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Cited by 206Infant Health and DevelopmentMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Perinatal Health Interventions

Maternal brain response to own baby‐cry is affected by cesarean section delivery

Open access
Swain, James E., Tasgin, Esra, Mayes, Linda C., Feldman, Ruth, Todd Constable, R., Leckman, James F.·2008·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01963.xPMC PMC3246837
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Abstract

A range of early circumstances surrounding the birth of a child affects peripartum hormones, parental behavior and infant wellbeing. One of these factors, which may lead to postpartum depression, is the mode of delivery: vaginal delivery (VD) or cesarean section delivery (CSD). To test the hypothesis that CSD mothers would be less responsive to own baby‐cry stimuli than VD mothers in the immediate postpartum period, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging, 2–4 weeks after delivery, of the brains of six mothers who delivered vaginally and six who had an elective CSD. VD mothers’ brains were significantly more responsive than CSD mothers’ brains to their own baby‐cry in the superior and middle temporal gyri, superior frontal gyrus, medial fusiform gyrus, superior parietal lobe, as well as regions of the caudate, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and pons. Also, within preferentially active regions of VD brains, there were correlations across all 12 mothers with out‐of‐magnet variables. These include correlations between own baby‐cry responses in the left and right lenticular nuclei and parental preoccupations ( r = .64, p < .05 and .67, p < .05 respectively), as well as in the superior frontal cortex and Beck depression inventory ( r = .78, p < .01). First this suggests that VD mothers are more sensitive to own baby‐cry than CSD mothers in the early postpartum in sensory processing, empathy, arousal, motivation, reward and habit‐regulation circuits. Second, independent of mode of delivery, parental worries and mood are related to specific brain activations in response to own baby‐cry.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a small fMRI study 2–4 weeks postpartum, mothers who delivered vaginally showed greater brain responses to their own baby’s cry than mothers who had elective cesarean section delivery, across sensory, limbic, reward, and hypothalamic circuits. Across all 12 mothers, own-baby-cry responses in some of these regions correlated with parental worries and depressive symptoms.

Key findings

  • Vaginal delivery (VD) mothers had significantly greater own-baby-cry responses than cesarean section delivery (CSD) mothers in superior and middle temporal gyri, superior frontal gyrus, medial fusiform gyrus, superior parietal lobe, caudate, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and pons; no clusters were significantly more active in CSD vs. VD mothers except in the occipital lobe for own vs. control sound, and one insula cluster for own vs. other baby-cry.
  • Across all 12 mothers, parental preoccupation/worry (AITHAR) correlated with own-baby-cry activity in bilateral lenticular nuclei: left r = .64, p < .05; right r = .67, p < .05.
  • Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) correlated with own-baby-cry activity in superior frontal gyrus (BA10): r = .78, p < .01.
  • Behaviorally, emotional response scores were higher for baby-cry (2.7 ± .3) than control sound (1.8 ± .6), p < .05, but did not differ significantly between own baby-cry (2.7 ± .3) and other baby-cry (2.6 ± .5); BDI showed a trend for higher scores in VD mothers (VD = 7.3 ± 4.5; CSD = 4.7 ± 2.3; p = .059).

Methods

  • Twelve right-handed first-time mothers were recruited from Yale New Haven Hospital postpartum wards: 6 VD and 6 elective CSD; all elected to breastfeed, none reported birth complications or current psychiatric diagnoses, and all were married/cohabiting.
  • fMRI was conducted 2–4 weeks postpartum (mean = 21.6 days, SD = 5.2, range = 16–27). Stimuli were 30-second blocks of own baby-cry, other baby-cry, and own baby-cry-control sound, with button-press prompts to rate emotional intensity.
  • Whole-brain random-effects GLM contrasts compared VD vs. CSD for own baby-cry vs. control sound and own baby-cry vs. other baby-cry, with cluster-level correction and small-volume FDR correction; random-effects ANCOVA tested correlations within VD > CSD regions with BDI and YIPTA AITHAR.

