the content criterion, and there is little evidence for the structure and flexibility criteria in the literature.
“these predominantly focus on the content criterion, and as a result, there is little evidence for the structure (but see [68,75]) and flexibility (but see [74]) criteria in the literature.”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [74]
Training animals to explicitly encode and report information in an anticipated memory test may result in the application of non-episodic mechanisms to solve these tasks.
“That said, training animals to explicitly encode and report information in an anticipated memory test, as is required for what–where–when memory experiments, may result in the application of non-episodic mechanisms to solve these tasks [74,79–84].”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [74]
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Crystal, J. D. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigación en psicología: aplicaciones e intervenciones II
Blanco-Abarca, A., Ortiz-López, B., Avendaño-Prieto, B. L., Pardo-Adames, C. A., Forero-Aponte, C., Rojo, C., Núñez, C., Medrano-Tovar, C. M., Londoño-Pérez, C., Garzón-Velandia, D. C., et al. (2023) · Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia eBooks · doi:10.14718/9786287554320.2022 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leguizamón, M. R., Yáñez, N., & Cabrera, F. (2019) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2019.32.00.03 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beran, M. J. (2022) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-022-01706-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Distinct brain networks for remote episodic memory depending on content and emotional valuePreprint
Auguste, A., Fourcaud‐Trocmé, N., David Meunier, A., Gros, A., Garcia, S., Messaoudi, B., Thévenet, M., Ravel, N., & Veyrac, A. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508241 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rats replay episodic memories in context
Xiong, S., Sheridan, C. L., Harrison, T., Rosas-Victoriano, E., Meisner, J., Butts, T., Loper, R., Ross, K., & Crystal, J. D. (2026) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.12.049 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Radostová, D., Kunčická, D., Krajčovič, B., Hejtmánek, L., Petrásek, T., Svoboda, J., Stuchlı́k, A., & Brožka, H. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274437 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Neural networks in a mouse model of amyloid pathology
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Motivational Neuroscience: Instant Desire for Something You Know Is Bad
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Self-citationUnto the Least of These: Animal Suffering and the Problem of Evil
Seacord, B. (2013) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Kaufman, A. B., Call, J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108564113.008
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(2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768450.019
Jackman, C. C., Dyer, K. H., Sharp, J. L., Miller-Cahill, M. E., & Fountain, S. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1606
Incidental Temporal Binding in Rats: A Novel Behavioral Task Relevant to Episodic MemoryPreprint
Radostová, D., Kunčická, D., Krajčovič, B., Hejtmánek, L., Petrásek, T., Svoboda, J., Stuchlı́k, A., & Brožka, H. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505895
Memoria episódica y enriquecimiento ambiental en ratas Wistar
Puentes-Garzón, V., Castañeda, I. A., & Manrique-Zuluaga, T. (2022) · Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia eBooks · doi:10.14718/9786287554320.2022.10
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Zhou, W., & Crystal, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crystal, Jonathon D.
- Venue
- Animal Cognition
- Published
- 2010-12-17
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 325-340
- ISSN
- 1435-9448 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-9456
- PMC
- PMC3079053
- OpenAlex
- W2148509289
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Animal Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH080052)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, episodic-like memory, rodent models, rats, radial maze, semantic rules, memory retrieval, retention interval, memory disorders, Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Male, Models, Psychological, Mental Recall, Reward, Maze Learning, Rats, Long-Evans, Rats, Memory, Long-Term
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