Air pollution and skin diseases: Adverse effects of airborne particulate matter on various skin diseases
Abstract
Environmental air pollution encompasses various particulate matters (PMs). The increased ambient PM from industrialization and urbanization is highly associated with morbidity and mortality worldwide, presenting one of the most severe environmental pollution problems. This article focuses on the correlation between PM and skin diseases, along with related immunological mechanisms. Recent epidemiological studies on the cutaneous impacts of PM showed that PM affects the development and exacerbation of skin diseases. PM induces oxidative stress via production of reactive oxygen species and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-8. In addition, the increased production of ROS such as superoxide and hydroxyl radical by PM exposure increases MMPs including MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9, resulting in the degradation of collagen. These processes lead to the increased inflammatory skin diseases and skin aging. In addition, environmental cigarette smoke, which is well known as an oxidizing agent, is closely related with androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Also, ultrafine particles (UFPs) including black carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) enhance the incidence of skin cancer. Overall, increased PM levels are highly associated with the development of various skin diseases via the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs may be useful for treating PM-induced skin diseases.
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Pollutant-induced AhR signaling triggers inflammatory cascades, amplifying COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-8, and prostaglandin E2.
“Pollutant-induced AhR signaling also triggers inflammatory cascades, amplifying cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-8, and prostaglandin E236.”
From Air Pollution and Skin Diseases (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
Recent studies have provided growing evidence for the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma.
“Recent studies have provided growing evidence for the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma [74,75,76,77].”
From The Environmental Determinants of Skin Health: Linking Climate Change, Air Pollution, and the Dermatologic Disease Burden (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
Gaseous pollutants such as NO2, SO2, or O3 may exert more acute effects on skin through oxidative damage, lipid reactions, and barrier damage, whereas PM may need chronic exposure or a longer contact duration to penetrate skin hair follicles and cause secondary inflammation.
“Studies suggest that gaseous pollutants such as NO2, SO2, or O3 may exert a more acute effects on skin through oxidative damage, lipid reactions, and barrier damage, whereas PM may need chronic exposure or a longer contact duration to penetrate skin hair follicles and cause secondary inflammation [91–93].”
From Air Pollution and Skin Diseases: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [91]
Studies based on similar populations, but with different periods, study designs and/or statistical analysis, obtained contrasting results.
“Accordingly, studies based on similar populations, but with different periods, study designs and/or statistical analysis, obtained contrasting results [41, 44, 47, 53, 55, 61, 90, 91, 94, 95].”
From Air Pollution and Skin Diseases: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [91]
Decreased skin barrier function and increased facial hyperpigmentation (lentigines) from ambient PMs are known to increase inflammatory skin diseases, ROS and MMPs that degrade collagen.
“decreased skin barrier function and increased facial hyperpigmentation (lentigines) from ambient PMs that are known to increase inflammatory skin diseases, ROS and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade collagen [53][54][55][56][57]”
Ambient air pollution was an aggravating factor for patients with atopic dermatitis.
“They found a direct correlation between outdoor particulate concentration and presence of symptoms in AD, demonstrating that ambient air pollution was an aggravating factor for patients with atopic dermatitis.[5]”
From Bad air gets under your skin (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Ambient PM might exacerbate symptoms of atopic dermatitis in children.
“Their results suggested that ambient PM might exacerbate symptoms of atopic dermatitis in children.[5]”
From Bad air gets under your skin (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Accumulation of oxidative stress secondary to excessive ROS can lead to premature skin ageing.
“Accumulation of oxidative stress secondary to excessive ROS can lead to premature skin ageing.[5]”
From Bad air gets under your skin (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
PAH has been shown to increase haem oxygenase expression, a sensitive marker for oxidative stress.
“PAH has been shown to be increase haem oxygenase expression, a sensitive marker for oxidative stress.[5]”
From Bad air gets under your skin (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
ROS are free radicals that contribute to oxidative stress, a resultant damage that arises due to an increase in destructive free radicals and reduction in protection from antioxidants.
“ROS are free radicals that contribute to oxidative stress, a resultant damage that arises due to an increase in destructive free radicals and reduction in protection from antioxidants.[5]”
From Bad air gets under your skin (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Topical application of single PAHs and PAH mixtures resulted in the development of papillomas, carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma in a mouse skin tumor model.
“Topical application of both single PAHs and the PAH mixtures resulted in the development of papillomas, carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma. [5]]”
From Bad air gets under your skin (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Exposure to PAH resulted in the development of squamous cell carcinomas in AhR-positive mice; no tumors were found on the skin of AhR-deficient mice.
“They found that exposure to PAH resulted in the development of squamous cell carcinomas in AhR-positive mice; however, no tumors were found on the skin of AhR-deficient mice.[5]”
From Bad air gets under your skin (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
The pattern of skin cancer and the rate of tumor progression differed according to the type of PAH mixture.
“The pattern of skin cancer and the rate of tumor progression differed according to the type of PAH mixture.”
From Bad air gets under your skin (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
PAHs are ubiquitous constituents of ambient pollution that have been shown to have serious carcinogenic effects.
“Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous constituents of ambient pollution that have been shown to have serious carcinogenic effects.[5]”
From Bad air gets under your skin (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
The majority of outdoor PAHs are derived from coal tar, diesel exhausts and cigarette smoke.
“The majority of outdoor PAHs are derived from coal tar, diesel exhausts and cigarette smoke.[5]”
From Bad air gets under your skin (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Generation of ROS and induction of oxidative stress is implicated as one mechanism by which particulate matter exert deleterious effects.
“The generation of ROS and induction of oxidative stress is implicated as one of the mechanisms by which particulate matter exert their deleterious effects [30].”
From Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
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Improvement of Atopic Dermatitis Severity after Reducing Indoor Air Pollutants
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Cited by
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Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging
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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Skin Diseases Due to Particulate Matter
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Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin
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Particulate Matter and Its Molecular Effects on Skin: Implications for Various Skin Diseases
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Air Pollution and Skin Diseases
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“Pollutant-induced AhR signaling also triggers inflammatory cascades, amplifying cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ), interleukin (IL)-1 α , IL-8, and prostaglandin E2 36 .”
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Air Pollution and Skin Diseases: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Evidence
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“…that gaseous pollutants such as NO 2 , SO 2 , or O 3 may exert a more acute effects on skin through oxidative damage, lipid reactions, and barrier damage, whereas PM may need chronic exposure or a longer contact duration to penetrate skin hair follicles and cause secondary inflammation [91–93].”
- Authors
- Kim, K. E., Cho, D., & Park, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Sookmyung Women's University (KR)
- The Catholic University of Korea Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Hyun Jeong
- Venue
- Life Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 152
- Pages
- 126-134
- ISSN
- 0024-3205 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2308360335
- Cited by
- 455
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 4.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Life Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012R1A2A2A02046972)
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- air pollution, particulate matter, skin diseases, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, collagen degradation, skin aging, cigarette smoke, androgenetic alopecia, ultrafine particles, black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, skin cancer, anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Animals, Humans, Skin Diseases, Skin Neoplasms, Particulate Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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