Identification of perfluoroalkyl acid sources in Swiss surface waters with the help of the artificial sweetener acesulfame
Abstract
Anthropogenic perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), especially the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitously found in surface waters around the globe. Emissions from households, industries and also atmospheric transport/deposition are discussed as the possible sources. In this study, these sources are evaluated using Switzerland as the study area. Forty-four surface water locations in different rivers and an Alpine lake were investigated for 14 PFAAs, four precursors and acesulfame, an artificial sweetener used as a population marker. Concentrations of individual PFAAs were generally low, between 0.02 and 10 ng/L. Correlation analysis showed that some PFAAs concentrations correlated well with population and less with catchment area, indicating that emissions from population, i.e., from consumer products, is the most important source to surface waters in Switzerland. The correlation with the population marker acesulfame confirmed this observation but highlighted also a few elevated PFAA levels, some of which could be attributed to industrial emissions.
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Acesulfame concentrations have previously been correlated with concentrations of PFASs in Swiss rivers, three pharmaceuticals in a wastewater-impacted river in Canada, two pharmaceuticals in groundwater impacted by septic systems, and two pharmaceuticals and a nicotine metabolite in groundwater impacted by a municipal wastewater plume.
“Acesulfame concentrations have previously been correlated with concentrations of: PFASs in Swiss rivers (Müller et al., 2011); three pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, gemfibrozil, naproxen) in a wastewater-impacted river in Canada (Liu et al., 2014); two pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole) in groundwater impacted by septic systems; and two pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, primidone) and”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Müller et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Müller, C. E., Gerecke, A. C., Alder, A. C., Scheringer, M., & Hungerbühler, K.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Empa (CH)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Müller, Claudia E.
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 159
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1419-1426
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2023896309
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Multilingual Matters (Channel View Publications) (publishedVersion)
- DORA Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)) (submittedVersion)
- DORA Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- FOEN
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- perfluoroalkyl acids, acesulfame, artificial sweeteners, population markers, surface water contamination, industrial emissions, residential emissions, consumer goods, Swiss rivers, alpine lakes, precursors
- MeSH terms
- Carboxylic Acids, Fresh Water, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated, Population Density, Switzerland, Thiazines, Water Pollutants, Chemical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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