Immune Surveillance of the CNS following Infection and Injury
Open accessAbstract
The central nervous system (CNS) contains a sophisticated neural network that must be constantly surveyed in order to detect and mitigate a diverse array of challenges. The innate and adaptive immune systems actively participate in this surveillance, which is critical for the maintenance of CNS homeostasis and can facilitate the resolution of infections, degeneration, and tissue damage. Infections and sterile injuries represent two common challenges imposed on the CNS that require a prompt immune response. While the inducers of these two challenges differ in origin, the resultant responses orchestrated by the CNS share some overlapping features. Here, we review how the CNS immunologically discriminates between pathogens and sterile injuries, mobilizes an immune reaction, and, ultimately, regulates local and peripherally-derived immune cells to provide a supportive milieu for tissue repair.
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In AD and CNS infections, pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling is primarily initiated by CNS resident immune cells, the astrocytes, and microglia.
“In AD and CNS infections, pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling is primarily initiated by CNS resident immune cells, the astrocytes, and microglia (Di Benedetto et al., 2022; Russo and McGavern, 2015).”
From Arbovirus infection increases the risk for the development of neurodegenerative disease pathology in the murine model (2024) · cites this paper as Russo and McGavern, 2015
The sections on pathogen recognition and regulation of neuroinflammation describe microglial inflammatory responses to CNS infection and say that microglia and astrocytes can secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines. The paper does not establish that these cells primarily initiate both kinds of signaling. Its only discussion of Alzheimer’s disease, in “Immune clean-up of the injured CNS,” concerns microglial uptake of β-amyloid, not initiation of inflammatory signaling in AD. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSterile injuries involve release of alarmins detected by damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) sensors such as Toll-like and purinergic receptors.
“A great deal is known about sterile injuries; they involve release of alarmins detected by damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) sensors such as Toll-like and purinergic receptors (131).”
From The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system (2019) · cites this paper as [131]
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Li, Y., Xin, X., Zhou, X. C., Liu, J., Liu, H., Yuan, S., Liu, H., Hao, W., Sun, J., Wang, Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.018 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Immune Escape Strategy of Rabies Virus and Its Pathogenicity Mechanisms
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Böhmwald, K., Andrade, C. A., & Kalergis, A. M. (2021) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph14040340 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
cGAS- Stimulator of Interferon Genes Signaling in Central Nervous System Disorders
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Neuro-immune lessons from an annelid: The medicinal leech
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The role of CNS macrophages in streptococcal meningoencephalitis
Gres, V., Kolter, J., Erny, D., & Henneke, P. (2019) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.4mr1118-419r · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Modo, M., Ghuman, H., Azar, R., Krafty, R., Badylak, S. F., & Hitchens, T. K. (2022) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121386 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Emerging neuroimmune mechanisms in cancer neuroscience
Huang, Y., Zhou, X., Liu, J., Cao, Y., Fu, W., & Yang, J. H. (2025) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2025.217492 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Monkeypox virus spreads from cell-to-cell and leads to neuronal death in human neural organoids
Schultz-Pernice, I., Fahmi, A., Brito, F., Liniger, M., Chiu, Y.-C., David, T., Esteves, B. I. O., Golomingi, A., Zumkehr, B., Gerber, M., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61134-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
PET Neuroimaging in Dementia Conditions
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Beyond Intracellular Signaling: The Ins and Outs of Second Messengers Microdomains
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- Authors
- Russo, M. V., & McGavern, D. B.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGavern, Dorian B.
- Venue
- Trends in Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 637-650
- ISSN
- 1471-4906 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4592776
- OpenAlex
- W2116063788
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 15
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- central nervous system infection, central nervous system injury, sterile injury, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, CNS homeostasis, pathogen discrimination, immune cell mobilization, tissue repair, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Central Nervous System, Central Nervous System Infections, Chemotaxis, Leukocyte, Humans, Immune System, Immunologic Surveillance, Wound Healing, Neuroimmunomodulation, Trauma, Nervous System, Receptors, Pattern Recognition, Host-Pathogen Interactions
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