Limitations

  • The paper states that increased sample size, repetition at different postpartum time points in the same subjects, and more measurements of parenting and child outcomes are needed to establish the importance of specific brain regions.
  • The paper describes the analysis as exploratory and hypothesis-generating, and the oxytocin/vagino-cervical stimulation link is speculative rather than directly measured.
  • Evident from the text: the sample is very small (n = 12; 6 per group), cross-sectional, not randomized by delivery mode, and homogeneous in socioeconomic status, marital status, and breastfeeding choice; correlations are not causal, and the BDI findings are at subclinical levels.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01963.x

Cites

81 of 81 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 37 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Across all 12 mothers, within regions more responsive to own baby-cry in VD vs CSD mothers, parental preoccupation (AITHAR) correlated with own baby-cry brain activity in bilateral lenticular nuclei (left r = .64, p < .05; right r = .67, p < .05).

    “These include correlations between own baby-cry responses in the left and right lenticular nuclei and parental preoccupations (r = .64, p < .05 and .67, p < .05 respectively)”
    • Also stated in: § Random effects analysis of covariance with neuroimaging and behavioral measures · plain
      “First, the measure of parental preoccupation (AITHAR) correlated with brain activity in response to own baby-cry in bilateral lenticular nuclei (r = .64, p < .05 and .67, p < .05 respectively).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Across all 12 mothers, within regions more responsive to own baby-cry in VD vs CSD mothers, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score correlated with own baby-cry brain activity in the superior frontal gyrus (BA10) (r = .78, p < .01).

    “as well as in the superior frontal cortex and Beck depression inventory (r = .78, p < .01).”
    • Also stated in: § Random effects analysis of covariance with neuroimaging and behavioral measures · plain
      “Second, the depression measure BDI (r = .78, p < .01) correlated with own baby-cry brain activity in a region of the superior frontal gyrus (BA10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In mothers at 2-4 weeks postpartum, vaginal delivery (VD) mothers showed significantly greater brain response than cesarean section delivery (CSD) mothers to their own baby-cry in a range of cortical and subcortical regions, including superior and middle temporal gyri, superior frontal gyrus, medial fusiform gyrus, superior parietal lobe, caudate, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and pons.

    “VD mothers’ brains were significantly more responsive than CSD mothers’ brains to their own baby-cry in the superior and middle temporal gyri, superior frontal gyrus, medial fusiform gyrus, superior parietal lobe, as well as regions of the caudate, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and pons.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    VD mothers show increased activity in the parahippocampal gyrus.

    “Increased activity for VD mothers in parahippocampal gyrus”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Inferior temporal regions in the fusiform face area are more active in VD mothers.

    “inferior temporal regions in the area referred to as the fusiform face area are more active in VD mothers”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 11
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For the own baby-cry vs control-sound contrast, VD mothers had significantly greater activity than CSD mothers in anterior cingulate, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, superior and inferior temporal cortex, frontal premotor and motor circuits, insular cortex, thalamus, pons and cerebellum; no clusters were significantly more active in CSD vs VD mothers except in the occipital lobe.

    “This revealed a range of regions that were significantly more active in VD vs. CSD mothers in response to baby-cry, including cortical and subcortical structures. These included circuits of the anterior cingulate, hypothalamus, and regions of the basal ganglia.”
    • Also stated in: § Neuroimaging · plain
      “There were no clusters that were significantly more active in CSD vs. VD mothers in our sample except in the occipital lobe”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no significant differences between VD and CSD groups in response to control sound or other baby-cry vs baseline, so significant between-group effects for own vs control and own vs other were due to responses to own baby-cries.

    “There were no significant differences between VD and CSD groups in response to the control sound or the other baby-cry vs. baseline, such that the significant between-group effects for own vs. control sound and own vs. other baby-cry were due to the responses to own baby-cries.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    VD mothers show a trend to higher BDI scores than CSD mothers.

    “VD mothers show a trend to higher BDI scores than CSD mothers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    In mothers at 2-4 weeks postpartum, certain brain regions respond to own baby-cry stimuli more in VD than in CSD mothers.

