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Demographic and familial predictors of early executive function development: Contribution of a person-centered perspective.
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Executive function (EF) skills are integral components of young children's growing competence, but little is known about the role of early family context and experiences in their development. We examined how demographic and familial risks during infancy predicted EF competence at 36months of age in a large, predominantly low-income sample of nonurban families from Pennsylvania and North Carolina in the United States. Using latent class analysis, six ecological risk profiles best captured the diverse experiences of these families. Profiles with various combinations of family structure, income, and psychosocial risks were differentially related to EF. Much of the influence of early risks on later EF appears to be transmitted through quality of parent-child interactions during infancy. Findings suggest that early family environments may prove to be especially fruitful contexts for the promotion of EF development.
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“Additionally, harsh rearing, neglectful parenting, and/or low cognitive stimulation during childhood may contribute to poor EF skills throughout the lifespan (Rhoades et al., 2011).”
From Assessment of executive functions in school-aged children: A narrative review (2022) · cites this paper as Rhoades et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Unfortunately, this positive association between parenting and executive function development means that certain negative parenting characteristics such as disorganization and unpredictability hinders early development of these skills in young children (C.H. Hughes & Ensor, 2009;Rhoades, Greenberg, Lanza, & Blair, 2011).”
From Assessing Executive Function in Preschoolers (2012) · cites this paper as Rhoades, Greenberg, Lanza, & Blair, 2011
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“Consistent with this notion, research has demonstrated that the family environment, in particular parenting styles, has important implications to executive function development (C.Hughes, 2011;Rhoades, Greenberg, Lanza, & Blair, 2011).”
From Assessing Executive Function in Preschoolers (2012) · cites this paper as Rhoades, Greenberg, Lanza, & Blair, 2011
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rhoades, B. L., Greenberg, M. T., Lanza, S. T., & Blair, C.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rhoades, Brittany L.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 638-662
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3016464
- OpenAlex
- W2067118148
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 35.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (P50DA010075, R03DA023032, T32 DA017629, P01HD39667)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA010075, R03DA023032, T32 DA017629, P01HD39667)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50DA010075, R03DA023032, T32 DA017629, P01HD39667)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- executive function, early childhood development, family environment, family structure, low-income households, parent-child interaction, psychosocial risks, household income, infancy, person-centered approach
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders, Educational Status, Family, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mothers, North Carolina, Parent-Child Relations, Pennsylvania, Poverty, Risk Factors, Smoking, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Marital Status, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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