    “certain brain regions respond to own baby-cry stimuli more in VD vs. CSD mothers.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
      “It is impressive that at 2–4 weeks postpartum, the effects of mode of delivery on brain responsiveness to own baby-cry are significant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was not a significant difference for AITHAR between VD and CSD mothers (VD = 1.01 ± .29; CSD = 1.02 ± .40), and there was a trend (p = .059) but not a significant group difference for VD mothers to have higher BDI than CSD mothers (VD = 7.3 ± 4.5; CSD = 4.7 ± 2.3).

    “With our subjects, there was not a significant difference for AITHAR (VD = 1.01 ± .29; CSD = 1.02 ± .40) and just a trend (p = .059), but not a significant group difference for VD mothers to a higher BDI than CSD mothers (VD = 7.3 ± 4.5; CSD = 4.7 ± 2.3) using independent sample t-tests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Animal research suggests that networks of highly conserved hypothalamic-midbrain-limbic-paralimbic-cortical circuits act in concert via a range of hormones including oxytocin to support aspects of parent-response to infants.

    “Animal research suggests that networks of highly conserved hypothalamic–midbrain–limbic–paralimbic–cortical circuits act in concert via a range of hormones including oxytocin to support aspects of parent-response to infants”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Leckman & Herman, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Numan, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The YIPTA provides a validated measure of parental worries, comprising anxious intrusive thoughts and harm avoidant behaviors (AITHAR).

    “This scale provides a validated measure of parental worries, comprising a range of anxious intrusive thoughts and harm avoidant behaviors (AITHAR).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Feldman, Weller, Leckman, Kuint, & Eidelman, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Leckman et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Leckman et al., 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    There were no significant differences between VD and CSD groups in age or years of education.

    “There were no significant differences between the ages of the two groups or the number of years of education (VD: 17.2 years; SD = 4.1 and CSD: 18.8 SD = 3.1)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    By self-report, no participants had current psychiatric diagnoses, took psychiatric prescription medications within 2 weeks of the experiment, or had pregnancy complications.

    “By self-report, no participants suffered current psychiatric diagnoses, none of them were taking psychiatric prescription medications within 2 weeks of the experiment and none had pregnancy complications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In VD mothers more than CSD mothers, brain responses may be important for emotion regulation and empathy when hearing a baby-cry, assisting recognition and understanding of the infant's mental state and appropriate caring behaviors in parent-infant bonding.

    “Thus, in VD mothers more than CSD mothers, brain responses may be important for the emotion regulation and empathy in mothers when they hear a baby-cry that may assist them in recognizing and understanding the infant’s mental state”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In humans, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that infant stimuli activate brain circuitry that processes emotions, motivation, attention, and empathy.

    “In humans, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that infant stimuli activate brain circuitry that processes emotions, motivation, attention, and empathy”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Swain & Lorberbaum, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Swain, Lorberbaum, Kose, & Strathearn, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Brain differences between VD and CSD mothers in response to their own baby-cry may reflect the effects of vaginal delivery, associated vagino-cervical stimulation and related biobehavioral events that may contribute to mental health risks and resiliency in the mother-infant dyad.

    “Brain differences between VD and CSD mothers in response to their own baby-cry may reflect the effects of vaginal delivery, associated vagino-cervical stimulation and related biobehavioral events that may contribute to mental health risks and resiliency in the mother–infant dyad.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Vaginal delivery uniquely involves pulsatile release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, uterine contractions and vagino-cervical stimulation, whereas cesarean delivery deprives mothers of this stimulation and associated neurohormonal experiences.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Small volume correction (SVC) with false discovery rate (FDR) at p < .05 corrected was applied to test significance in small brain areas.

    “Additionally, to test the significance of activity in small brain areas, we applied a small volume correction (SVC) method for false discovery rate (FDR) error at p < .05 corrected”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Genovese, Lazar, & Nichols, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Whole-brain voxel-based spatial cluster filter thresholding with Monte Carlo simulation was used to correct for multiple comparisons, yielding surviving corrected clusters at p < .05.

    “In order to test statistical significance with correction for multiple comparisons, whole-brain voxel-based spatial cluster filter thresholding was performed”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Forman et al., 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Goebel, Esposito, & Formisano, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a well-validated and extensively used measure of depressed mood.

    “They also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a well-validated and extensively used measure of depressed mood”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The cerebellum is important in cognition and emotion.

    “relative activity in VD mothers in the cerebellum may signal the importance of this structure in cognition and emotion (Ioannides & Fenwick, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ioannides & Fenwick, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Emotional memories may be impaired by post-CSD pain.

    “which may be impaired by the post CSD pain (LaBar & Cabeza, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites LaBar & Cabeza, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Postpartum parental preoccupations may be supported by the same brain circuits involved in obsessions and compulsions, such as regions of the basal ganglia.

    “Such thoughts may be supported by the same brain circuits that are involved in obsessions and compulsions such as regions of the basal ganglia (Mayes, Swain, & Leckman, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mayes, Swain, & Leckman, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Increased activity for VD mothers in the parahippocampal gyrus may fit with its importance for encoding emotional memories.

    “Increased activity for VD mothers in parahippocampal gyrus may fit with its importance for encoding emotional memories (Phelps, 2004)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Phelps, 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Oxytocin has been linked in humans with a set of maternal behaviors in the early postpartum.

    “Recently, oxytocin has been linked in humans with a set of maternal behaviors in the early postpartum (Feldman, Weller, Zagoory-Sharon, & Levine, 2007)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Feldman, Weller, Zagoory-Sharon, & Levine, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Postpartum parental preoccupations are important for early postpartum parenting.

    “Another mental phenomenon which might be important for early postpartum parenting is the presence of postpartum parental preoccupations (Leckman et al., 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Leckman et al., 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Maternal postpartum depression predicts poorer infant cognitive outcome at 18 months and at later time-points such as 7 years postpartum.

    “Maternal PPD predicts poorer infant cognitive outcome at 18 months (Murray & Cooper, 2003) and later time-points such as 7 years postpartum (Kim-Cohen, Moffitt, Taylor, Pawlby, & Caspi, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Murray & Cooper, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kim-Cohen, Moffitt, Taylor, Pawlby, & Caspi, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The superior medial frontal gyrus Brodmann area 10 is associated with circuits important for depression, recovery from depression, and cocaine administration.

    “This area has been associated with circuits important for depression (Killgore & Yurgelun-Todd, 2006), recovery from depression (Mayberg et al., 2005), and cocaine administration (Kufahl et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Killgore & Yurgelun-Todd, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mayberg et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kufahl et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the normal sample, depression scores may not be truly comparable to depression of psychiatric magnitude.

    “in our normal sample depression scores may not be truly comparable to the depression of psychiatric magnitude.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The insula finding may fit with the role of the anterior insula in pain processing, which might be quite different after the experience of childbirth by VD vs. CSD.

    “This may fit with the role of anterior insula in pain processing which might be quite different after the experience of childbirth by VD vs. CSD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The anterior insula has a role in pain processing.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Increased maternal-infant contact with CSD mothers improves infant physiology, development, maternal mood, and mother-infant relationships in general.

    “This has been shown to improve infant physiology, development, maternal mood, and mother–infant relationships in general (Feldman, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Feldman, 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

26 of 26

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Vaginal delivery uniquely involves pulsatile release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, uterine contractions and vagino-cervical stimulation, whereas cesarean delivery deprives mothers of this stimulation and associated neurohormonal experiences.

    “The experience of childbirth by vaginal delivery (VD) compared with cesarean section delivery (CSD) uniquely involves the pulsatile release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, uterine contractions and vagino-cervical stimulation.”
    “cesarean delivery, which deprives mothers of this stimulation and associated neurohormonal experiences”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The anterior insula has a role in pain processing.

    “This may fit with the role of anterior insula in pain processing which might be quite different after the experience of childbirth by VD vs. CSD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The areas of response to own baby-cry in VD vs. CSD mothers may be part of critical parenting brain circuits.

    “Considering that the areas of response to own baby-cry in VD vs. CSD mothers may be part of critical parenting brain circuits, we tested for correlations with behavioral data within those areas.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Human mothers who gave birth by vaginal versus caesarean delivery were more sensitive to own- versus other-baby-cry in emotion regulation and limbic brain regions at 2-4 weeks postpartum.

    “First, human mothers who gave birth by vaginal versus caesarean delivery were more sensitive to own- versus other-baby-cry in emotion regulation and limbic brain regions at 2–4 weeks postpartum (37).”

    From Neuroendocrinology of Parental Response to Baby‐Cry (2011) · cites this paper as [37]

  • Postpartum depression affects the cortical-amygdala connections that are important for mood regulation and motivation, thus impairing parenting.

    “Taken together with known variations in frontal cortex activity in mothers as a function of depression symptoms (37), it appears that postpartum depression affects the cortical–amygdala connections that are important for mood regulation and motivation, thus impairing parenting.”

    From Neuroendocrinology of Parental Response to Baby‐Cry (2011) · cites this paper as [37]

  • Grouping parents by vaginal versus cesarean delivery, brain activity is higher in response to own versus other baby cry in emotion regulation and limbic regions.

    “Grouping parents according to vaginal vs. cesarean delivery, brain activity is higher in response to own vs. other baby cry in emotion regulation and limbic regions (Swain et al., 2008).”

    From The human parental brain: In vivo neuroimaging (2011) · cites this paper as Swain et al., 2008

  • The one study so far linking human maternal brain responses to own baby cry with depressive symptoms showed a correlation in medial frontal cortex.

    “The one study so far linking human maternal brain responses to own baby cry with depressive symptoms showed a correlation in medial frontal cortex—regions that were also differentially sensitive across delivery mode and supporting the controversial link between delivery mode and risk for postpartum depression in new mothers (Swain et al., 2008), though this is just one small study.”

    From The human parental brain: In vivo neuroimaging (2011) · cites this paper as Swain et al., 2008

  • Current circumstances such as delivery and breastfeeding, and early-life experience, modify brain function in response to infant stimuli, with brain imaging evidence.

    “Other critical factors to be added include current circumstances such as delivery and breastfeeding, early-life experience for which we have brain imaging evidence of modifying brain function in response to infant stimuli (Kim et al., 2010a; Kim et al., 2010c; Swain et al., 2008).”

    From The human parental brain: In vivo neuroimaging (2011) · cites this paper as Swain et al., 2008

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Stimulus-block counts do not match the stated repetitions

    Minor

    Two runs of 10 blocks give 20 blocks, but presenting each of the three sound types five times gives 15 blocks. The described schedule does not account for the other five blocks.

  • The stated 'wah' rates use incompatible units

    Minor

    A frequency of 1-2 Hz means 1-2 events per second, not the parenthetical .5-1 'wah's' per second.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Murray L., 2003, Aetiological mechanisms in developmental psychopathology
  2. Talairach J., 1988, Co‐planar stereotaxic altas of the human brain

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Swain, J. E., Tasgin, E., Mayes, L. C., Feldman, R., Todd Constable, R., & Leckman, J. F.
Affiliations
  • Yale University (US)
  • Hacettepe University (TR)
  • Anna Freud Centre (GB)
Corresponding author
Swain, James E.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2008-10
Volume
49
Issue
10
Pages
1042-1052
ISSN
  • 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-7610
DOI
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01963.x
PMC
PMC3246837
OpenAlex
W2169959749
Semantic Scholar
e47c43115e108570e1d53a6c6dffda886194180d
Cited by
206
References
81
Citations by year
2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 16
FWCI
35.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Hacettepe University Institutional Repository (hacettepe.edu.tr) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Institute for Research on Unlimited Love
  • Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine
  • National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
  • National Institute of Mental Health (K05MH076273, T32MH018268)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA020091)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
Keywords
cesarean section, mode of delivery, infant crying, postpartum period, postpartum depression, maternal empathy, sensory processing
MeSH terms
Adult, Brain, Cesarean Section, Connecticut, Crying, Empathy, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Maternal Behavior, Middle Aged, Linear Models, Parenting, Echo-Planar Imaging, Postpartum Period

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